WUC 112 University Mathematics (January 2007) TMA2 – Answer Guide

Question 1
x 2 + 2x − 3
(a) lim
x →1 x −1
( x + 3)( x − 1)
= lim
x →1 x −1
= lim ( x + 3)
x →1

=1+3=4
1 1 1
(b) lim  − 
x →0 x 2 + x
 2
1 −x 
= lim  
x →0 x  2( 2 + x ) 
 
−1
= limx →0 2( 2 + x )

1
=−
4
x−4
(c) lim
x→ 4
x −2

= lim
 x  2
( x  4)
x4
 x  2  x  2
( x  4)  x  2 
= lim
x4 ( x  4)
 lim x  2  4
x4

x  1, x  1  0, x  1
(d) x  1  
 ( x  1), x  1  0, x  1
x 1 x 1
lim−  lim+ ,
x →1 x 1 x →1 x 1
x −1
therefore lim does not exist.
x→1 x − 1

Question 2
3 f ( x)
(a) lim
x→c g ( x )

f ( x)
= 3 lim
x→c g ( x )

 7 
=3  
 −3 
= −7
(b) Given 9 − 2 x 2 ≤ g ( x) ≤ 9 − x 2 ,

lim 9 − 2 x 2 = 3 and lim 9 − x 2 = 3

x →0 x →0

Thus, lim g ( x) = 3
x →0

1 1
and lim
x →0
=
g ( x) 3
2
x x2
(c) Given 1 - ≤ f ( x) ≤ 1 +
4 2
x 2  x2 
lim (1 − ) = 1 and lim 1 +  = 1
x →0  2
x →0 4  
Thus, lim f ( x) = 1
x→0

and lim[ 2 f ( x) + 1] = 2(1) + 1 = 3

x →0

(d) Given lim

x→c
f ( x) = 0

Since - f ( x) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ f ( x)

lim − f ( x) = lim f ( x ) = 0
x →c x →c

Therefore, lim f ( x) = 0
x →c

Question 3
2 x −1
(a) f (x ) = + 2
x x −1
2( x 2 − 1) + x( x − 1)
=
x( x 2 − 1)
x( x 2 − 1) ≠ 0 , thus, x ≠ 0 and x 2 ≠ 1
f (x) is not continuous at x = 0, −1 and 1.

x
(b) f (x) = .
4x + x
2

4 x 2 + x ≠ 0 , thus, x ≠ 0 and 4 x + 1 ≠ 0
1
f (x) is not continuous at x = − and 0
4
x−2
(c) f (x) = .
x −2
x − 2 ≠ 0 , x ≠ 2 thus, x ≠ 2

f (x) is not continuous at x = ± 2

 x+8
(d) f (x) = ,
x 2 + 8x
x( x + 8) ≠ 0 thus, ( x + 8) ≠ 0 and x ≠ 0
f (x) is not continuous at x = −8 and 0

Question 4
(a) Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 2x – 1

f (–1) = (–1) 3 + (–1) 2 – 2 (–1) –1 = 1 > 0

and f (1) = (1)3 + (1)2 – 2(1) – 1 = –1 < 0

Thus, there is at least one solution in [ -1, 1 ]

1 1
(b) Given f (x) = +
x −1 x − 4
1 1
f(2)= > 0 and f ( 3 ) = − < 0 ,
2 2

therefore, there is a number c ∈ ( 1, 4 ) such that f (x) = 0.

(c) Let F(x) = f(x) – 1

= x5 – 2x2 + 5x – 1, F (0) = –1, F (1) = 3.
Thus, there is a number c in ( 0, 1 ) such that
F (x) = 0 which implies that f (c) = 1

Question 5
 x, x ≥ 0
(a) f ( x ) = x = 
− x, x < 0
lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (0) = 0
x →0 x →0

Thus x is continuous for all x.

3 x − 2, x ≤1
(b) (i) f ( x ) =  2
 kx , x >1
The function is continuous at x = 1, if and only if xlim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x)
→1− x →1

lim f ( x) = 3(1) − 2 = 1 ,
x →1−

lim f ( x) = k (1) 2 = k ,
x →1+
Thus, k = 1.
 kx 2 , x≤2
(b) (ii) g ( x ) = 
2 x + k , x>2
The function is continuous at x = 2, if and only if xlim g ( x) = lim+ g ( x )
→ 2− x →2

lim g ( x) = 4k ,
x →2 −
 lim g ( x) = 4 + k ,
x →2 +
4
4k = 4 + k, thus k =
3

Question 6

tan x sin x
(a) lim = lim
x →0 x x →0 x cos x

 sin x  1 
= lim   
x →0
 x  cos x 
 sin x   1 
= lim   lim  
x →0
 x  x →0  cos x 
= (1) (1)
=1

sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

(b) lim = lim
x →0 3x x →0 3x
2
  lim
sin x 

 lim cos x
3  x 0 x  x 0

2
=
3

1  cos x 1  1  sin 2 x
(c) lim = lim
x 0 x x 0 x
1  1  sin 2 x  1  1  sin 2 x 
= lim  
x 0 x  1  1  sin 2 x 
 
1  (1  sin 2 x )
= lim
x 0

x 1  1  sin 2 x 
sin 2 x
= lim
x 0

x 1  1  sin 2 x 
sin x sin x
lim lim

= x 0 x x 0 1  1  sin 2 x

= (1)(0) = 0

tan 2 x tan 2 x
(d) lim = lim
x 0 sin 3 x x 0 sin 3 x

sin 2 x
= lim
x 0 (cos 2 x ) sin 3 x

2 sin x cos x
= lim
x 0 (cos 2 x )(2sin x cos 2 x  cos 2 x sin x )
 2 cos x
= lim
x 0 (cos 2 x)(2 cos 2 x  cos 2 x)
2 lim cos x
x 0
=
(lim cos 2 x)(2 lim cos 2 x  lim cos 2 x )
x 0 x 0 x 0

2(1) 2
= 
(1)(2(1)  (1)) 3

Question 7
x 2 − 16
(a) Let ε >0 and there exist δ >0 such that 0< x − 4 < δ , ⇒ −8 < ε .
x−4

x 2 − 16
−8 < ε
x−4
x 2 − 16 − 8( x − 4)
⇒ <ε
x−4
x 2 − 16 − 8 x + 32
⇒ <ε
x−4
x 2 − 8 x + 16
⇒ <ε
x−4
( x − 4)( x − 4)
⇒ <ε
x−4
⇒ x−4 < ε
Hence, we can let δ = ε

(b) Let ε > 0 , we seek a number δ > 0 such that if 0 < x − 2 < δ , then,
(2 x − 3) − 1 < ε .

(2 x − 3) − 1 < ε
⇒ 2x − 4 < ε
⇒2 x −2 < ε ,
1
⇒ x−2 < ε
2
1
thus we have δ = ε
2

 x − 5, x ≥ 5
(c) x −5 = 
5 − x, x < 5

( x + 2)( x − 5) −( x + 2)(5 − x)
lim f ( x) = = = −( x + 2) = −7 ,
x →5− (5 − x) (5 − x)
 ( x + 2)( x − 5)
lim+ f ( x) = = ( x + 2) = 7
x→5 ( x − 5)
lim f ( x ) ≠ lim+ f ( x ) , therefore lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →5 − x →5 x→ 5

Question 8

 2 f ( x)   −2 
(a) lim   = 2   = -1
x →c
 g ( x) + 1   3 + 1
(b) If f (x) is continuous at x = - 3 ,

-1 = p + q(-3) that is p – 3q = -1 ……………(1)

If f (x) is continuous at x = 0,

p + q(0) = 5 (0) that is p = 0 …………………(2)

Solving, (1) and (2) (show working)

1
we obtain p = 0 and q =
3