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Livelihoods and Climate Change
In its Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that the globally averaged surface temperatures increased 0.74 0.2C between 1906 and 2005. This trend is expected to persist, with a 1.8 to 4C warming predicted for the current century. (1) Warming will vary by region and be accompanied by significant changes in local precipitation, sea level rise and changes in the frequency and intensity of some extreme events. Yet these impacts will not be distributed or felt uniformly, as those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable. (2)

Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods

Juergen Blaser, Intercooperation

Climate change will thus impact natural and human systems to alter the productivity, diversity and functions of many ecosyste ms and livelihoods around the world. For poor natural resource-dependent communities, climate change may compound existing vulnerabilities. Settlement on marginal or unstable lands already heightens exposure to climate hazards. Heavy dependence on ecosystem services places their welfare at the mercy of environmental conditions. As the availability and quality of natural resources decline, so does the security of their livelihoods. Limited resources and capacities for responding to stresses such as floods and droughts constrain their ability to meet basic needs and move out of poverty. With climate change impacts already being observed, there is an urgent need for adaptive response measures. For the poor, th is must start with actions that reduce current vulnerabilities and increase adaptive capacity so they can face the longer-term impacts of climate change. Reducing current vulnerabilities and increasing adaptive capacities, however, requires an understanding of how livelihoods are conducted and sustained, as the assets and capabilities that comprise peoples livelihoods often shape vulnerability and the ability to reduce it. By understanding the dynamics of poor peoples livelihoods, one can begin to understand how th ey will be affected by climate change impacts, how they might respond with the resources they have, what additional resources ma y be required and how these conditions can be reflected and built upon for successful adaptation strategies.

CRiSTAL is a decision-support tool that aims to provide a logical, user-friendly process to help users better understand the links between climate-related risks and peoples livelihoods. In so doing, successful adaptation strategies can be developed and better supported at the local level.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) IPCC. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers.
(2) IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Technical Summary. Geneva: IPCC.

Introduction to CRiSTAL
Rationale: Climate risks should be integrated into community-level projects Climate variability is one of the many stresses faced by local communities. While it is not always the most important one, it should be considered in the design and implementation of local-level projects, particularly in communities characterized by climate-sensitive and/or natural resource-dependent livelihoods. The onset of longerterm climate change, which will compound existing climate-related stresses, provides an added incentive for addressing climate risk in a project. Most projects, however, are not designed with an explicit consideration of climate risks and how they can affect local livelihoods. Even rarer are projects that take into account the longer-term implications of climate change and how project activities might (a) be affected by the impacts, and/or (b) influence local adaptive capacity. This second point understanding a projects influence on local adaptive capacity is the primary focus of CRiSTAL.

Community-level projects influence local vulnerability to climate risks and adaptive capacity. For example, projects that encourage dependence on a particular agricultural crop that may decrease in yield as the climate changes can increase local vulnerability. Conversely, projects that promote resilient crop species, diversified livelihood activities, and risk reduction activities (such as seed banks, storage facilities, early warning systems) increase local adaptive capacity. Without a tool to assess the impacts of a project on some of the local determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity, it is difficult for project planners and managers to design activities that foster adaptation to climate change. How does CRiSTAL help you do this? IISD, IUCN, SEI-US and Intercooperation have developed CRiSTAL (Community-based Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation & Livelihoods), a decision-support tool that helps communities, project planners and managers to: Systematically understand the links between local livelihoods and climate; Assess a projects impact on livelihood resources vulnerable to climate risk and important to coping; Devise adjustments that improve a projects impact on livelihood resources central to adaptive capacity To do this, CRiSTAL is divided into two modules: 1. Module 1: Synthesizing information on climate and livelihoods 2. Module 2: Planning and managing projects for climate adaptation The first module is designed to help you collect and organize information on the climate and livelihood context of the project area. The second module will then use this information to help you analyze how a project affects local vulnerability and adaptive capacity, providing a basis for devising project adjustments that foster adaptation to climate change. Module 1 must be completed in order to use Module 2. For a more detailed explanation of CRiSTALs structure and rationale, refer to the Users Manual. To begin using CRiSTAL, click on the worksheet tab Project Info below. Using the CRiSTAL program You can navigate through the CRiSTAL process by completing each worksheet from left to right. You can move forward and back by clicking the appropriate tab. Remember to save your work frequently. Save your work as an Excel spreadsheet (.xls) by clicking File > Save As.

Project Information
Enter the details of your project below.

Project name Project location Implementing agency Brief description of project

Brief description of project context

What are the anticipated impacts of climate change in the project area?
To find the projected impacts of climate change in your area, please go to the CRiSTAL website. From this website, you will b e able to link to some climate change information for your project region, country and ecological zone. Information sources include: IPCC summaries for regions and ecological zones. UNFCCC National Communications National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) You are encouraged to review this information and enter notes or key points into each of the boxes below.

Regional Notes: What are the (observed / anticipated) impacts of climate change in your project region?

Country Notes: What are the (observed / anticipated) impacts of climate change in your project country?

Ecological Zone Notes: What are the (observed / anticipated) impacts of climate change in your project ecological zone?

What are the climate-related hazards, impacts and coping strategies in your project area?
Enter the main climate-related hazards that affect your project area, their associated impacts, and the primary coping strategy for each impact. To view definitions of "hazard", "impact" and "coping strategy", place your cursor over the word. To see examples of hazards, impacts and coping strategies, place your cursor over the associated text box. If the answer to either "Is the strategy working" or "Is the strategy sustainable" is no, enter an alternative coping strateg y.

Hazard 1:
Impact Coping strategy Is the strategy working? Is the strategy sustainable? Alternate coping strategy Notes

1:

yes

yes

2:

yes

yes

3:

yes

yes

Hazard 2:
Impact Coping strategy Is the strategy working? Is the strategy sustainable? Alternate coping strategy Notes

1:

yes

yes

2:

yes

yes

3:

yes

yes

Hazard 3:
Impact Coping strategy Is the strategy working? Is the strategy sustainable? Alternate coping strategy Notes

1:

yes

yes

2:

yes

yes

3:

yes

yes

Which resources are important to peoples' livelihoods in the project area?

Enter up to three resources under each category of Livelihood Resource.

Natural resources

Definition
The natural resource stock upon which people rely both directly (i.e. for income or medicine) or indirectly (i.e. flood control, protection from storms).
Examples: Trees, land, clean air, fish

Examples
Forest products (fuel), Forest products (building), Forest products (income), Forest products (food), Forest products (medicine), Livestock (fuel), Livestock (income), Livestock (food), Land, Productive oil, Peat, Sea Coral reefs, Sand Rocks, Mangrove forests, Tidal flats, Wetland systems

Physical resources
The basic infrastructure and productive capital for transport, buildings, water management, energy and communications Examples: Roads, water tanks, tools, machines Agricultural implements, Airport/landing sites Bicycles/rickshaws, Bridges Boats, Cars/trucks Computers, Containers Lorries, Ploughs Ponds, Rainwater harvesting systems Roads, Waste disposal systems Water delivery system, Water pumps Water sanitation facilities, Water tanks Wells, Wheelbarrows

Financial resources
The stocks and flows of money that allow people to achieve their livelihood objectives Examples: Cash, savings, jewelry, pensions, remittances
Access to markets Cash Credit systems Insurance Liquid assets (livestock, etc.) Loans Pensions Remittances

Human resources
The skills, knowledge, capacity and good health important to the pursuit of livelihoods Agricultural skills/training (e.g. growing local market crops) Animal husbandry Craft-making skills/training Cottage industry skills/training Water management skills/training Health care skills/training Veterinary skills/training

Examples: Traditional knowledge, weaving skills, education

Social resources
The formal and informal of social relationships and institutions from which people draw in pursuit of their livelihood. Examples: Church groups, farmer associations, political organisations Local community-based organisations Local governance institutions Men's groups NGOs (local) NGOs (regional/national) Region/national government institutions Religious groups Trade associations

How are livelihood resources affected by current climate hazards?

For each of the hazards you identified earlier, evaluate the extent to which they influence the livelihood resources you ente in the previous step. The strength of this red influence should be indicated by entereing a number between 0 and 5, with 0 = no influcence, 3 = some influence, 5 = very str ong influence. Please enter any notes on the relationship between the selected hazard and livelihood resources i.e. seasonal differences, positive or negative nature of influence in the Hazard Notes boxes at the bottom of the page.

Hazard 1
(no hazard #1)

Hazard 2
(no hazard #2)

Hazard 3
(no hazard #3)

Natural resources

Physical resources

Financial resources

Human resources

Social resources

Enter any notes on the relationship between the hazard and the livelihood resources below -- i.e. seasonal differences, positive or negative nature of the influence.

Notes on Hazard #1: (no hazard #1)

Notes on Hazard #2: (no hazard #2)

Notes on Hazard #3: (no hazard #3)

How important are livelihood resources to implement coping strategies? (Hazard 1)

For each of the livelihood resources you entered earlier, evaluate the extent to which they are important to implement sustai able (current or alternate) coping strategies. n This importance should be indicated by entering a number between 0 and 5, with 0 = not important at all, 3 = somewhat importa 5 = very important. nt, Please enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies in the 'Coping Notes' boxes at the bottom.

Hazard #1:

[no hazard #1]

Impacts:

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Strategy 3

Natural resources

Physical resources

Financial resources

Human resources

Social resources

Enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies, for example seasonal differences, reason of the importance,etc. in the coping notes below.

Notes on Coping Strategy 1:

Notes on Coping Strategy 2:

Notes on Coping Strategy 3:

How important are livelihood resources to implement coping strategies? (Hazard 2)

For each of the livelihood resources you entered earlier, evaluate the extent to which they are important to implement sustainable (current or alternate) coping strategies. This importance should be indicated by entering a number between 0 and 5, with 0 = not important at all, 3 = somewhat important, 5 = very important. If there is no Hazard #2, you can skip this step. Please enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies in the 'Coping Notes' boxes at the bottom.

Hazard #2: [no hazard #2]

Impacts:

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Strategy 3

Natural resources

Physical resources

Financial resources

Human resources

Social resources

Enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies, for example seasonal differences, rea son of the importance,etc. in the coping notes below.

Notes on Coping Strategy 1:

Notes on Coping Strategy 2:

Notes on Coping Strategy 3:

How important are livelihood resources to implement coping strategies? (Hazard 3)

For each of the livelihood resources you entered earlier, evaluate the extent to which they are important to implement sustainable (current or alternate) coping strategies. This importance should be indicated by entering a number between 0 and 5, with 0 = not important at all, 3 = somewhat important, 5 = very important. If there is no Hazard #3, you can skip this step. Please enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies in the 'Coping Notes' boxes at the bottom.

Hazard #3: [no hazard #3]

Impacts:

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Strategy 3

Natural resources

Physical resources

Financial resources

Human resources

Social resources

Enter any notes on the relationship between livelihood resources and coping strategies, for example seasonal differences, rea son of the importance,etc. in the coping notes below.

Notes on Coping Strategy 1:

Notes on Coping Strategy 2:

Notes on Coping Strategy 3:

What are the impacts of project activities on key livelihood resources?

In this step, you are asked to assess the impact of different project activities on: a) livelihood resources that are strongly influenced by climate hazards b) livelihood resources that are important to sustainable coping strategies Upon doing this impact assessment, enter suggested modifications to project activities so that: Positive project impacts are strengthened Negative project impacts are minimized Neutral project impacts are made positive (if appropriate) Please indicate if the impact is positive, negative or neutral: Positive: Project activity enhances availability of / access to resource Negative: Project activity decreases availability of / access to resource Neutral: Project activity has no effect on availability of / access to resource

Project activity 1.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 2.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 3.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 4.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 5.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 6.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 7.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 8.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

9.

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Project activity 10.

Resources strongly influenced by hazards

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Revised activity

Description of activity

Description of revised activity

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on key livelihood resource Pos Neg Neu

Are modified project activities sustainable in the face of climate change?

In this step, you are asked to consider whether the revised project activities are sustainable in the face of longer-term climate change impacts. That is, do/will the impacts of climate change, which were identified in the first step of Module 1, affect the viability and success of revised project activities? Will the revised project activities (unintentionally) make human and natural systems more vulnerable to the impacts of climate hazards? If the answer is yes, you are asked to think about how climate change will affect revised project activities, and how you might further revise these activities so that the human and natural systems are better able to deal with climate change.

Revised project activity 1.

Is this revised activity sustainable with CC? Why or why not?

yes

Further revised activity

2.

yes

3.

yes

4.

yes

5.

yes

6.

yes

7.

yes

8.

yes

9.

yes

10.

yes

What are the synergies and/or barriers to implementing revised project activities?
Now that you have revised project activities, you are asked to identify the synergies and barriers to their implementation -- i.e. what issues, or developments might enable or inhibit the

Original Project Activities

Revised Project Activities

Issues

Climate Context Report

Name: Location: Implementing Agency:

Brief Description of the Project:

Brief Description of Project Context

Hazard

Impact

Coping Strategy

Notes

Livelihood Context Report

Name: Location:

Implementing Agency:

Brief description of the project:

Brief Description of project context:

Extent to which livelihood resources are influenced by climate hazards identified in the climate context no influence, 5 = very strong influence ): Hazards: Resources Natural resources 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3

(0 =

Physical Resources

Financial Resources

Human Resources

Social Resources

Hazard 1 Extent to which livelihood resources influence (positively or negatively) the coping strategies identified (0 = no influence, 5 = full influence): Impacts Coping Strategies Resources 0 Natural Resources Physical Resources

4 5 0

3 4

0 1 2 3

Financial Resources

Human Resources Social Resources

Hazard 2 Extent to which livelihood resources influence (positively or negatively) the coping strategies identified (0 = no influence, 5 = full influence): Impacts Coping Strategies Resources 0 Natural Resources Physical Resources Financial Resources Human Resources Social Resources

4 5 0

3 4

0 1 2 3

Hazard 3 Extent to which livelihood resources influence (positively or negatively) the coping strategies identified (0 = no influence, 5 = full influence): Impacts Coping Strategies Resources 0 Natural Resources Physical Resources Financial Resources Human Resources Social Resources

4 5 0

3 4

0 1 2 3

Project Screening Report

Name:

Location: Implementing Agency:

Brief Description of the Project:

Brief Description of Project Context:

Activities Activity 1

Resources strongly affected by hazards

Impact on resources most affected by hazards Pos Neg Neu

Resources most important to coping

Impact of activity on resources most important to coping Pos Neg Neu

Activity 2

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 3

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 4

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 5

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 6

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 7

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 8

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 9

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Activity 10

Pos

Neg

Neu

Pos

Neg

Neu

Screening Process Summary Report

Name:

Location:

Implementing Agency:

Brief Description of the Project:

Brief Description of Project Context:

Hazards, Impacts, and Coping Strategies

Impacts Coping Strategies

Coping Strategy Notes

Impacts Coping Strategies Coping Strategy Notes

Impacts Coping Strategies Coping Strategy Notes

Livelihood Context Profile In the project area, important types of natural resources, with a strong association to local livelihoods, climate and/or coping are: Natural Resources

Physical Resources

Financial Resources

Human Resources

Social Resources

Synergies and Barriers

Original Project Activities Political Synergies & Barriers Revised Project Activities Issues