Briarcliff Middle School MLA Research Paper Style Guide

Writing a Research Paper

Topic
Style Avoiding Plagiarism MLA Integrating your Sources MLA Parenthetical Documentation MLA First Page Rules, Format & Example MLA Works Cited Page/Bibliography Rules, Format & Example MLA Source Card Rules, Format & Example MLA Note Card Rules, Format & Example Writing an Outline: Rules, Format & Example Sample MLA Entries for Works Cited Page/ Bibliography Works Cited

Page
26 7-8 9 - 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 - 32 33

Style
Punctuation
The rules listed below are not exhaustive, but rather selected for their common misuse by students. All the rules and examples documented below come from Write Source 2000 by Patrick Sebranek (et. al.) and A Pocket Style Manual 5th ed. by Diana Hacker; these titles may be checked out from the library for more rules and details.

Ellipsis (Sebranek p.388)

An ellipsis (three periods) is used to show a pause in dialogue or to show that words or sentences have been left out. o Used to show a pause in dialogue My report, said John, is on . . . ah . . . a plane . . . of the future! o To show Omitted Words Read this from www.futurist.com: The human life span has nearly tripled in the last 200 years, from an average of 30 years to nearly 85 years. If you reach 65 and are healthy, you can expect to live another 20 years. What it might look like after leaving some words out. The human life span has nearly tripled . . . from an average of 30 years to nearly 85 years. o At the end of a sentence If the words left out are at the end of a sentence, use a period followed by three dots. The human life span has nearly tripled in the last 200 years. . . . If you reach 65 and are healthy, you can expect to live another 20 years.

Commas (Sebranek p.389&390)

Commas are used to indicate a pause or change in thought. Commas are used to keep words and ideas from running together, making writing easier to read. o Between Items in a Series Commas are used between words, phrases, or clauses in a series. A series contains at least three items. Sam needed to buy milk, cheese, and bread at the store. o To Set off Dialogue Commas are used to set off the exact words of the speaker from the rest of the sentence. The teacher said, Please turn in your homework now. o To Set off Interruptions Commas are used to set off a word, phrase, or clause that interrupts the main thought of a sentence. Such expressions usually can be identified through the following tests: 1) they may be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence. 2) they may be placed nearly anywhere in the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Computers, as we all know, are getting smaller. You may someday, for example, own a wristwatch computer.

Semicolon (Sebranek p.393)

A semicolon is a cross between a period and a comma. It is sometimes used in place of a period; other times it serves the same function as a comma. o To Join Two Independent Clauses A semicolon is used to join two independent clauses that are not connected with a coordinate conjunction. This means the two sentences could stand-alone. My dad bought a robot-operated lawn mover; I was anxious to see the thing work. o To Separate Groups That Contain Commas A semicolon is used to distinguish groups of items within a list. Heres a list of things we should be recycling: aluminum cans; cardboard, newspapers, and other paper products; glass bottles, jars, and other glass items.

Colon (Sebranek p.394)

A colon may be used to introduce a letter, a list, or an important point. Colons are also used between the numbers in time. o As a Formal Introduction A colon may be used to formally introduce a sentence, a question, or a quotation. One scientist explained why its important to protect the environment: Its like pulling bricks from a wall; everything will seem fine until the wall suddenly collapses. o To Introduce a List A colon is used to introduce a list. We produce enough foam cups annually to circle the earth 436 times. Heres how we can begin to control this problem: use paper picnic products, buy eggs in paper cartons, and ask for paper food containers at fast food restaurants. Note: When introducing a list, the colon usually comes after summary words the following, these things or after words describing the subject of the list.

Quotation Marks (Sebranek p.399&400) (Hacker p.71-73)

Quotation marks are used to set off the exact words of a speaker, to show what a writer has borrowed from another book or magazine, to set off the titles of certain publications, and to show that certain words are used in a special way. o To Set Off Direct Quotations Quotation marks are placed before and after direct quotations. Only the exact words quoted are placed within the quotation marks. Futurist Don Reynolds says, Todays students will go through an average of four careers in one life span.

o Around titles of short works Use quotation marks around titles of newspaper, magazine, and encyclopedia articles, lectures, poems, short stories, songs, episodes of television and radio programs, and chapters or subdivisions of books. o For Quoting a Quotation Single quotation marks are used to punctuate a quotation within a quotation. When Mr. Kurt said, Read this book by tomorrow, I was stunned. said Kim. o For Long Quotations If more than one paragraph is quoted, quotation marks are placed before each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________. In research papers or reports, quotations that are more than four lines on a page are usually set off from the rest of the paper by indenting 10 spaces (two tabs) from the left. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ______________________. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________. __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________. Note: Longer quotations that are set off require no quotation marks either before or after the quoted material, unless quotation marks appear in the original copy. o Placement of Punctuation Periods and commas are always placed inside quotation marks. An exclamation point or a question mark is placed inside the quotations marks where it punctuates the quotation; it is placed outside when it punctuates the main sentence. Ms. Wiley asked, Can you actually tour the Smithsonian on the Internet? Did I hear you say, Now we can tour the Smithsonian on the Internet?

Capitalization (Sebranek p.404-407)

o Historical Events Capitalize the names of historical events, documents, and periods of time. World War I, the Bill of Rights, the Middle Ages

o Names of Subjects Capitalize the name of specific course but not the name of a general subject. (Exception-the names of all languages are proper nouns and are always capitalized: French, Hindu, German, Spanish.) Our summer recreation program offers an art course called Paint a Pet Dish. o Capitalize Geographic Names o Official Names Capitalize the names of businesses and the official names of their products. Do not, however, capitalize a general, descriptive word like toothpaste when it follows the trade name. The Gap, Microsoft, Reebok, Tombstone pizza, Crest toothpaste o Titles Capitalize the first word of a title, the last word, and every word in between except articles (a, an, the), short prepositions, and coordinate conjunctions. Follow this rule for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, poems, plays, songs, articles, movies, works of art, pictures, stories, and essays. Where the Red Fern Grows [book] Bridge over Troubled Water [song]

Numbers (Sebranek p. 410)

o Numbers Under 10 Numbers from one to nine are usually written as words; all numbers 10 and over are usually written as numerals. o Very Large Numbers You may use a combination of numerals and words for very large numbers (1.3 million; 17 million). You may spell out large numbers that can be written as two words (two thousand; but 2001). o Sentence Beginnings Use words, not numerals, to begin a sentence. o Numerals Only Use numerals to express money, decimals, percentages, chapters, pages, time, telephone numbers, dates, identification numbers, zip codes, addresses, and statistics. $2.39, 2115 Briarcliff Rd., 8 percent, chapter 7, a vote of 2 to 1. o Numbers in Compound Modifiers Numbers that come before a compound modifier that includes a numeral should be written as words. We need twelve 10-foot lengths to finish the floor.

Italics (Hacker 85-86)

o Italicize titles of works; names of ships, and spacecraft; foreign words; and words as words. NOTE: In handwriting material, underlining is used in place of italics. If your teacher prefers underlining, simply substitute underlining for italics in the examples below.

Titles of works

Titles of the following works are italicized.

RADIO PROGRAMS All Things Considered MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS Oh to Joy CHOREOGRAPHIC WORKS Brief Fling WORKS OF VISUAL ARTS American Gothic COMIC STRIPS Calvin and Hobbes ELECTRONIC DATABASES Facts on File WEB SITES Goolge, Time.com ELECTRONIC GAMES World of Warcraft,

TITLES OF BOOKS The Color Purple, Dark Life MAGIZINES Time, Salon.com NEWSPAPERS The Citizen, New York Times on the
Web

PAMHLETS Common Sense LONG POEMS Paradise Lost PLAYS King Lear, Rent FILMS Casablanca, Star Wars TELEVISION PROGRAMS Family Guy, 60
Minutes

o The titles of other works, such as short stories, essays, songs, and short poems are enclosed in quotations marks (see quotation section).

Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is using another writers ideas or words as if they were your own, without giving credit. According to A Pocket Style Manual 5th Ed. by Diana Hacker, there are three different acts that are considered plagiarism: 1. failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas 2. failing to enclose borrowed language in quotations marks, and 3. failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words (107). o Citing quotations and borrowed ideas You must cite all direct quotations and any ideas borrowed from a source: summaries and paraphrases; statistics and other specific facts; and visuals such as cartoons, graphs, images and diagrams. Direct Quotation sentences copied word for word from an author Summaries condensed information taken from a source Paraphrase a mixture of your words and an authors words/idea(s) that repeats the information in about the same numbers of words as in the source. When you summarize or paraphrase, you must name the source and restate the sources meaning in your own language. You commit plagiarism if you half-copy the authors sentences either by mixing the authors phrases with your own without quotation marks or by plugging your synonyms into the authors sentence structure (108&109). To avoid plagiarism, Write Source 2000 offers these guidelines: o Using New Information Give credit in your paper (list an author and page number) for the following kinds of information; Information that is copied directly from another source Information that is written in your own words but contains key words or ideas taken from another source (paraphrase or summaries). o Copy and Paste - Do not copy and paste information found on websites and databases into your paper or notes without quotation marks or citing your sources. o Using Common Knowledge It not necessary to list an author and a page number for information that is considered common knowledge knowledge already known by most people. As a rule of thumb if you read/see the same information in three different sources you can consider it common knowledge and do not have to cite. o Check with your teacher if you are uncertain about your use of sources. o When in doubt, always cite source!

Short Quotations
Prose (spoken or written language) quotations of four lines or fewer and verse (writing arranged with a metrical rhythm) quotations of three lines or fewer are included in the body of the paper, with quotation marks. Document your source with a parenthetical citation: When conducting book talks, Lucy Schall says, Read every book, booktalk only the books you respect, and include books from several genres (xvi).

Long Quotations
Prose (spoken or written language) quotations of four lines or more and verse (writing arranged with a metrical rhythm) quotations of three lines or more, indent each line 1inch. Continue double spacing between the lines. Do not use quotation marks. Do not right-justify. Lucy Schall, in her book titled Booktalks and Beyond, provides more practical advice in conducting well-planned booktalks: If youre planning a full program of booktalks, invite your audience to select the books they want to hear about from the books that you bring. Display the books so that the covers hold the audiences attention. Hand out an annotated list at the beginning of the program for the audience to refer to and visit later. In any booktalk situation, keep the booktalk short. Hold the book while you speak. Have extra copies . . .. Involve your audience, if only with a rhetorical question, at least every five minutes (xvi).

Paraphrasing
If you use another persons words, facts, or ideas without using exact quotations be sure to cite the source of your information: When conducting a booktalk, you should allow the audience to select books they want to hear about, display them, involve your audience and keep it short (Schall xvi).

MLA Integrating your Sources

Quotations, summaries, and paraphrases, and facts will help you make your argument or support your thesis, but they cannot speak for you. You can use several strategies to integrate information from research sources into your paper while maintaining your own voice. Limiting your use of quotations Because it is almost impossible to integrate numerous long quotations smoothly into your own text, do not quote excessively. Except for the following legitimate uses of quotations, use your own words to summarize and paraphrase your sources and to explain your own ideas. When to use Quotations When language is especially vivid or expressive When exact wording is needed for technical accuracy When it is important to let the debaters of an issue explain their positions in their own words When the words of an important authority lend weight to an argument When the language of a source is the topic of your discussion (as in an analysis or interpretation) Often you simply borrow a phrase or weave part of a sources sentence into your own sentence. Kissa and Ssanyu observe that technology in the workplace has been accompanied by an array of problems that needed quick answers. such as electronic monitoring to prevent security breaches (4).

Using Signal Phrases to integrate sources When you include a paraphrase, summary, or direct quote in your paper, introduce it with a signal phrase naming the author of the source and providing some context for the source material. Mark boundaries Readers need to move smoothly form your words to the words of a source. Avoid dropping quotations into the text without warning. Provide clear signal phrases, including at least the authors name, to indicate the boundary between your words and the sources words. Using signal phrases in MLA papers To avoid monotony, try to vary both the language and the placement of your signal phrases. Model Signal Phrases: In the words of researches Ebersole and Wallace, . As legal scholar Marco Cera has noted, .

Verbs in Signal Phrases Are you providing background, explaining a concept, supporting a claim, lending authority, or refuting a belief? Choose a verb that is appropriate for the way you are using the source. acknowledge observes describes asserts reports illustrates confirms contends admits reasons emphasizes claims suggests insists notes denies argues rejects grants compares writes adds points out disputes believes responds implies declares agrees refutes endorses comments thinks

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MLA Parenthetical Documentation

All quotations must be attributed to the author or source in the text of your paper. Using quotes helps to add validity to your research. However, too many quotes mean that the writer has not done enough original or independent thinking. You should use quotes that are interesting, revealing, or support your thesis or ideas. Use parenthetical citations to indicate exactly which one of the sources listed on the works cited page is the source of any quoted or paraphrased passage (Writing a Research Paper 7). You can do this by placing (in parentheses) the authors last name and the page number(s) on which you found the information. This reference is placed at the end of the quote or idea taken from the author (Writing a Research Paper 7). For example: I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at the time occurred to me as necessary or desirable (Franklin 135). If you name the author within the sentence, signal phrase (in blue), (in parentheses) just put page number. Example: In his Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin states that he prepared a list of thirteen virtues (135).

OR
Franklin said, I am pleased with the list of thirteen virtues I produced, but I am embarrassed that I could not master them all (135). When the author is unknown, in the signal phrase, use the complete title or give a short form of the title in parentheses. Titles of books are italicized; titles of articles and other short works are put in quotations marks. Example: As of 2001, at least three hundred towns and municipalities had considered legislation regulating use of cell phones while driving (Lawmakers 2).

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MLA First Page Rules, Format & Example

1 John Smith Ms. Dam Language Arts, period 3 1 May 5, 2008 Center the Title: Do not Underline Your Words 1 Smith 1

A research paper does not require a title page. Paragraphs are indented
(Tab space). Leave 1 margins on the sides and bottom of each page and margin above the name and page number. Double-space throughout the paper; do not quadruple-space between paragraphs (or anywhere in paper). The left margin is justified, but the right margin is never justified. Use a standard, 12point font, such as Times-Roman. 1

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MLA Works Cited Page/Bibliography Rules, Format & Example

Works Cited/Bibliography General Guidelines: o References are cited on separate pages at the end of a manuscript o 12-point Times-Roman font o 1 inch margins on sides and bottom o The title, Works Cited/Bibliography (with no quotation marks, underlining or italicizing), centered at the top of the first page. o Generally, italicize titles of books and journals, but note: some instructors prefer underlining instead of italics. o While URLs are no longer required when citing web publications, you should include a URL as supplementary information when the reader most likely cannot find the source without it, or when an instructor requires it. o Do not indent the first line of each works cited entry, but indent any additional lines one-half inch (or five space/Tab) o Double-space throughout o Alphabetize entries by the last names of the authors (or editors); if a work has no author or editor, alphabetize it by the first word of the title, articles like A, An, The do not count. o All punctuation, underlining, and quotation marks must be included!!!

1 Works Cited An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore and Billy West. DVD. Paramount, 2006. DVD. 1 Chorlian, Meg. The Other Signers. Cobblestone Sep. 2002: 26-27. Print. Declaration of Independence. World Book Encyclopedia. 2005 ed. Print. Schleifer, Jay. Our Declaration of Independence. Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 1 Smith 8

1992. Print.

Writing the Declaration of Independence, 1776. EyeWitness to History.com. 18 May 2005. Web. 20 May 2005. 1

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MLA Source Card Rules, Format & Example

The information and examples below are taken from "Research skills." World Book Online Reference Center. 2008. Web. 11 Jan. 2008 Source Cards When you identified the sources you are going to consult (books, magazines, websites, etc.) for your research project, you should create source cards. You will use this information for your note cards as well as for your works cited page or bibliography. To make a source card: o Use a standard 4x6 note card (ruled or un-ruled) o Write in ink on one side. o Use one card for each source you use. o Number or code each source

Sample Source Card

3
Hogg, Ian V., and John H. Batchelor. Armies of the American Revolution. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1975.

Number each source card. Cite your source here and use MLA citation style. Source cards will be used later for organizing your note cards and bibliography or works cited page.

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MLA Note Card Rules, Format & Example

Taking good notes is critical to good research. Information you locate in sources, that helps your research, must be clearly and accurately recorded in your notes. For each note card o Write in ink, on one side o Put only 1 item fact, quotation, or idea on each side. o Write the source number (from source card) in upper right-hand corner o Include page number(s) of the source (in case you need to cite it later.) o Write a short heading called a slug at top of the card to identify the topic or subtopic. o Use can add personal notes at the bottom of the card. Circle them or write in different ink to distinguish them from your notes.

Sample Note Card

Weapons of Rev. War

The rifles use by soldier were not that accurate.

The topic or subtopic (the slug) Matches source card. Limit each card to one idea and use own words. Write notes to yourself in different color or circle them.

Note: Follow this with information found in chart on page 76. Hogg Authors; names p.75 page #

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Writing an Outline: Rules, Format & Example

The information and examples for this section are taken from Write Source 2000 and Research Paper Handbook.

An outline is an organized list of the information you will use for the main part of your research paper or essay. In an outline you list details from general to specific. There are two types of outline styles and each is used for a specific type of writing assignment; for a short essay you would write a Topic Outline and for a research paper you would write a Sentence Outline. With both types, once you have finished gathering research, it is time to turn all your notes into a well-organized essay or research paper. You will present your own ideas, thoughts and analysis of the topic and blend it in with the facts and data that you have researched. By writing an outline you may also discover weakness in your research and areas that need more exploration. o Format of Your Outline the traditional outline numbering follows a specific format of letters and numbers. First, number the main sections or topics with Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on) Use capital Letters (A, B, C and so on) for the first level of subsection under the Roman numerals. If there is a further level of subsections after that, use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 and so on). If there is still another level after that, use lowercase letters (a, b, c and so on). o Indenting Your Outline to make the outline more clear and easy to follow, align each section to the left of the paper. Indent each subsection; with every subsequent subsection indent more. For example: I. First major heading A. Subheading of first degree 1. Subheading of second degree 2. a. Subheading of third degree b. (1) Subheading of fourth degree (2) (a) Subheading of fifth degree (b) B. Subheading of first degree II. Second major heading Note: 1. Each division must be in two parts. If you have a I, you must have a II. If have a A, you must have a B. If you have a 1, you must have a 2, and so on. 2. The lettering and numbering rules above apply to both types of outlines.

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In a Topic Outline you list the main ideas to be covered in your writing. These ideas are stated in words and phrases rather than in sentences. The topic outline is useful for short essays. Example: Subject: The automobile has become the American Nightmare. I. Main means of transportation A. Creates dependency B. Causes congestion and too many roads II. Leading source of air pollution A. Gives off huge amounts of carbon dioxide B. Contributes to acid rain and smog problems III. Leading cause of death and injury A. Kills 265,000 and injures millions annually B. Adds danger with two developments 1. Large sport utility vehicles 2. Road Rage A Sentence Outline organizes ideas using complete thoughts. This means you can include more information and details. These are typically used for longer reports and research papers. Subject: The automobile has become the American Nightmare. I. Cars are the main means of transportation. A. But too many of us have become too dependent on the car. B. More cars and more roads mean more congestion. II. Our need for the automobile has made it a leading source of air pollution. A. The average car gives off more than five tons of carbon dioxide every year. B. The emissions from cars also contribute to the problems of acid rain and smog. III. Auto accidents are the leading cause of death and serious injury. A. Accidents kill 265,000 each year and injure another 10 million individuals. B. Two developments are contributing to the dangers of car travel. 1. Large sport utility vehicles make highways more dangerous for people in smaller cars. 2. Incidents of road rage, angry and reckless driving, have risen.
Acknowledgements Works Cited Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Sixth Edition. New York: MLA, 2003. Print. Hacker, Diana. A Pocket Style Manual 5th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Print. Lester Jr., James D., and James D. Lester, Sr. Research Paper Handbook. Tucson, AZ: A Good Year Book, 2005. Print. Sebranek, Patrick, et. al. Write Source 2000. Wilmington: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Print. Writing a Research Paper. Millburn Township Public Schools. August 2006. PDF.

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Briarcliff Middle School MLA Research Paper Style Guide

Example MLA Citations

Works Cited/Bibliography General Guidelines: o References are cited on separate pages at the end of a manuscript o 12-point Times-Roman font o 1 inch margins on sides and bottom o The title, Works Cited/Bibliography (with no quotation marks, underlining or italicizing), centered at the top of the first page. o Generally, italicize titles of books and journals, but note: some instructors prefer underlining instead of italics. o While URLs are no longer required when citing web publications, you should include a URL as supplementary information when the reader most likely cannot find the source without it, or when an instructor requires it. o Do not indent the first line of each works cited entry, but indent any additional lines one-half inch (or five space/Tab) o Double-space throughout o Alphabetize entries by the last names of the authors (or editors); if a work has no author or editor, alphabetize it by the first word of the title, articles like A, An, The do not count. o All punctuation, underlining, and quotation marks must be included!!!

o Typical Mediums: Print, Web, DVD, PDf file, MP3 file, and CD
This guide shows the most frequently used citation types. For other citation or style questions in MLA format, copies of the complete manuals are located at the library. Source: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed.

To save space, examples are not double-spaced.

Print Materials Books

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Order of Information to be Included in the Bibliography (if Available): 1. Author. Last Name, First Name MI. (MI = Middle Initial) 2. Title of Chapter or Section. If your using just a chapter or a selection from a anthology 3. Title and Subtitle of Book Italicized 4. City of Publication: If location is not a major city document town and state 5. Publisher, 6. Date of publication. 7. Medium. - Print Anthology Example: Cafiero, Dennis. Scholar and Gypsy. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Ed. Joseph Foster. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. 253-78. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of the Selection. Title of Anthology (italicized). Ed. (Name of Editor First Name Last Name). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Pages. Medium of Publication. A Chapter from a Book Example: Cera, Marco. You Can Do It. Be the Best Principal You Can. New York: Posner Books, 2010. 30-45. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of the Chapter. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Pages. Medium of Publication. Book (one author) Example: Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: The Valentine Publishing Group, 1981. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication. Book (no author) Example: Walking Tours of Mountain Lakes. Boston: Posner Publishers, 2007. Print. Components: Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication.

Print Materials - Books continued

Book (two authors) 19

Example: Hogg, Ian V., and John H. Batchelor. Armies of the American Revolution. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1975. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name, and (Author 2) First Name Last Name. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication. Book (three or more authors) Example: Dam, Christine, et al. Language Arts and You. New York: Briarcliff Press, 2005. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name, et al. Title of Book(italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication. Book (author and illustrator) Example: Thomson, Pay. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. Illus. Niki Daly. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Book (italicized). Illustrator (Illus). First Name Last Name. City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication. Book (one editor) Example: Mendello, James, ed. Speak Spanish like You Can. London: Loco Publishers, 1924. Print. Components: Editors Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication. Book (two editors) Example: Posner, Dennis Raymond, and Irene Muca, eds. No Dust on this Jacket: 7 Short Stories from the Library. San Francisco: Happy Books, 2005. Print. Components: Editors Last Name, First Name, and Editor2s First Name Last Name, eds. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication.

Print Materials - Books continued

Book (author with an editor) 20

Example: Dewitt, John. Lunch with Henry: How to Deal with Crazy People. Ed. Henry Finkelstein. Los Angeles: A-Duh Books, 2004. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Book (italicized). Ed. Editors First Name Last Name. City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Medium of Publication. Encyclopedia or Dictionary Article Example with author: Usselman, Melvyn C. Chemistry. World Book Encyclopedia. 2006 ed. Print. Example without author: Sonata. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. 2000. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Encyclopedia Title (italicized). Edition ed. Copyright Year. Medium of Publication.
**Note: Often an authors name is found on the last page of the topic article in very small print. If no author is given, start entry with the title of the article.

Print Materials Articles in a Periodical

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Order of Information to be Included in the Bibliography (if Available): 1. Author. Last Name, First Name MI. 2. Title and Subtitle of article in Quotation Marks 3. Name of Periodical Italicized 4. Volume and issue numbers give both volume and issue numbers, separated with a period. 22.3 5. Date or year of publication: the order goes day month year (12 Dec. 2009) 6. Page numbers. 7. Medium. Print. Magazine/Journal Article Example: Kaplin, Robert D. History Moving North. Atlantic Monthly Feb. 1997: 21. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Magazine Title (italicized) Date of Magazine (day month year): Pages. Medium of Publication. **Note: Include the day if it is part of the magazine date, for example: 29 Sep. 2008. Newspaper Article Example: Mucci, Anne. Building Community Support for Schools. Star Ledger [Newark, New Jersey] 15 Dec. 2006: C3. Print. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Newspaper (italicized) [City if local and not in Newspapers Name] Date (day month year): Section and Page. Medium of Publication.

Electronic Sources Websites

Order of Information to be Included in the Bibliography (if Available): 22

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Author, editor (ed.) or corporate author Last Name, First Name. Title of the Short Work/Article. in Quotations Title of the Website Italicized Publisher or Sponsor, Who owns or produces the web site, (N.p. if no publisher found) Date of publication or last update. day month year (n.d. if there is no date) Medium Web. Date of access. day month year <URL> if required, enclose in angle bracket (< URL >.) at the end of the entry. If URL is really long you can break it after the first slash ( / ).

Note: URLs are no longer required when citing web publications, you should include a URL as supplementary information when the reader most likely cannot find the source without it, or when your teacher requires it.

An Entire Website Example: Peterson, Sam. The Life of Butterflies. Butterflies International, 2 Jan. 2006. Web. 4 Feb. 2008. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name (if given). Title of the Site (italicized). Name of Publisher or Sponsor, Date of Publication or Last Update (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. Short Work/Article from a Website (use to cite a wiki) Example: Shiva, Vandana. Bioethics: A Third World Issue. Native Web. Third World Watch, 15 Sept. 2002. Web. 16 Feb. 2007. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name (if given). Title of the Short Work/Article. Title of the Website (italicized). Name of Publisher or Sponsor, Date of Publication or Last Update (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>.
Note: A wiki is an online reference that is openly edited by its users. Because wiki content is collectively edited and can be updated frequently, do not include an author. Treat a wiki as you would a short work from a website.

Blog Article from a Website Example: Satalkar, Bhakti. Water Aerobics. Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 15 July 2010. Web. 16 July 2010. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name (if given). Title of Blog Article. Blog Name (italicized). Publisher, Date of Publication (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>.

Electronic Sources Websites continued

Book Originally in print found online Example: 23

Catton, Bruce. The Civil War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2005. Google Book Search. Web. 15 May 2008. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Website title. Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. A Chapter or Section of a Book Originally in print found online Example: Serviss, Garrett P. A Trip of Terror. A Columbus of Space. New York: Appleton, 1911. 17-32. Google books. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Chapter or Section. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Pages. Website Title. Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. Magazine/Journal Article from a Website Example: Gearan, Anne. Bush Predicts Middle East Peace. Time. Time Inc., 10 Jan. 2007. Web. 12 Jan. 2007. <http://www.time.com/time/world/article.html>. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Title of Magazine (italicized). Name of Publisher or Sponsor, Date of Article (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. Newspaper Article from a Website Example: Zeleny, Jeff. Kerry Endorses Obama as Campaign Goes Nationwide. New York Times. New York Times, 10 Jan. 2008. Web. 11 Jan. 2008. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/us/politics/10cndcampaign.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin>. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Newspaper (italicized) [City, State (if local and not in Newspapers Name)]. Name of Publisher or Sponsor, Date of Article (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>.

Online Database
Order of Information to be Included in the Bibliography (if available & source appropriate):

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1. Author, editor (ed.) or corporate author Last Name, First Name. 2. Title of the Article or Chapter. in Quotations 3. Title of the Periodical, Encyclopedia or book. Italicized 4. City of Publication: If location is not a major city document town and state 5. Publisher, Who owns or produces the work, (N.p. if no publisher found) 6. Date of publication or last update. day month year (n.d. if there is no date) 7. Inclusive Page Numbers 8. Database Title. - Italicized 9. Medium Web. 10. Date of access. day month year 11. <URL> if required, enclose in angle bracket (< URL >.) at the end of the entry. If URL is really long you can break it after the first slash ( / ). Section of a Book Online Database Example: Gleason, Bill. Studying Real Hard. The Art of Teaching Study Skills. New York: BC Publishers, 2009. 24-49. Facts on File. Web. 3 March 2009. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Chapter. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Pages. Database Title (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date of Access (day month year). <URL of Article>. Encyclopedia Article Online Database Example: Usselman, Melvyn C. Chemistry. World Book Online. World Book, 2010. Worldbook Student. Web. 10 Jan. 20010. <http://worldbookonline.com/>. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Encyclopedia Title (italicized). City of Publication: Publishing Company, Copyright Year. Name of Database(italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed. <URL of Article>.

Online Database continued

Magazine/Journal Article Online Database Example: 25

Klein, Andrew. Tigers Last Stand. Science World 12 Mar. 2007: 8-11. Student Research Center. Web. 10 Jan. 2007. <http://web.ebscohost.com>. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Original Source of Article (italicized) Date of Original Source (day month year): Pages. Database Title (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL of Article>. Newspaper Article Online Database Example (two authors): Dorning, Mike, and John McCormick. New York Senator Tears Up, Then Tears into Front-Runner. Chicago Tribune 08 Jan. 2008. A1. Student Research Center. Web. 10 Jan. 2007. <http://web.ebscohost.com>. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name, and Author2s First name Last Name. Title of Article. Name of Newspaper (italicized) [City if local and not in Newspaper Name] Date of Original Source (day month year). Page(s). Database Title (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL of Article>.

Multimedia/Other: the Web, Print, & Databases

Advertisement in a magazine Example: 26

Polo Blue, Ralph Lauren. Advertisement. GQ 4 May 2003: 112. Print. Components: Name of Product, Company, or Institution. Descriptive Label. Title of Magazine (italicized) Date (day month year): Page. Medium of Publication. o In-text citation format: (Name of Product, Company, or Institution) Advertisement Online Example: Polo Blue Ralph Lauren. Advertisement. Macys.com. Macys, 5 Aug 2009. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. <www.macys.com>. Components: Name of Product, Company, or Institution. Descriptive Label. Website Name (italicized). Publisher or Sponsor, Date(day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed. <URL>. o In-text citation format: (Name of Product, Company, or Institution) Cartoon - Print Example: Watterson, Bill. "Calvin & Hobbes." Comic Strip. Express-News [San Antonio] 6 May 2004: D4. Print. Components: Artist Last Name, First Name. "Title of Comic Strip." Format. Publication Name (italicized) [City Name if necessary] Date of Publication (day month year): Section and Page. Medium of Publication. o In-text citation format: (Last Name) Cartoon Online Example: Cullum, Leo. Roaming Charges. Cartoon. Cartoonbank.com. Cartoonbank.com, 19 Oct. 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Components: Artist Last Name, First Name. "Title of Comic Strip." Format. Website Name (italicized). Publisher or Sponsor, Date of Publication (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed. <URL>. o In-text citation format: (Last Name)

Multimedia/Other: the Web, Print, & Databases continued

Map or Chart Example:

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Michigan. Map. Chicago: Rand, 2000. Hunger in America. Chart. USA Today 2 Jan. 2007: 1A. Components: Name of Map or Chart (italicized). Form of document. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Date Published (day month year): Page. Medium of Publication. o In-text citation format: (Title) Map or Chart - Online Example: Michigan. Map. Chicago: Rand, 2000. Hunger in America. Chart. USA Today 2 Jan. 2007: 1A. Components: Name of Map or Chart (italicized). Form of Document. Website Name (italicized). Date Published (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. o In-text citation format: (Title) Movie or Video Example: An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore and Billy West. Paramount, 2006. DVD. Components: Title (italicized). Dir. Directors First Name Last Name. Perf. Performorss Frist Name Last Name. Name of Distributor, Year of Release. Medium of Publication.
Note: If your source is a videocassette, write in Videocassette instead of DVD.

Movie or Video from a Website Example: An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore and Billy West. Paramount, 2006. Hulu. Web. 2 July 2010. Components: Title (italicized). Dir. Directors First Name Last Name. Perf. Performorss Frist Name Last Name. Name of Distributor, Year of Release. Website Name (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>.

Multimedia/Other: the Web, Print, & Databases Continued

Video Clip hosted on a Website Example:

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Watermelon Baby. Prod. CrazyLaugh Action. 2010. YouTube. Web. 22 July 2010. Components: Title (italicized). Contributors. Distributor, Year of Release. Website Name (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. Digital Image Example: Guggenheim Museum in Spain. Digital image. how Stuffworks. How Stuffworks. Web. 12 Sep. 2011. Components: Last Name, First Name. Official Title of Image or Description of Image (include when title is not available -italicized). Digital Image. Website Title (italicized). Website Publisher, Date electronically published (day month year). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. Photograph produced by a camera Example: Cartier-Bresson, Henri. Juvisy, France. 1938. Photograph. The Museum of Modern Art, New York City. Components: Last Name, First Name M. Photograph Name or Description (italicized). Year Created. Photograph. Museum/Collection, City Located. Photograph posted on website Example: Cartier-Bresson, Henri. Juvisy, France. 1938. The Museum of Modern Art, New York City. MoMa. Web. 24 June 2010. Components: Last Name, First Name M. Photograph Name or Description (italicized). Year Created. Museum/Collection, City Located. Website Name (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed(day month year). <URL>.

Multimedia/Other: the Web, Print, & Databases Continued

Photograph from a book Example: 29

Bennett, Peter. Antique Shop, East Village. New York City: A Photographic Portrait. Massachusetts: Twin Lights, 2004. 8. Print Components: Last Name, First Name M. Photograph Name or Description (italicized). Year Created. Museum/Collection, City Located. Title of Book (italicized). City of Publication: Publisher, Year Published. Page(s). Medium of Publication. Photograph from a Database Example: Freed, Leonard. Holiday Stuck in Traffic Jam. 1965. ARTSTOR. Web. 1 July 2010. Components: Last Name, First Name M. Photograph Name or Description (italicized). Year Created. Museum/Collection, City Located. Database Name (italicized). Medium of Publication. Date Accessed (day month year). <URL>. Podcast Example: Focus on the Family. "105: The Boundless Podcast." Boundless.org. Focus on the Family: 20 Jan. 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. Components: Authors Last Name, First Name [or organization name; this can also be a user name. If no author is identified, begin with the title]. "Title of the Podcast". Title of the Overall Web Site (italicized). Publisher: Date of creation. Web. Date of access (day month year).<URL>. CD-ROM Encyclopedia Article Example: Big Bad Dinosaurs. The Complete National Geographic. CD-ROM. Washington, DC: National Geographic Interactive, 1998. CD-ROM. Components: Title of Article. Title of CD-ROM (italicized). CD-ROM. City: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. Medium of Publication.

Multimedia/Other: the Web, Print, & Databases Continued

Radio or Television Program Example:

30

"The Highlights of 100." Seinfeld. Fox. 17 Feb. 2009. Television. Components: "Episode Title." Program/Series Name (italicized). Network. Original Broadcast Date. Medium. Television or Radio Interview Example: Jolie, Angelina. "Being a Mother." 60 Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York: 3 Feb. 2009. Television. Jolie, Angelina. Interview. 60 Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York: 3 Feb. 2009. Television. Jolie, Angelina. Interview by Steve Kroft. 60 Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York: 3 Feb. 2009. Television. Elif Shafak: Writing under a Watchful Eye. Fresh Air. Host Terry Gross. National Public Radio, 6 Feb. 2009. NPR.org. Web. 22 Mar. 2010. Components: Last Name, First Name (of person being interview). Title of Interview (if one) Interview (use if not). Interviewed by First Name Last Name. Program/Series Name (italicized). Network. Original Broadcast Date. Medium. Personal Interview Example: Jolie, Angelina. Phone interview. 11 Feb. 2009. Components: Last Name, First Name (of person being interview). (Interview Type) interview. Date Interviewed (day month year). E-books entire e-book Example: Garber, Marjorie B. Shakespeare after All. New York: Pantheon, 2004. ebrary. Web. 14 Apr. 2010. Components: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Full Title of Book (italicized). Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. Title of Database or Online Collection (italicized). Medium of Publication [Web]. Date of Access (day month year). For part of an e-book: Example:
Stini, William A. "Water as a Beverage and Constituent of Food." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Ed. Solomon H. Katz. Vol. 3. New York: Scribner's, 2003. 510-13. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Apr. 2010.

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Components: First Name of Section or Chapter Author. Title of Section or Chapter. Full Title of Book (italicized). Ed. Name of Editor(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. Page Numbers. Title of Database or Online Collection (italicized).. Medium of Publication [Web]. Date of Access (day month year). Digital Files Components: Same elements as for comparable format (e.g., book, manuscript, sound recording, video, etc.). Medium of Publication [Name of digital file format followed by the word file]. Examples:
Text file American Council of Learned Societies. Commission on Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Our Cultural Commonwealth. New York: ACLS, 2006. PDF file. Cortez, Juan. Border Crossing in Chicano Perspective. File last modified on 4 Apr. 2007. Microsoft Word file. Smith, John. Growing an Avocado Plant at Home. 2003. Microsoft PowerPoint file. Image file Tourist Guy. 2001. World Famous Photos. JPEG file. Sound file Collins, Billy. "The Trouble with Poetry." Billy Collins Live. 2005. MP3 file. Podcast Tanenhaus, Sam. Book Review Podcast: A Conversation with Richard Russo. New York Times Book Review Podcast. New York Times, 14 Aug. 2009. MP3 file.
NOTE: These citations represent digital files that exist independent of the Web. They may be downloaded (music files, PDFs, attached files, etc.) or created offline (MS Word or PowerPoint documents, etc.)

Works Cited "EasyBib's Visual Guide to Citations." EasyBib: Free Bibliography Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago Citation Styles. Easybib, 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://www.easybib.com/ebook>.

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Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2009. Print.. Hacker, Diana. A Pocket Style Manual 5th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Print. Lester Jr., James D., and James D. Lester, Sr. Research Paper Handbook. Tucson, AZ: A Good Year Book, 2005. Print. Sebranek, Patrick, et. al. Write Source 2000. Wilmington: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Print. Writing a Research Paper. Millburn Township Public Schools. August 2006. PDF.

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