Wimax Overview

WiMAX Overview
Introduction
3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1.00
WiMAX Overview
All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel
Welcome to this web-based overview training session on WiMAX
3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Introduction - Page 1
Objectives
Introduction
Characterize WiMAX technology as opposed to other radio access systems Explain benefits and limitations of WiMAX Understand IEEE 802.16 standards Describe the main WiMAX features Distinguish different layers and protocols used by WiMAX Explain benefits of QoS, services, service flows and security features Understand the Alcatel solution
Continue with Estimated Duration: 6 hours
WiMAX Overview
This web-based training is designed for all persons who need an introduction to WiMAX technology. This applies especially to all persons who will be in charge of operating and maintaining the Alcatel WiMAX Solution. A basic knowledge of telecommunication protocols and of air interfaces or radio access systems will be assumed By then end of this training, you will be able to: Characterize WiMAX technology as opposed to other radio access systems Explain benefits and limitations of WiMAX Understand IEEE 802.16 standards Describe the main WiMAX features Distinguish different layers and protocols used by WiMAX Explain benefits of QoS, services, service flows and security features Understand the Alcatel Solution You will need about six hours to work through this web-based training To continue please click on the Continue button at the bottom of this window
Getting Started
Introduction
Split into 7 modules Consult modules whenever you wish Learn at your own pace Narrators notes Useful attachments (Printable version of this training, links etc.) Quiz for self-assessment at the end of each module Continue with
WiMAX Overview
This web-based training is split into 7 modules which you are invited to consult whenever it suits your schedule As well as being able to consult the modules at your own convenience, you will be pleased to learn that you are able to run the training session at your own pace. You can take a break at any time. You can also go back to a particular page to look again at a specific point. For navigation inside a module, browse the Outline tab on the left-hand side or use the Previous and Next buttons in the navigation controls at the bottom of this window You may also see the spoken text by selecting the Notes tab which will display the page content at the same time By clicking the Attachment tab at the top right-hand side of this window, you will be able to access some very useful supplementary documents and further links. It will also interest you to know that this training material can be downloaded in PDF format and printed Finally and in order to assess the knowledge you have taken in from this training session, you are invited to participate in a short quiz at the end of each module To continue please click on the Continue button at the bottom of this window
Contents
Introduction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX WiMAX Standard Status Why WMAN IEEE 802.16? Technical Overview Air Interface and Radio Performances Technical Overview Medium Access Layer (MAC) Technical Overview WiMAX System Overview and Main Features Alcatel WiMAX Products
Exit with
WiMAX Overview
Before we start lets have a look at the structure of this web-based training: 1) Module one gives a short introduction to what WiMAX can be used for 2) In module two you find information about the evolution of the WiMAX standards and which organizations support the development and the deployment of WiMAX 3) In module 3 you can get an impression of what forces drive the evolution and deployment of WiMAX 4) Physical and mathematical basics of WiMAX are presented in visual form in module 4. Acronyms such as OFDM and AAS are explained 5) How do WiMAX devices get access to the network and what types of services are available? This is explained in module 5 6) Mobility and security in WiMAX technology are the most important aspects in module 6 7) The web-based training ends with an overview of Alcatel WiMAX products and their features To leave this introductory module click on the Close button (which is the red X) in the upper right-hand corner of this window. You will then be returned to the table of contents from where you can start any other module at your convenience. So, take your time and take the first steps into the world of WiMAX
(1) Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX
WiMAX Overview
Module 1 Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX
3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 1
Our Vision : Seamless Services

At home
In the office
During the break
On the move
Connected Everywhere Anytime

WiMAX Overview All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel
Connected everywhere anytime to a powerful network, which is able to transport all types of services with the requested Quality Wireless Metropolitan Area Network: WMAN or WiMAX adds to the existing wire line and wireless transport networks another wireless technology based on modern radio transmission technology WMAN has been standardized by IEEE according to the 802.16 specification. It provides full Quality of Service (QoS) for any kind of real-time, near real time or non-real-time application
New devices are getting smart

WiMAX Overview
Mobile broadband access is the name of the powerful transmission technique which supports Next Generation Network technologies and new kinds of user devices Wireless Metropolitan Area Network allows for new devices having small form factors to communicate using modern internet based methods. A large range of applications from home entertainment, gaming, to business applications are supported by this wireless broadband transmission method
Universal Broadband Wireless Access & Mobility

Complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs

Speed/user
Laptop High-end PDA
Very High
PDA with phone
Phone
Fibre
High
Full Mobility
xDSL
Wired Satellite Fixed
WiFi
Wireless DSL
WiMAX
HSDPA TDD TD-SCDMA* Mobile DSL UMTS/FDD EDGE/GPRS
Medium
During a break Hot spots
Mobility
In the zone Hot zones
On the move Global coverage
WiMAX Overview
This picture shows complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic, or fixed mobile needs Today for all kinds of applications the appropriate access technology exists The figure shows the typical access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs For fixed network access DSL-based systems deliver broadband data rates depending only on the type of access technology used: copper line or optical fibre WiMAX is the synonym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access which stands for support and promotion of WMAN or IEEE 802.16 technology This technology preserves Quality of Service through the air interface supporting genuine real-time applications Small, non-QoS sensitive access methods use WLAN available in so called hot spot areas User traffic generated with this method may be transported into powerful core networks over flexible wireless access WMAN hot zones may support urban mobility as well Full mobility preserving QoS requirements is realized using UMTS and EDGE/GPRS technology
High Speed Data Solutions

Wi-Fi
Hotspot coverage during a break
Spectral efficiency 5 4 Spectrum w idth Global cost 3 2 Number of 1 simultaneous subs / 0 CPE cost cell Reach Security Mobility
WiMAX
Data Intensive Broadband in the zone
Spectral efficiency Spectrum width Number of simultaneous subs / cell Reach Security
5 4 3 2 1 0
UMTS+HSPDA
Combined Voice, Data & multimedia on the move
Spectral efficiency 5 4 3 2 cc 1 0
Global cost CPE cost Mobility
Spectrum w idth Number of simultaneous subs / cell Reach
Global cost
CPE cost
Mobility Security
Note:
Comparative ranking with other technologies in performance per cell Global cost per end user including spectrum fee Source: Alcatel
WiMAX Overview
These three diagrams compare various system parameters of WLAN (WIFI), WMAN (WiMAX) and the mobile network technologies UMTS with High speed Packed Downlink Access (HSPDA). The parameters have the following meaning: Spectral efficiency: Spectrum width: Number of simultaneous subscribers/cell: Reach: Security: Mobility: CPE cost: Global cost: is the exploitation of the radio frequencies means the exploitation of radio channels is the support of multiple access to one network is the reachability of subscribers within radio areas means Authentication, authorisation and ciphering is the change of location at full or reduced speed is the customer premises equipment cost is the cost for network operator and service user
This kind of visualisation is called a spider diagram. It can be used highlight differences between the compared systems. The shape of the spider net displays the different parameters and their associated values Spider net diagrams are used also with complex applications, which show different thresholds for normal and critical system behaviour at a glance
User Terminals
Smartphones Integrated in laptops & PDA PCMCIA Indoor CPE Outdoor CPE
2008 2007
2006
IEEE 802.16e
2005
IEEE 802.16-2004
WiMAX Overview
WMAN technology will be integrated in standard user equipment But at first there will be dedicated indoor and outdoor customer premises equipment solutions, which support WIMAX functionality only. The next step will be the integration into laptop by PCMCIA cards There will be multi-services cards available on the market, supporting WLAN for short distance wireless applications, WIMAX for longer distance, QoS sensitive applications, with a limited mobility support (802.16e) and UMTS for the support of full mobility and QoS preservation provided by a UMTS Wide Area Network Further chip integration will integrate WiMAX connectivity into smaller user terminals such as PDAs and smart mobile phones In any hardware environment, we will find a variety of wireless access techniques, ranging from WLAN and WiMAX to UMTS
Application: Wireless Fixed Broadband Access

For urban and suburban areas where access via copper or fiber is not available Provides similar kind of service to ADSL with similar limitations The user has a Subscriber Station on his premises (Customer Premises Equipment CPE). CPE may be provided by the network operator CPE connected to the same Base Station Simple Authentication Typically CPE authentication/authorization is enough Bridging the so called digital divide by delivering broadband to low density areas
WiMAX Overview
This page shows some typical applications and application scenarios for WiMAX One important WiMAX application is the Wireless Fixed Broadband Access This plays an important role for flexible service delivery to urban or suburban areas, which are expensive to provide with wired connectivity. Wireless Fixed Broadband Access technology provides a kind of service similar to wired ADSL, for example the same internet based services, similar quality of service etc. WiMAX subscriber stations will be located at customers, similar to DSL splitters used with wireline access methods. Such Customer Premises Equipment will be connected permanently to the same base station. Therefore the CPE can work with simple authentication procedures, based on CPE authentication only WiMAX technology can also overcome the lack of broadband services in low density areas. This is especially the case in emerging countries. The underdevelopment of broadband services leads to the so-called digital divide, the lack of world-wide access digital information networks
Application: Nomadicity - Internet in the Pocket

Provides user terminal nomadicity i.e. a step beyond fixed access and basic fixed DSL type operation The user is able to get broadband wireless access from different locations within an operators IEEE 802.16 network No handovers are specified or supported between network access points (Base Stations). Connections are not retained Global network authentication and charging Connections and contexts are not necessarily retained between two network (re-)entry actions Allows inter-operator roaming
WiMAX Overview
The availability of 802.16 interfaces for laptop computers creates the need for terminal nomadicity, which is the possibility of moving a portable WiMAX device to various locations within the same network access area The user may change to various network access points, but any existing service connection will be interrupted and not handed over to the next radio network access point The network access procedures, such as authentication and authorisation are globally stored within the network, so that after the re-entry to the network, the previous authentication and access security data are still available, but no previous data connections Different network access options are supported, including roaming within different networks operated by different WiMAX service providers. WiMAX networks will provide the technical basis for inter-operator roaming
Application: Portability
Portability is the next step towards mobility with the support of handover Same network access procedures as Fixed Access or Nomadicity Handover is best effort User may experience a glitch during change of network point of attachment Latency-tolerant applications maintain IP connectivity during change of network point of attachment Handover latency is a few seconds (worst case) Packet loss is best effort
WiMAX Overview
Portability and handover are two requirements which lead towards unrestricted mobility. These features are provided by the IEEE 802.16e extension of the WMAN standard The IEEE 802.16e extension covers mobility including handover and thus allows continuous connectivity, e.g. in public transportation such as trains The extension to the standard supports the same network access procedures used by IEEE 802.16 for wireless fixed broadband access and for nomadic applications During handover there will be a short delay due to synchronisation with the next base station. This may cause buffer underrun for real-time applications and may result in a short glitch in real-time applications, which are not latency-time tolerant Depending on the actual speed of the subscriber station and the present radio network coverage, transmission degradation such as packet loss and packet error rate may increase significantly during the handover process In worst-case situations, the handover latency-time will be as long as a few seconds, if the number of base stations in a geographical area is too low and if adjacent base stations do not overlap. In this case packet loss will be best effort Optimized network configuration provides full mobility at a max. speed of 120 km/h (with degraded transmission) and 60 km/h with the support of all Quality of Service classes maintained during handover. This means real-time applications such as VoIP are maintained during handover Handover latency will be less than a few tenths of a millisecond Additional features for mobile performance such as low-power operation are provided
WiMAX Network Architecture

Easy Integration of WiMAX RAN

One generic WiMAX Access architecture that can be integrated into a multitude of networks
WiMAX Access Network
DSL, Cable
3GPP, 3GPP2
End-to-End features and solution for Nomadic network

Nomadic network with limited mobility
WiMAX access
Private networks
Operator value-added content
Multi Radio Access

WLAN, Mobile, WiMAX
WLAN access
Core Network
Internet
In synchronisation with NGN and IMS networks evolution
3GPP/3GPP2 radio access Fixed access
Partners valueadded content
WiMAX Overview
This picture shows the general IEEE 802.16 network architecture The IEEE 802.16 network architecture can be integrated into a large number of different fixed or mobile networks. The reason of this lies mainly in the following IEEE 802.16 features: 1) The transmission technology used is based on IP technology , only IP packets are transmitted over the air interface. This makes it well suited to be the Next Generation Network access technology 2) The IEEE 802.16 protocol provides an adoption sub-layer as part of the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, which can be used to transport different types of layer-2 packets over the air interface such as Ethernet packets or ATM cells The support of mobility creates the basis for new mobile and nomadic service concepts which comprise VoIP, high speed internet access, mobile TV, mobile gaming. Mobile Triple Play applications which comprise TV, internet access and VoIP, will use WiMAX transmission technology
Alcatel Vision of WiMAX Applications & Architecture

Applications
Fixed Wireless DSL

Main Features NLOS Indoor Application Plug & Play CPE
Internet In the Pocket

Reduced end-user devices PCMCIA, USB Key, Embedded
Full IP RAN Approach
Nomadicity Portability
Service access Across multiple BS
Simple Mobility Full Mobility

Session continuity Across multiple BS Across multiple RAN
Beyond 3G
Fixed Operators
Architecture
Mobile Operators
Network Architecture
Integration in Fixed & Mobile Networks
WiMAX Overview
As to the future development of fixed and mobile networks, Alcatels view is driven by its knowledge and broad experience with legacy and next generation network concepts One important development direction will be enabled by the convergence of fixed and mobile networks. Future applications will be transported through one type of network only, whether mobile or fixed, based on IP technology Network operators will offer a wide range of different applications requiring various fixed and mobile access methods. IEEE 802.16 will be the major wireless access technology supporting fixed access, nomadicity, simple and full mobility Alcatels business will mainly focus on the development of powerful WiMAX Base Stations (BS) and the connected backbone network based on NGN concepts. Such products need to offer a seamless connectivity between all types of networks
(2) WiMAX Standard Status
WiMAX Overview
Module 2 WiMAX Standard Status
IEEE 802.16 Standardisation

LOS
Near LOS
Non LOS
Non LOS
IEEE 802.16 (December 2001)

FWA > 11 GHz
IEEE 802.16a (April 2003)
IEEE 802.16-2004 (July 2004)
IEEE 802.16e (on-going)
FWA 2<<11 GHz OFDM AAS optional but not clearly defined 64QAM optional
802.16a + UL subchannelling, AAS definition / mechanisms BPSK mode
802.16d + Scalable OFDMA IP Mobility (handover) Power save
Installation required at CPE side (outdoor antenna) Fixed location
Indoor/outdoor CPE Fixed location
LOS / near LOS
NLOS
July 2004
Fixed/Nomadic/ Mobility
NLOS
October 2005
WiMAX Overview
Early 802.16 specifications referred to a line of sight (LOS) or near line of sight distance between the subscriber station and the network Base Station, required because of the high frequency radio band used above 11 GHz. The lower the frequency band, the longer distances between subscriber station and base station are supported There are the following additional 802.16 standards: 802.16f Deals with the specification of a management information base for the 802.16 MAC-layer and Physical-layer management. 802.16f shows that all WMAN network elements (Base Stations, Access Network Gateways, Access Controller, Access Security Servers etc) are managed using the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 802.16g Defines the specification of the management plane for 802.16. It specifies the protocols needed for 802.16 layer management 802.16h This specification was created by the Licensed Exempt Task Group (established 2005) The specification ensures that multi-vendor WiMAX systems can be readily deployed in the license-exempt bands with reduced interference to other geographically co-located IEEE 802.16-based license-exempt services
WW Frequency Bands for WiMAX

Mid Term Available Bands Evolutions
3.5 GHz Sub-1 GHz band: 700 MHz USA, India Europe For better low-density areas coverage Evolution towards Simple Mobility Lobbying in India and further World-Wide Lobbying actions e.g. access to Digital Dividend Unlicensed Band: 5 GHz 3.6-3.8 GHz in Europe Unlicensed or Light Licensed China: 3.3 GHz Vertical Markets Usage 2.5-2.7 GHz in Europe Pico Cell Deployments IMT2000 allocated
Convergence efforts between WiMAX & 3GPP
WiMAX Overview
The table shows the main frequency bands used in different geographic locations of the world. In the short term there are frequency resources available in the 3.5 GHz band Depending on the geographic region different radio bands and access technologies are specified by local government authorities. In Europe, Latin America, North America, Middle East, India and in the Americas and Pacific region. The available duplex technologies are: Frequency Division Duplex & Time Division Duplex

For fixed network usage 3.3 GHz in India
The unlicensed bands are located at 5 GHz These bands can be characterized by the following list items:

They are unlicensed or light-licensed, showing a low license restriction They target for vertical markets usage, which means for specific segments or niches of a special market They support pico-cell deployment, used in special areas with dense population as well as services requesting high bandwidth
WiMAX Deployments
Rural Urban RURAL
Suburban Coverage Driven Network Capacity Driven Network
Main Concern : Sufficient Spectrum Resources For capacity & multiple operators
Answer : 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands
Main Concern : Frequency Band
Answer : 700 MHz Band
WiMAX Overview
The different WMAN frequency bands are deployed in different urban, suburban and rural environments The lower the frequency band the larger the cell area but the smaller the available total bandwidth per cell. Therefore such frequency bands are most appropriate for low population density and big cell area Of course rural areas can also be provided with 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz bandwidth Urban and suburban areas need higher bandwidth and because of physical side effects such as multipath propagation and other fading effects the 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands seem to be most appropriate
Competing Technologies
Proprietary Solutions moved to 802.16d/e CDMA (Navini, IP wireless/2.5-3.5 GHz) OFDM &/or PreWiMAX (Alvarion, Redline, Nextnet, BeamReach) Single Carrier (Aperto, Proxim)
WiMAX Solutions 802.16d -> 802.16 2005 802.16e-2005 Nomadicity will bring IOT and full standard
Mobile Solutions UMTS-HSDPA UMTS TDD (IP wireless) TD-SCDMA (China) CDMA2000 EV-DV
Dormant Solutions IEEE 802.20 standard Not existing

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
Flash OFDM (Flarion)
No standard
Standard
Standard
Dormant
WiMAX Overview
Proprietary solutions will disappear from the market in time. There were some pre-WIMAX solutions on the market but have now been moved to the 802.16-2004 standard The successor to 802.16d is now 802.16-2004 (802.16-2005) which is in effect the same standard. 802.16d was the draft standard name Urban mobility is supported by 802.16e Mobile solutions cover all broadband mobile network technologies such as Wideband-CDMA and CDMA-2000. This means that it will be a development goal to create inter-system connectivity between the different mobile networks supporting various mobile network standards The 802.20 working group is expected to develop a WMAN standard supporting high velocity such as common mobile networks but with higher user-data-rates available
WMAN System Profiles (IEEE)

Identifier profM1 profM2 profP1 profP1f profP1t profP2 profP2f profP2t
Description Basic ATM MAC profile Basic packet MAC profile 25 MHz channel PHY profile 25 MHz channel PHY profile - FDD 25 MHz channel PHY profile - TDD 28 MHz channel PHY profile 28 MHz channel PHY profile - FDD 28 MHz channel PHY profile - TDD
WiMAX Overview
In order to provide a basic manufacturer independent functionality in all WIMAX implementations, the 802.16 standard describes a set of standard features, which are mandatory for all implementations of the Physical and MAC Layer Equipment which does not support mandatory features will not receive certification labels The list above shows the profiles specified in 802.16-2004. There are additional profiles defined by the WiMAX forum and by the Mobile Technical Group, which recently completed the 802.16e profile The profiles profM1 and profM2 specify the MAC Convergence Sub-layer and MAC layer features if connectivity to ATM transport networks and other packet networks is requested The other profiles specify the Physical Layer as to different radio channel bandwidth characteristics and different duplex techniques (Time Division Duplex TDD and Frequency Division Duplex FDD) Each profile specifies general layer features and functions plus all protocol messages and mandatory message parameters Further details of the Physical and MAC layer functions will be explained at a later stage of this training
WIMAX Profile Selection

The following initial profiles have been selected by WiMAX:

Freq Band [MHz] Duplexing
TDD 3400-3600 FDD
Canalisation [MHz]
3.5 7.0 3.5 7.0 10
5725-5850
TDD
Future profiles will cover the following frequency bands:

Freq Band [MHz]
2500-2690
Duplexing
TDD FDD
Canalisation [MHz]
5.0 / 5.5 5.0 / 5.5
WiMAX Overview
The following Key Profile Characteristics are defined: All the current profiles under consideration operate using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex multiple carrier schemes and a Fast Fourier Transformation size of 256 points has been selected Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is currently anticipated as the multiple access mechanism with an option for OFDMA uplink sub-channelisation OFDM can be scaled to operate within a variety of channel widths. Widths of 3.5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz have initially been selected as these are consistent with allocations and assignments in many regions around the world Both FDD and TDD techniques are included. Both techniques offer specific characteristics that can be advantageous for service providers and are supported by the standards
IEEE and WiMAX Forum

IEEE 802.16
http://www.ieee.org
Dedicated to PHY & MAC Tasks also to cover MIB & Management Plan
WiMAX Forum
http://www.wimaxforum.org
Industry organization for promotion of IEEE 802.16

Based on IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e standards Propose and Promote Access Profiles Certify Interoperability of Microwave Access Products Achieve a global acceptance of this new technology Promote the use of broadband wireless access in general
WiMAX Overview
Two organizations specify standards for WiMAX: First, IEEE - the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers - and Second, the WiMAX forum. IEEE sets up general specifications dedicated for instance to layer one and two of the OSI model, the physical layer and the MAC layer. They also specify the MIB structure and management plan The WiMAX forum is an industry-led, non-profit corporation formed to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless products. The main objectives of the WiMAX forum are to support the IEEE 802.16 standard and its evolution to propose and promote access profiles for the IEEE 802.16 standard to certify interoperability both in the network and at the air interface to achieve a global acceptance of this new technology and to promote the use of broadband wireless access in general Up to April 2006 more than 350 companies have joined the WiMAX forum among which are: Operators for fixed and mobile networks and Internet Service Providers Nearly all major telecommunications system suppliers as well as Equipment, Components and System Suppliers
(3) Why WIMAX IEE 802.16?
(3) Why WiMAX IEEE 802.16?
WiMAX Overview
Module 3 Why WiMAX IEEE 802.16?
W-DSL Performance - Urban environment

Light install CPEs Outdoor NLOS* antenna
Around 4 km 40 m
Around 3km 1.5 km > 10 m 1km 4m Sectorized BS 10 MHz
> 10 m
Maximum user data rate : 22 Mbit/s (80% probability) Minimum user data rate : 4.5 Mbit/s (99.9% probability)
Zero install CPEs Indoor
1.5 m
* NLOS= Non Line Of Sight
WiMAX Overview
One important WiMAX driving force is the increasing need for high bandwidth in urban and suburban environments. The bandwidth requirements lie close to or beyond DSL capacity Network operators and/or service providers can bridge the last mile to the customer with this wireless transmission technology The illustration shows some physical configuration parameters as they are expected in urban environments together with some targeted data rates
W-DSL Performance - Urban environment

Dense Urban indoor wDSL scenario

Full indoor (20 dB penetration)
Dense Urban Area Frequency: 3.5 GHz Antenna height: 30 m AAS: 4 elements Service: 1024 kb/s No of sub: 225 (10 MHz)
10 MHz
Dense Urban Environment
24 Mbps 22 Mbps 20 Mbps Average throughput per sector in TDD
WiMAX Overview
The figure shows the targeted data rates for dense urban environment under certain conditions, for specific CPE and optimised distance to BTS: The parameter conditions are: The frequency band used is 3.5 GHz Antenna height is 30 m and Adaptive Antenna System with 4 sectors The internet based service offered for max. 225 subscriber stations requires a channel bandwidth of 10 MHz The peak bandwidth for each subscriber station can be up to 1024 kbit/s The sectorisation of the WiMAX cells creates an efficient deployment of base stations and a high total cell throughput
W-DSL Performance - Rural and Suburban environment

Rural
3.5 GHz 3.5 GHz Indoor Outdoor
Typical Values Rural Conditions

5 MHz Channel Agriculture Model 90% Probability
Conditions
Indoor Penetration 15dB Ante. Height 35 m AAS 4 Ante. BS OP 35 dBm SS : 27 dBm W-DSL A.Gain : W-DSL TDD 3:1 1024 kbps DL 128 kbs UL at cell range for WiMAX
5.2 3.5GHz Indoor
14 3.5 GHz Outdoor
Suburban Conditions
5 MHz Channel Suburban Model 95% Probability
1.45
Suburban
WiMAX Overview
Similar estimations lead to data rates for suburban and rural environments The physical and technical parameters are: The indoor penetration of radio power is 15 dB The Antenna Height is 35 m The Adaptive Antenna System used consists of 4 sectors. The Base Station operates at a radio power of 35 dBm The Subscriber Stations operate at a radio power of 27 dBm The TDD Uplink to Downlink ratio is 3:1 The maximum data rate in downlink direction is 1024 kbit/s The maximum data rate in uplink direction at cell range is 128 kbit/s
Internet Protocol: The Corner Stone

IMS USER-CENTRIC ENABLER
WiMAX
Direct Payment
Service Delivery Platform Media Server

xDSL
Other networks & contents
IMS
HSS
3G/3G LTE
WiMAX
The First Full IP Standard Radio Access System

Multi-standard Radio Access Point
IP SOURCE OF RATIONALIZATION
Ethernet
IP Backbone
Media Gateways
Ethernet
Call Servers
WiMAX Mobile 2G/3G/3GLTE
WiMAX Overview
As this picture shows, Internet Protocol (IP) plays an important role as a service enabling technology, as a service delivery platform and a global network technology With Internet-based Multimedia Services (IMS) new multimedia applications are offered by network operators and independent service providers (such as Instant messaging, Location service etc. ) The combination of multimedia applications with multi-modal applications (such as voice input, voice control, voice output etc.) will support new markets and user behaviour IMS offers a new kinds of user-specific and user-centric services, for example: ONE Number: The routing of a call across multiple accesses (mobile and fixed) ONE BILL: The centralized charging of all services to one bill
ONE MAILBOX, ONE ADDRESSBOOK and ONE PROFILE: Which stand for one type of service available in all networks, hand-over across multiple access networks and seamless and transparent authentication in every network
(4) Technical Overview - Air Interface and Radio Performances
(4) Technical Overview Air Interface and Radio Performances
WiMAX Overview
Module 4 Technical Overview Air Interface and Radio Performance
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM

Data Sub-carriers
DC Sub-carrier
Pilot Sub-carriers
Guard band
Guard band
OFDM is a key multiplexing scheme for broadband wireless network transmission:

FDM sub-carriers with overlapping spectra prevention of interferences by orthogonality sub-carrier peak at minimum of all other sub-carriers application of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT/IFFT) highly efficient spectrum exploitation
WiMAX Overview All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is the key radio transmission technology for the WIMAX multi carrier radio interface A large number (256 to 2048) of sub-carrier frequencies, which have a low bandwidth and thus do not show severe physical impairments such as multipath fading are used at the air interface. This can be achieved under the following conditions:
Sub-carrier frequencies are orthogonal which means they do not overlap: sub-carrier peak at minimum of all other sub-carriers This configuration creates a very efficient exploitation of the available frequency spectrum. Serial to parallel transformation is used to multiplex input data onto the different sub-carriers The number of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) points is adapted to the number of orthogonal sub-carrier frequencies
FFT and inverse FFT methods are integrated in the air interfaces transmission process. With IFFT OFDM symbols are created (calculated in the time domain) and used to transmit data streams over the air interface Applying FFT the received symbols are transformed into the frequency domain to create the orthogonal subcarrier frequencies, which transport the multiplexed data streams
Cyclic Prefix
Without Cyclic Prefix ISI
No ISI
paste With Cyclic Prefix CP
copy
No ISI
CP removes ISI CP used for synchronisation CP reduces Inter Channel Interference (sub-carriers orthogonality maintained)
WiMAX Overview
This picture shows the influence of multi-path propagation effects and reflections of radio waves at the air interface. Due to reflection each OFDM symbol reaches the receiver with lower amplitude, with some delay and several times This is displayed in the picture for three reflected parts of a single symbol. These three parts interfere with the original symbol and cause signal degradation In order to overcome this effect, the overlapping part of the symbols is marked as security period which is not evaluated. This period is created by copying a known part of the symbol to this overlapping region called Cyclic Prefix (CP) The total symbol size is of course reduced by this CP and the goal is to reduce the CP part of the total symbol time. The higher the frequency the shorter the symbol duration and vice versa. So the influence of CP is reduced by lower frequencies Because a CP is a known copy of a part of a symbol it can also be used for synchronisation purposes
OFDM Symbol Structure

Time Domain
Tg: Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tb: usable symbol time Ts: symbol time
Tg
Tb Ts
The OFDM symbol is the result of applying the Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation to the FDM sub-carrier frequencies
WiMAX Overview
The picture shows the structure of an OFDM symbol Inverse-Fourier-transformation creates the OFDM symbols, which are represented by multi-carrier signals. Its time duration is referred to as the total symbol time Ts and the time which can be used for transport of user data is the usable symbol time Tb A copy of the last Tg micro seconds of the usable symbol period, termed Cyclic Prefix (CP), is used to collect multipath delayed signals, while maintaining the orthogonality of the frequencies On initialization, a SS searches all possible values of CP until it finds the CP being used by the BS The SS uses the same CP on the UL. Once a specific CP duration has been selected by the BS for operation on the DL it should not be changed. Otherwise all subscriber stations would have to resynchronize to the BS
OFDM Principle
Ts_FDM = N / BW Ts = 1/BW Modulator ~ Modulator ~ Modulator Ts = Ts_FDM / N ~

Higher data rate Shorter symbol duration Lower data rate Longer symbol duration
Serial to parallel
f1
f2
f3 Orthogonal sub-carrier frequencies
WiMAX Overview
The picture shows the process which takes place while sending a user data packet: A high bandwidth input data stream is split into several different lower bandwidth streams The high input bit rate Ts is split up. These data streams are then modulated onto the different orthogonal subcarrier frequencies using efficient modulation techniques, which increase the data capacity (bit/sec). Then inverseFFT (IFFT) operation is applied to calculate OFDM symbols Each sub-carrier frequency transports a lower data rate and thus contributes to longer symbol duration The symbols contain user data in a mathematically converted format in order to maximize bandwidth utilisation. There is no direct relationship between the OFDM symbols, the single sub-carriers and the transmitted user data Finally the safety area Cyclic Prefix (CP) is created to reduce signal degradation (multipath fading) due to multipath propagation effects OFDM symbols are constructed by IFFT application. FDM-frequencies are reconstructed by FFT application
DL-PHY Frame Structure

burst profiles: DIUC
DL-MAP DL-MAP long long Preamble Preamble Frame Frame Control Control Header Header
WiMAX Overview
This page shows the general 802.16 physical frame structure in downlink direction It starts with a long preamble of defined sequence, which can be used by the subscriber stations for synchronisation and alignment purposes The following part is the Frame Control Header (FCH). It must be decoded by all stations, so the length and the modulation of this field is fixed (1 symbol, QPSK, code rate = 1/2). It contains the following parameters:

The Downlink - Frame Prefix: containing Rate-Id, Length and Header Check Sequence The Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) is a MAC layer message that describes the physical layer characteristics of a downlink channel
The following parts of the physical frame are the Downlink -Bursts which contain MAC-layer messages for signalling or for user data transport DL-Bursts may be modulated differently because they are sent to different subscriber stations at different physical locations. Therefore each DL-Burst needs to be characterized individually by a Downlink Interval Usage Code parameter
Downlink (DL)
DL DL Burst Burst (MAC) (MAC)
DL DL Burst Burst (MAC) (MAC)
1 OFDM Symbol (QPSK 1/2)
Integer number of OFDM Symbols
DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code
UL-PHY Frame Structure

Contention Slots
UL-PH-PDU
UL-PH-PDU
Uplink (UL)
RNG RNG
short UL short UL BW BW Pre- Burst Pre- Burst Req Req amble (MAC) amble (MAC)
short UL short UL Pre- Burst Pre- Burst amble (MAC) amble (MAC)
UL-Sub-frame
RNG: Ranging BW-Req: Bandwidth Request
Integer number of OFDM Symbols
UL-PH-PDU: Uplink Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit DL-PH-PDU: Downlink Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit
WiMAX Overview
This page shows the uplink physical frame structure In this direction the physical header has a different structure Stations which access the network (called initial ranging) use the Ranging access slots Stations which are already connected to the network, maintaining active connections, provide bandwidth request opportunities in the header These two options are displayed as contention slots in the figure above All uplink payload bursts start with a short preamble followed by an integer number of OFDM symbols carrying the MAC layer PDUs, MAC signalling messages or user data
WiMAX: 802.16-2004 vs. 802.16e
OFDM vs. SOFDM [1/2]

DL part
UL part
Preamble DL
Preamble UL
Preamble UL
Preamble
SOFDMA: SOFDM for Multiple Access

Additional flexibility in resource allocation
FCH
Especially small packets (VoIP) OFDM

DL part
Range extension in DL and UL

Sub-Channeling is a given
SOFDMA
UL part
Preamble
Preamble
WiMAX Overview
With 802.16e the more advanced version of OFDM is introduced: the scalable OFDM (SOFDM) OFDMA and SOFDMA is an access method based on OFDM technique: the subscriber is assigned a number of OFDM sub-channels for transmission of user data. OFDMA means the assignment of OFDM resources used for individual subscribers by the network SOFDM uses a very high number of sub-carriers (up to 2048). This leads to a reduction of the sub-carrier bandwidth which affects the physical air interface performance positively Due to this high number of sub-carrier frequencies, the FFT/IFFT calculation is more complex (2048 FFT points). This requires high processing power and there is a need to provide for of a high number of orthogonal carrier frequencies SOFDMA offers a higher granularity of bandwidth assignable to individual subscriber stations The result is an optimized exploitation of the air interface especially for small user data packets created by realtime applications such as Voice and Video over IP
FCH
FCH
FCH
WiMAX: 802.16-2004 vs. 802.16e
OFDM vs. SOFDM [2/2]

SOFDM: Scalable OFDM

Higher number of sub-carrier frequencies provides higher capacity Number of FFT points is adapted to channel bandwidth
Robustness similar to multipath for higher bandwidth Same range when bandwidth is increased OFDM
BW
SOFDM
BW
x2
Sites: + 35% Tg: / 2

2xBW 2xBW
Sites: = Tg: =
WiMAX Overview
This figure shows the major advantage of SOFDM compared to OFDM The higher number of sub-carrier frequencies allows a very good granularity of bandwidth assignment to user services Secondly the advantages of SOFDM lie in a better exploitation of the available bandwidth for user data. The reason is that the SOFDM cyclic prefix duration (Tg) takes a smaller part of the total symbol length and the SOFDM symbol duration is longer compared with OFDM
Alcatel Smart Antenna Technology

Smart Antennas, Data booster for WiMAX nomadic systems

Up to 12 dB gain in DL, 6 dB in UL (4 antenna system) Increased indoor penetration Increased data throughput
Alcatel : years of expertise in AAS technologies

Contribution of Alcatel R&I Stuttgart Broad knowledge from projects AAS in GSM and UMTS Field Trial GSM in 1994 and Field Trial UMTS in 2003 First application in GSM diversity receiver Generalized with BSS B6 on Alcatel 9100 TRX (1998) R&I for AAS in WiMAX
WiMAX OFDM 256 and SOFDMA
Alcatel WiMAX solution includes AAS technology
WiMAX Overview
Smart antenna systems or Adaptive Array Systems (AAS) can extend cell coverage by improving the system link budget. Link budget gain is realized by an AAS through the coherent combining of signals received or transmitted from multiple antenna elements, as well as by the increase in diversity order offered by the antenna array At the same time, AAS can increase base station capacity by enabling the use of higher order modulation through interference reduction and by enabling spectral reuse within the cell For this purpose new AAS-Physical layer signalling messages are introduced. These have an influence on the beam-forming capability of the antenna Alcatel has as a great deal of experience with this technology. AAS systems were introduced in GSM and UMTS networks to increase radio cell capacity. Alcatel WiMAX base stations will also include smart antenna technology
WiMAX Performance
Urban Environment
Dense Urban indoor scenario
Deployment assumptions BS antenna height: 35 m BW: 10 MHz Frequency reuse = 3 Morpho: dense urban Indoor penetration: 18 dB Coverage: probably 95% Shadowing: 8 dB std 64 kbps min @ cell edge
3.5 GHz: 2.5 GHz:
0.60 km 0.75 km
1.05 km Typical cellular range 300 - 500 m 1.25 km
Capacity (TDD 2:1) DL: 14.6 Mbps average; 4 Mbps peak @ cell edge UL: 7.4 Mbps average
WiMAX Overview
The picture shows a dense urban scenario: Depending on the equipment and the frequency band used the base station distance varies from 0.6 km to 1.25 km Without Adaptive array antenna systems the base station distance would be only 360 m For a Time Division Duplex (TDD) cell with an DL- to - UL time slot ratio of 2:1 the transmission bandwidth of the cell is:

In downlink direction 14.6 Mbps average; with a 4 Mbps peak rate at cell edge position and In uplink direction 7.4 Mbps average value
WiMAX Performance
Rural and Suburban Environment

RURAL
Indoor
Outdoor LOS*
3.5 GHz: 2.5 GHz:
6.75 km 16.75 km 8.30 km 17.00 km
Deployment assumptions BW: 5 MHz Frequency reuse = 3 Morpho: rural Indoor penetration: 12 dB Coverage: probably 90 % (indoor) Availability: 99.99 % (outdoor) Shadowing: 6 dB std 64 kbps min @ cell edge
Indoor
SUBURBAN
* LOS: Line Of Sight * NLOS: Non-LOS 3.5 GHz: 2.5 GHz:
Outdoor NLOS* Wall mounted Deployment assumptions Morpho: suburban Indoor penetration: 15 dB Outdoor wall-mounted Prob coverage: 95 % Shadowing: 7 dB std 2.20 km 5.80 km 64 kbps @ cell edge 2.70 km 6.75 km
WiMAX Overview
As rural and suburban cells will cover a larger area the transmission parameters need to be adopted to the transmission requirements The picture shows some example parameters: Generally a big cell size has an impact on the cell capacity and the cell bandwidth is reduced by large transmission distances due to physical transmission effects
(5) Technical Overview - Medium Access Layer (MAC)
(5) Technical Overview Medium Access Layer (MAC)
WiMAX Overview
Module 5 Technical Overview Medium Access Layer (MAC)
Medium Access Control (MAC)

A network that utilizes a shared medium requires a mechanism to share it efficiently MAC layer is connection-oriented. All data communications are in the context of a connection defined by the Connection ID (CID) The downlink direction, from the base station (BS) to the user, operates on a point-to-multipoint basis In the uplink direction, the user stations share the uplink to the BS on a demand basis Network service access is controlled by contention mechanisms between users and enables the service to be tailored to requirements of each user application
WiMAX Overview
The Medium Access Control layer is used to provide efficient multiple access to a shared medium, which is the physical radio interface All subscriber stations are physically connected to a base station. All data communication between the base station and the subscriber stations are connection oriented. During connection establishment, the subscriber station specifies the type of service and other service parameters needed for this connection In the downlink direction the communication behaves as a point-to-multipoint operation between the base station and all subscriber stations In the uplink direction all subscriber stations share the uplink resources. The mechanisms used depend on the service type For real time-data delivery services the bandwidth is periodically allocated by the base station For non-real-time data delivery services the subscriber stations compete for network service access in uplink direction using a contention slot mechanism provided by MAC layer signalling. The distribution of uplink and downlink bandwidth is controlled by MAC protocol messages, which are broadcasted over the air interface
MAC Layer Services

BS
Network Access Network Access
SS
Connection Establishment/Release Connection Establishment/Release
Connection Maintenance Connection Maintenance
Service Flow Provisioning Service Flow Provisioning
WiMAX Overview
MAC layer services comprise: Network access, Connection establishment and connection release, connection maintenance and Service flow provisioning Network Access provides access to physical resources as well as MAC-layer services, such as data transfer and security services, such as authentication and encryption of user data Connection orientation guarantees QoS. All data exchange over the air interface is based on connections. For each connection the requested QoS is negotiated at connection set-up time Connection maintenance, e.g. change of connection parameters Quality of service requirements may change during the connection. Bandwidth may be changed using specific MAC layer procedures. This requires sophisticated connection maintenance mechanisms User data streams which belong to MAC layer connections transport a requested services characterized by QoS parameters. These data streams are called service flows
Bandwidth Allocation Method [1/3]

Current bandwidth grants to CIDs are executed by BS through the allocation of time slots for transmission to the selected CIDs Network time is divided into frames of 5 ms duration Every frame opens with a DL MAP followed by a UL MAP transmitted by BS to all SS. The MAPs indicate the activity to be executed by BS and SS during the frame. DL MAP indicates:
CIDs to which BS will transmit (downlink) during the following frame The exact moment in time when the transmission will occur. The physical parameters to be used by BS for each CID (modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc. DL Channel Descriptor-DCD)
WiMAX Overview
One important MAC function is allocation or grant of bandwidth to subscriber stations. This is accomplished by assignment of frames to the Connection Id belonging to a subscriber connection Every frame starts with a frame header, which contains Downlink-MAP and Uplink-MAP messages. These messages organize the mapping of uplink and downlink payload to and from the subscriber stations Downlink-MAP indicates the physical payload and its time location within the frame, so that each subscriber station can identify its payload The Downlink MAP message indicates the Connection IDs to which Base Station will transmit in downlink direction during the following frame, the exact moment in time when the transmission will occur and the physical parameters to be used by the Base Station for each Connection-ID, e.g. the modulation type, Forward Error Correction, coding rate, etc. The Downlink Channel Descriptor parameter is used to decode the payload contents, because physical transmission parameters may depend on the position of each subscriber station

UL MAP indicates: CIDs that have to transmit during the next frame (uplink) The exact moment in time when the transmission has to occur The type of information to be transmitted during the allocated interval (data, management, requests to transmit in the next frame, etc.) The physical parameters to be used by each CID when transmitting to BS (modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc. UL Channel Descriptor - UCD)
WiMAX Overview
The Uplink MAP information indicates uplink transmission capacity to the subscriber stations This information is based on the active Connection-Id which belongs to user data connections Transmission time allocations are based on requests received by the base station during previous frames. In uplink direction resource allocations are made per user, identified by the basic connection ID value The Uplink-MAP message also contains the type of information, which is to be transmitted (data, management, requests to transmit in the next frame, etc.) and the physical parameters to be used by each Connection-ID when transmitting to BS (modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc. The uplink mapping information is transmitted in downlink direction to indicate the reserved uplink resources to the subscriber station. These resources are available for the subscriber station in the next frame period. This is shown in detail on the next page

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

frame { i }
DL-MAP UL-MAP
DL UL
frame {i+1}
DL-MAP UL-MAP
DL UL
WiMAX Overview
The Downlink-MAP information shows the payload position for any subscriber station within the current frame The Uplink-MAP information refers to the next frame and shows the locations where subscriber stations can position their uplink transmission data This Bandwidth allocation mechanism is deduced from the Data over Cable Service Interface Specification developed by Cablelabs
Channel Description Messages

Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) The BS transmits DCD messages at a periodic interval to define the characteristics of a downlink physical channel (Downlink Burst Profile) Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD) The BS transmits UCD messages at a periodic interval to define the characteristics of an uplink physical channel A separate UCD Message is transmitted for each active uplink channel associated with the downlink channel
WiMAX Overview
In downlink direction the Downlink Burst Profile defines the physical layer characteristics and associates it with a particular Downlink Interval Usage Code Each Downlink Burst Profile contains a list of layer-1 attributes The downlink-MAP message uses the Downlink Interval Usage Code and the Downlink Burst Profile to describe the characteristics of a downlink physical channel In uplink direction the Uplink Burst Profile defines the physical layer characteristics and associates it with a particular Uplink Interval Usage Code Each Uplink Burst Profile contains a list of layer-1 attributes The uplink-MAP message uses the Uplink Interval Usage Code and the Uplink Burst Profile to describe the characteristics of an uplink physical channel
Network Entry and Initialization

Subscriber Station Network Entry & Initialization Procedure Steps 1. Scan for downlink channel and establish synchronization with the BS 2. Obtain DL and UL transmit parameters 3. Initial ranging - Transmit Range-Request to set correct power level, accurate frequency and correct transmission timing 4. Authentication, Authorization and key exchange 5. Perform registration SS gets CIDs for its management messages 6. Establish IP connectivity (e.g. via DHCP)
WiMAX Overview
This part explains the different steps a subscriber station has to go through during network entry and initialization It is important to understand these procedures, because they are basis for the MAC layer function. The following questions are addressed:

Establishment of a physical connection Setting of physical layer parameters Network access security functions: Authentication and authorisation Registration and assignment of signalling connection. (CID allows for manageability.) And IP layer activation (needed if DHCP is required)
When these procedure steps are completed, the subscriber station can establish user connections for user applications and user data transport
Network Entry Process : Synchronization [1/2]

The Subscriber Station (SS) listens to the frequency it is configured for and waits to hear MAPs The SS will synchronize only if it has received 4 consecutive MAPs from the same Base Station (which match its configured BS-ID) in the same cycle time (t)
WiMAX Overview
Each physical layer frame starts with a header. The part which contains MAP information always has the same modulation, so all stations can read and evaluate it Before being able to receive MAP information, the subscriber station has to listen to the frequency bands it is configured for and try to synchronize via one physical frequency If this is successful, the station evaluates four consecutive MAP messages, which were sent by the same base station
MAP
MAP
MAP
MAP
Air Frame
t
Air Frame
t
Air Frame
t
Air Frame
t
Network Entry Process : Synchronization [2/2]

BS
SS
Search Mode
Send MAPs
5 sec.
MAPs
Coarse frequency fix schedule recv mode MAP decode start
Send MAPs with UCD
MAP with UCD
Adjust Tx parameters
WiMAX Overview
The process is displayed here Within five seconds the base station transmits one Uplink Channel Descriptor Message. This information must be evaluated by the subscriber station, because it contains important information for the physical parameter setting Before the subscriber station can only set the physical parameters such as exact frequency framing schedule etc. on a coarse base The more precise adjustment of these physical layer parameters requires additional information from the UCD message
Network Entry Process: Initial Ranging [1/2]

BS
DL MAP DL - DATA Tx
Ranging Area T.O. T.O. T.O. T.O.
UL
UL - DATA
Rx
Maintenance Period T.O. Transmission Opportunity -> new SS send Initial Range Request
WiMAX Overview
As a next step the subscriber stations must find a way to contact the base station actively by sending MAC messages Other mobile radio systems like GSM and UMTS use specific signalling channels, called Random Access Channels, to create a first network access Because many subscriber stations compete for the limited number of such uplink access channels, this access method has to solve this contention WiMAX PHY/MAC protocol layers specify a certain time period within a physical header, called Maintenance Period, which is split into multiple so called Transmission Opportunities (TO). The TOs play a similar role, like the Random Access Channels in a GSM system. Any subscriber station may select one TO as a ranging interval to send Initial Ranging information to the base station. If by chance two or more subscriber stations try to send at the same time using the same TO, a collision occurs and the subscriber stations have to resolve this in a statistical manner (which is achieved using random number controlled time delays) The message type sent in a TO is the Initial Ranging Request message
Network Entry Process: Initial Ranging [2/2]

BS
Send MAP with Initial Maintenance-IE using broadcast CID
SS
MAPs
RNG REQ
Send Initial Ranging packet in contention Mode with CID = 0
Allocate Mgmt CIDs + CID to multicast polling, send RSP
RNG RES
Adjust Tx parameters store CIDs
WiMAX Overview
The Initial Maintenance Messages have to be sent by the base station using broadcast addresses in order to be received by all new subscriber stations. Broadcast addresses are specific connection IDs The Ranging Request messages sent by the subscriber stations contain Connection ID = 0. With this connection address the base station cannot differentiate between all the subscriber stations trying to get network access at the same time. This ambiguity is resolved by each subscriber station, in that they identify themselves during this phase with the (unique) 48-bit MAC address The base station can now answer to the Ranging Request message received with the Ranging Response, which contains the unique management CIDs for each subscriber station and the requested Initial Ranging parameters Now the terminal can perform the exact parameter settings
Radio Signal Propagation Delay [1/2]

Delay depends on distance between subscriber and base station Distant subscriber has to transmit frames in advance thus ensuring reception at base station in time Time length for the Transmission Opportunities has to be set in such a way that even the Initial Range Request of the remotest subscriber station will be received during the Transmission Opportunities length Taking into consideration the remotest subscriber station propagation delay (using the Cell Radius parameter) the correct TO length should be: TO = TO (initial) at UL basic rate + 2 x (Propagation delay) Propagation delay limits the radius of a WiMAX cell. This is similar to GSM
WiMAX Overview
Radio signal propagation may be significant depending on the distance from subscriber station to base station Because physical frames have a well defined structure consisting of header and type of payload information, the proper decoding requires exact timing. A distant subscriber station has to transmit the physical frames in advance so that it arrives at the base station just in time Time length for the Transmission Opportunities has to be set in such a way that even the Initial Range Request of the remotest subscriber station will be received during the Transmission Opportunities length. If the subscriber station is too far away from the base station, the network entry process, i.e. the accessing of Transmission Opportunities, will not be successful because of the time delay due to wave propagation delay. For that reason it is required to define a Cell Radius in the base station which together with the up link basic rate defines the Transmission Opportunities length Taking into consideration the remotest subscriber station propagation delay (using the Cell Radius parameter) the correct TO length should be: TO = TO (initial) at up link basic rate + 2 times (Propagation delay) Propagation delay limits the radius of a WIMAX cell. This is similar to GSM
Radio Signal Propagation Delay [2/2]

BS
MAP
Propagation Delay (Rx) Propagation Delay (Tx)
IRQ-Rx
SS
IRQ-Tx
IRQ: Initial Ranging Request
WiMAX Overview
This animation shows the effect of radio signal delay during the initial ranging phase The BS sends a MAP message arriving with a delay at the subscriber station. Now the subscriber station knows the MAP fields which contain Transmission Opportunity information The subscriber station uses one Transmission Opportunity to transmit initial ranging request This packet arrives, again with a delay, at the base station. If the delay lies within the transmission delay variation time, the BS can evaluate it and in return send physical-layer and MAC-Layer parameters
Network Entry Process: Ranging Response

The BS answers the SS with a Range Response message which contains: 1. Propagation delay correction from now on after receiving the correction, each time that the SS will get a MAP with timing for its next transmission, the SS will adjust/correct its transmission time accordingly 2. Power correction 3. Frequency correction in case of frequency deviation (up to +/- 40 ppm or +/- 140 kHz) 4. Subscriber Station ID (SSID) If needed RNG-REQ & RNG-RSP messages can be used multiple times
WiMAX Overview
The Ranging Response message is sent by the base station as a response to Ranging Request from the subscriber station The propagation delay value (in GSM it is called Timing Advance) is important to synchronize physical framing between base station and subscriber station Depending on the distance from the base station and on the radio quality measured, the base station also has to adjust radio transmission power (ATPC) Finally the physical air interface quality is very sensitive to the setting of the orthogonal sub-carrier frequencies. Frequency deviation may cause inter-carrier interference. Thus the base station can request the subscriber station to fine-tune the frequency within the range of +/- 40 ppm (Parts Per Million) Finally the subscriber station receives from the base station a unique station ID, which is used for station identification purposes A Subscriber station may repeat the ranging request procedure at any time if it detects a degradation of transmission quality which may be caused by incorrect setting of the initial ranging parameters
Main Services
High Speed Internet Access

For several MBs / user service Through existing network architecture
Taking benefits of deployed services & charging features GGSN or SGSN for Mobile 3GPP & 3GPP2 DSLAM for ADSL
Direct internet access
Video & Audio Streaming based services Voice Over IP through NGN & IMS implementation
Based on SIP signaling plan For fix services (No SS terminating call, No paging, No mobility) Integration in Fix NGN, Alcatel 5020 CSC Integration in Mobile NGN, Alcatel 5020 Atrium
WiMAX Overview
All services provided by WMAN are IP based, which means they use as a layer 3 the Internet Protocol and internet based upper layers, like TCP or UDP as transport layers and e.g. HTTP, SIP, etc. as application layers The main services addressed here relate to the use of bandwidth and to the characteristics of the service as to QoS, which includes parameters such as delay, error rates and effective bit rates High Speed Internet Access May require data rates of several MBs per user service Is provided through existing network architecture in fixed and mobile networks WIMAX may also offer direct internet access for wireless fixed broadband access Real time or near-real time based services of audio and video streaming Real time Voice Over IP through next generation network functionality Based on SIP signaling plan Provided for fixed services Integrated in fixed network NGN architecture Integrated in Mobile NGN architecture WMAN base stations can be integrated into different existing network: In fixed networks they can be attached to DSLAMs to provide ADSL bandwidth In mobile networks they can be attached to GGSN VoIP is the only speech service provided by WiMAX. That is why it can be integrated easily into next generation networks, which are based on IP transport technology. Other IP based services, which may be transported over WiMAX interfaces can be included in IP-based Multimedia Service concepts, which will be implemented in UMTS networks (of release 6)
Delivery Services
Unsolicited Grant (UGS)

For real time services like E1, VOIP (without silence suppression) Fixed size data packets on a periodic basis Service parameters: unsolicited grant size, normal grant interval, normal grant jitter
Non Real Time Variable Rate (NRT-VR)

Variable bit rate services. Guaranteed rate required, guaranteed delay not required. Service may expand to occupy full bandwidth rate limit required. Service parameters: committed burst, committed time excess burst
Real Time Variable Rate (RT-VR)

For real time services like MPEG video. Variable bit rates. Guaranteed rate and delay requirement. Service parameters: committed burst, committed time
Best Effort (BE)

For service with no rate or delay requirements.
WiMAX Overview
The requested bandwidth always refers to one of the following service classes:

Real-time service: for connection oriented services Streaming service: for encoded audio and video streams Non real-time service variable bit rate service and Best effort or background service
The service class preserving real-time transmission over the air interface as nearly as possible is the Continuous grant service. This class of service transports (nearly) synchronous packet streams e.g. VoIP without silence suppression and using a fixed encoder output packet size during a connection or the transport of other synchronous information such as E1 frames Absolute synchronicity cannot be granted, packet streams show a little jitter Real-time variable bit rate is created by MPEG encoders (MPEG video or audio) or VoIP with silence suppression VoIP applications need to be monitored with appropriate Voice Quality Analysis (VQA) equipment in order to prove high voice quality and to optimize transmission parameters Non real-time services often put an emphasis on low bit error rates instead on high data rates and low delay time This means they may run in the background using low data rates but high data quality, such as e.g. slow file transfer or e-mail services
Alcatel WiMAX Solution Services and Architecture

Services
High Speed Internet Access Voice Over IP Video Streaming
Innovative RAN Architecture For Broadband Wireless Services IP Based RAN

Non Real Time
Main Features
Fix and Mobility Nomadicity and Portability Quality of Service
WiMAX Real Time Voice Real Time Video
WiMAX Overview
If a subscriber station has access to the network it has received signalling connection IDs which are used to establish a user connection Each user connection requests a quality of service specific to this connection The services are generally grouped into real-time voice and video and non real-time applications Real-time applications also comprise near real-time services like uni-directional or bi-directional streaming Non real-time applications comprise the request-response type of applications, using TCP as IP transport layer which uses acknowledgement methods. These ACK-messages should not be delayed too much, as this reduces the performance of the TCP dynamic behaviour Services which do not request fast responses (if any) are called background services, e.g. e-mail or slow file transfer
(6) Technical Overview - WiMAX Mobility
(6) Technical Overview WiMAX Mobility
WiMAX Overview
Module 6 Technical Overview WiMAX Mobility
Alcatel WiMAX Mobility Solutions

Usages Models Nomadicity

Service access Across multiple BS No handover
Simple Mobility
Service access Across multiple BS Non-RT applications
Full Mobility
Across multiple BS Across multiple RAN RT applications
Mobile RAN
BSC RNC
Multilayer IP Based Mobility

Micro mobility Macro mobility Inter technology mobility
Micro mobility
AC (proxy MIP)
IMS
802.16e
HA
Core Network
Corporate
WiMAX RAN Macro mobility AC (proxy MIP) WiFi hot spots Inter technology mobility Internet
WiMAX Overview
Alcatel provides a number of mobility solutions ranging from nomadicity up to full mobility. The difference between the three is the availability of continuous service while being connected with several base stations The process in which an MSS migrates from the air-interface provided by one Base Station to the air-interface provided by another base station is called Handover Two hand over variants are defined: Break-before-make and make before break Break-before-make handover starts the service with the target base station after a disconnection of service with the previous serving base station Make-before-break handover starts the service with the target base station before disconnection of the service with the previous serving base station Nomadic services do not allow handovers between base stations. We call this micro-mobility because it is restricted to the area of one base station Simple mobility is defined as follows: The user device can continue with an operating network data service session as it moves at vehicular speeds within the network coverage area. Handovers between cells, sectors, and base stations provide session continuity. Application performance during handover is guaranteed for all non realtime applications, but not guaranteed for real-time applications. Up to 60 km/h with no performance degradation, 60 to 120 km/h with client-friendly performance degradation Full mobility is defined as: The user device can continue with an operating network data service session as it moves at vehicular speeds within the network coverage area. Handovers between cells, sectors, and base stations provide session continuity. Application performance during handover is guaranteed for all real-time and nonreal-time applications. Up to 120 km/h with no performance degradation Handover latency is less than a few tenths of a millisecond
Base Station Roles

IEEE 802.16e Standard specifies roles to the Base Stations Serving Base Station BS with which the MSS has most recently completed registration Neighbour Base Station BS whose downlink transmission can be demodulated by the MSS (other than the serving BS) Target Base Station BS that an MSS will be registered with at the end of a hand over Anchor Base Station BS which assigns resources to the MSS and which it will be connected to all the time
WiMAX Overview
In a mobile network a base station may play different roles depending on the current movement of the subscriber station. Thus the BS role refers to one specific subscriber station. IEEE 802.16e Standard specifies roles of the Base Stations:

First of all a base station may be the serving base station. In this case all connections are established with this base station and data is sent to and transmitted from this base station While being served by one base station the subscriber station may synchronize already to other base stations, which are called the neighbours The one it approaches will be selected as the Target Base Station, because it provides the best radio signal quality If we assume that the actual base station also manages the resources (QoS requests etc.) then the serving base station is also the Anchor Base Station
The introduction of an anchor base station role may be taken by other network elements, e.g. the WiMAX Access Controller When the serving base station changes, the old base station still may be responsible for assignment of resources to the mobile subscriber station. In this case the old base station is the anchor base station and the anchor and serving roles are separated The definition of base station roles requires communication between the bas stations over the core network
Reference Configuration
Network Reference Model showing interfaces between Subscriber station/Mobile Subscriber Station, Radio Access Network Elements and Radio Access Network interconnection with the Core Service Network
SS/ MS R1 SS/ MS R1 SS/ MSS
BS R8 BS R8 BS
R6 ASN-GW (WAC) R6 R4 ASN-GW (WAC)
R3
R3
CSN
WiMAX Overview
This page shows the network reference configuration 802.16e network elements as defined by the WiMAX Forum The Radio Access Network connects the clients equipped with Subscriber Stations (SS) or Mobile (Subscriber) Stations (MS or MSS) to a Core Services Network (CSN) via the Radio Access Network (RAN) Network Elements Radio Access Network Elements are Base Stations and Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW) In our Alcatel 9100 WiMAX solution, the Access Service Network Gateway is named WiMAX Access Controller (WAC) The R1 interface is the air interface between subscriber system or mobile subscriber system and base station The R3 interface is located between the Radio Access Network and the Core Services Network The R6 interface is located between base station and Access Service Network Gateway The R4 interface is located between Access Service Network Gateway The R8 interface is located between base stations. It is not implemented in Alcatel devices R1, R4 and R6 interfaces carry data and control messages Control messages belong to user administration (entry, authentication, service flows establishment, mobility handling, etc.) Control messages on R1 interface are standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Control messages on the other interfaces are specified from the WiMAX forum Alcatel is currently using proprietary control messages on R6 and R4 interfaces.
802.16e: MSS Connectivity

SERVING + ANCHOR Base Station
Provider Backbone
Base Station
WAC
TARGET
MSS
WAC: WiMAX Access Control Server MSS: Mobile Subscriber Station
WiMAX Overview
The BS broadcasts information about the network topology using special MAC messages. These messages provide channel information of neighbouring base stations. Availability of this information facilitates Mobile Subscriber Stations (MSS) synchronization with neighbouring BS These messages also define a logical assignment of handover priorities or preferences as determined and set by the serving base station. These preferences can be:

normal neighbour preferred neighbour and non-preferred neighbour
With this information the serving BS can control the traffic distribution from one BS to the following one, because the MSS is informed about the target BS, which will later become serving BS
Handover Preparation
SERVING + ANCHOR Base Station
Provider Backbone
Base Station
WAC
TARGET
MSS
1. 2. 3.
SCANNING of neighbour BS Report of scanning results ASSOCIATION to Target-BS
WiMAX Overview
The BS may allocate time intervals to MSSes for the purpose of seeking and monitoring neighbour base stations most suitable as targets for handover The time during which the MSS scans for neighbour BS is referred to as the scanning interval The MSS reports the scanning result to the Serving BS through a specific MAP management message periodically The Association procedure is an optional initial ranging parameter negotiation occurring during Initial Ranging of a BS. At the end of this procedure, the MSS marks the BS as associated in its association table An MSS may have several associated base stations in its local association table concurrently
MSS Handover
Provider Backbone
ARCHOR Base Station Base Station
WAC
SERVING
Handover
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cell Selection HO Decision & Initiation Target BS scanning Network re-entry Termination of service
MSS
WiMAX Overview
From the preference parameter the MSS selects the appropriate base station to handover to. This is accomplished by the cell selection procedure, handover decision results from air interface quality measurement and handover initiation The possible target base stations are now scanned. The mobile subscriber station connects to the base station with the best air interface signal quality and the network re-entry takes place After handover the base station roles change from Target to Serving. The role of the anchor base station may remain or go immediately to the serving base station As a final procedure, the service with the previous base station has to be terminated
Privacy Sublayer Overview

Privacy is provided by encryption on connections between subscriber stations and base stations
Sublayer Functions: Sublayer Functions: Packet data encryption Packet data encryption Privacy Key management (PKM-protocol) Privacy Key management (PKM-protocol) Specification of a cryptographic suite Specification of a cryptographic suite Definition of Security Associations (SA) Definition of Security Associations (SA) Mapping of connections to SAs Mapping of connections to SAs
WiMAX Overview
The 802.16 MAC protocol layer includes a privacy sublayer. This layer provides highly sophisticated security and privacy functions

All user data packets are encrypted The Privacy Key Management protocol uses public-key cryptography to establish a shared secret (i.e., an Authorization Key) between the subscriber station and the base station. The shared secret is then used to secure subsequent key exchanges of traffic encryption keys Specific key management protocol procedures exist to distribute and synchronize encryption keying material. Additionally, basic privacy mechanisms are strengthened by adding digital-certificate based subscriber station authentication to its key management protocol For every user connection (identified by the connection-id) a security association (SA) may be negotiated between subscriber system and base station. The security association includes among others: encryption method and encryption key material The security association is mapped to a connection and used throughout the whole connection
This two-tiered mechanism for key distribution permits re-newing of traffic encryption keys without involving computational-intensive public-key operations
Security & Authentication

Authentication of device and user

IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.16e require authentication either for user only or for device and user Authentication is performed via EAP PKMv2 (Privacy Key Management Protocol version 2) is used for key management
Control Message Authentication

Control messages are authenticated with CMAC
User Data Encryption

User data traffic is encrypted with AES
Security involves all Radio Access Network Elements

SS are authenticated by the Access Service Network Gateway SS and BS establish security associations Access Service Network Gateway provides Authorization Key (AK)
WiMAX Overview
The list shows the security and authentication features implemented in Alcatel WiMAX network elements.

IEEE 802.16e requires authentication for user only or device and user All subscriber stations use authentication per default. User authentication is offered as an option. The authentication is performed via the extensible authentication protocol (EAP). Privacy Key Management Protocol version-2 is used for key management. Keys are re-newed frequently. The typical key length is 128 bit Control messages are not encrypted but authenticated with Cipher-based Message Authentication Check (CMAC). CMAC proofs integrity of the control message User data is always encrypted. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with cipher-block chaining is both an authentication and encryption algorithm for user data
Security involves all radio access network elements. These are: subscriber station, base station as well as Access Service Network Gateway

SS is authenticated by the Access Service Network Gateway SS and BS establish security associations relative to each connection Access Service Network Gateway provides Authorization Key (AK)
Main Security Procedures (Mobile WiMAX)

Subscriber Station
Access network
AAA Server
Authentication / Authorization MSK derivation Pre-shared secret or PKI based MSK MSK derivation
Key hierarchy derivation
Key hierarchy derivation
Traffic keys (encrypted) Data signed / encrypted Additional signaling e.g. key renewal
WiMAX Overview
This slide shows the steps of the security procedure, which are carried out sequentially. It also shows the key dependencies Subscriber stations and network authenticate each other mutually. Authentication is performed periodically Upon authentication a common secret key is negotiated between the two parties. This is the Master Session Key (MSK). This Master Session Key is transferred by an authentication-authorization and accounting server (AAA) to the radio access network The Master Session Key is not used directly to protect data. However it is used to derive a complete hierarchy of temporary keys for authentication and encryption In the standard the following key-dependencies are defined: The Authentication Key (AK) Is derived from the authentication processes The Cipher-based Message Authentication Check keys (CMAC) Are derived from the authentication key Are used for up link and down link Used for signing MAC management messages and is therefore also known as MAC layer control key The Key Encryption Key (KEK) Is derived from the authentication key Is used by the base station to provide the traffic encryption key to the subscriber station The Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) Is randomly generated by the base station Is used to encrypt all traffic Traffic encryption keys are frequently renewed
(7) Alcatel WiMAX Products
WiMAX Overview
Module 7 Alcatel WiMAX Products
Under Construction
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WiMAX Overview
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Technical Overview - Medium Access Layer (MAC)
Summary
WiMAX Overview
Summary
3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Summary - Page 1
Summary
Impression of WiMAX Organizations responsible for the standards Insight into the mathematical and physical basics Details of the MAC layer Mobility and security
WiMAX Overview
You now have finished the entire web-based training WiMAX Overview You have gained an impression of WiMAX You know which organizations are responsible for the standards. And you can imagine how the power of over 350 companies drives the development and deployment of WIMAX You have gained an insight into the mathematical and physical basics of WiMAX Details of the MAC layer have been explained so far as they are essential to understand the features of WiMAX You know about mobility and security in context with WiMAX Now the next steps are to you! Broaden your knowledge while working with WiMAX products
Fare Well
Attachments Successful completion of quizzes Virtual Campus: Enrollments Transcript
WiMAX Overview
Dont forget to check out the Attachment area of this training, where you will find interesting links and a printable version of this program Please make sure that you have passed the quizzes at the end of the 7 main modules. Some other events may require a successful completion of this training as prerequisite Finally, be reminded that this training will be moved from your Enrollments to your Transcript page on Virtual Campus as soon as you have completed all modules (whatever the score of the quizzes may be). You will however still be able to access all modules at your convenience! Take care!
End of WiMAX Overview
WiMAX Overview

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WiMAX Overview

Welcome to this web-based overview training session on WiMAX

3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Introduction - Page 1

Continue with Estimated Duration: 6 hours

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Introduction - Page 2

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Introduction - Page 3

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Introduction - Page 4

(1) Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX

(1) Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX

All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel

Module 1 Broadband Wireless Access and WiMAX

3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 1

Our Vision : Seamless Services

During the break

Connected Everywhere Anytime

3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 2

New devices are getting smart

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 3

Universal Broadband Wireless Access & Mobility

Complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs

PDA with phone

During a break Hot spots

In the zone Hot zones

On the move Global coverage

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 4

High Speed Data Solutions

Global cost CPE cost Mobility

Spectrum w idth Number of simultaneous subs / cell Reach

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 6

Application: Wireless Fixed Broadband Access

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 7

Application: Nomadicity - Internet in the Pocket

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 8

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WiMAX Network Architecture

Easy Integration of WiMAX RAN

End-to-End features and solution for Nomadic network

Operator value-added content

Multi Radio Access

In synchronisation with NGN and IMS networks evolution

3GPP/3GPP2 radio access Fixed access

Partners valueadded content

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 10

Alcatel Vision of WiMAX Applications & Architecture

Fixed Wireless DSL

Internet In the Pocket

Full IP RAN Approach

Simple Mobility Full Mobility

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3FL38224AAAAZZZZA Edition 1 Module 1 - Page 11

(2) WiMAX Standard Status