Solutions Chap09

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS
1. ω o L = 10Ω, s1 = −6s −1 , s2 = −8s −1

∴−6 = α + α 2 − ω o2 , − 8 = −α − α 2 − ω o2 adding,
−14 = −2α ∴α = 7 s −1
1
∴−6 = −7 + 49 − ω o2 ∴ω o2 = 48 , ω o = 6.928
LC
rad/s∴ 6.928 L = 10, L = 1.4434H,
1 1
C= = 14.434mF, = 7 ∴ R = 4.949Ω
48L 2RC
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th Edition Copyright 2002 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved
2. ic = 40e −100t − 30e −200t mA, C = 1mF, v(0) = −0.25V
1 t
∫ ∫
t
(a) v (t ) = ic dt − 0.25 = (40e−100t − 30e−200t ) dt − 0.25
C o o
∴ v(t ) = −0.4(e−100t − 1) + 0.15(e −200t − 1) − 0.25

∴ v(t ) = −0.4e −100t + 0.15e−200t V
(b) s1 = −100 = −α + α 2 − ωo2 , s2 = −200 = −α − α 2 − ωo2

∴−300 = −2α, α = 150 s − 1
1 500
∴150 + −3
,R = = 3.333Ω Also,
2R10 150
−200 = −150 − 22500 − ωo2 ∴ωo2 = 20000
1 100
∴ 20000 = = , L = 0.5H
LC L
v
∴ i R (t ) = = 0.12e−100t + 0.045e−200 t A
R
(c) (i )t = −iR (t ) − ic (t ) = (0.12 − 0.04)e −100t + (−0.045 + 0.03)e −200t

∴ i (t ) = 80e−100t − 15e−200t mA, t > 0
3. Parallel RLC with ωo = 70.71 × 1012 rad/s. L = 2 pH.

1
(a) ωo2 = = (70.71×1012 )2
LC
1
So C = = 100.0 aF
(70.71×10 ) (2 ×10−12 )
12 2
1
(b) α= = 5 × 109 s −1
2 RC
1
So R = =1 MΩ
(10 ) (100 × 10−18 )
10
(c) α is the neper frequency: 5 Gs-1
(d) S1 = −α + α 2 − ω2o = −5 ×109 + j 70.71×1012 s −1

S2 = −α − α 2 − ωo2 = −5 ×109 − j 70.71×1012 s −1
α 5 × 109
(e) ζ= = = 7.071×10−5
ωo 70.71×10 12
1
4. Given: L = 4 R 2C , α =
2 RC
Show that v(t ) = e−αt ( A1t + A2 ) is a solution to
d 2 v 1 dv 1
C + + v=0 [1]
dt 2 R dt L
dv
= e −αt ( A1 ) − αe −αt ( A1t + A2 )
dt
= ( A1 − α A1t − α A2 ) e−αt [2]
2
d v
2
= ( A1 − α A1t − αA2 ) (−αe−αt ) − α A1e−αt
dt
= −α( A1 − α A2 + A1 − α A1t ) e −αt
= −α(2 A1 − α A2 − α A1t )e−αt [3]
Substituting Eqs. [2] and [3] into Eq. [1], and using the information initially provided,
2
1  1  1
− (2 A1 ) e−αt +  −αt
 ( A1t + A2 ) e + ( A1 ) e−αt
2 RC  2 RC  RC
1 1
− ( A1t + A2 ) e −αt + 2 2 ( A1t + A2 ) e −αt
2 RC 4R C
=0
Thus, v(t ) = e−αt ( A1t + A2 ) is in fact a solution to the differential equation.
Next, with v(0) = A2 = 16

dv
and = ( A1 − α A2 ) = ( A1 − 16α) = 4
dt t =0
we find that A1 = 4 + 16α
5. Parallel RLC with ωo = 800 rad/s, and α = 1000 s-1 when R = 100 Ω.
1
α= so C = 5µF
2 RC
1
ωo2 = so L = 312.5 mH
LC
Replace the resistor with 5 meters of 18 AWG copper wire. From Table 2.3, 18 AWG soft solid
copper wire has a resistance of 6.39 Ω/1000ft. Thus, the wire has a resistance of
 100 cm   1in  1ft  6.39 Ω 

(5 m)     
 1m   2.54 cm  12 in  1000 ft 
= 0.1048 Ω or 104.8 mΩ
(a) The resonant frequency is unchanged, so ωo = 800 rad/s
1
(b) α= = 954.0 ×103 s −1
2 RC
(c) α old
ζ old =
ωo
α new
ζ new =
ωo
ζ new − ζ old
Define the percent change as × 100
ζ old
α new − α old
= × 100
α old
= 95300%
6. L = 5H, R = 8Ω, C = 12.5mF, v (0+ ) = 40V

1 1000 1
(a) i (0+ ) = 8A: α = = = 5, ωo2 = = 16,
2RC 2 × 8 × 12.5 LC
ωo = 4 s1,2 = −5 ± 25 − 16 = −2, − 8 ∴ v(t ) = A1e −2t + A 2 e −8t
1000  40 
∴ 40 = A1 + A 2 v′(0+ ) =  −iL (0+ ) −  = 80 (−8 − 5) = −1040
12.5  8 
v / s = −2A1 − 8A 2 ∴−520 = −A1 − 4A 2 ∴−3A 2 = −480, A 2 = 160, A1 = −120
∴ v(t ) = −120e−2 t + 160e−8t V, t > 0
v(0 + ) 40
(b) ic (0 + ) = 8A Let i (t ) = A 3e −2t + A 4 e−8t ; iR (0+ ) = = = 5A
R 8
∴ i (0 + ) = A 3 + A 4 = −iR (0+ ) − ic (0 + ) = −8 − 5 = −13A;
40
i (0 + ) = −2A 3 − 8A 4 == 8 A / s ∴ 4 = − A 3 − 4A 4
5
∴−3A 4 = −13 + 4, A 4 = 3, A 3 = −16 ∴ i (t ) = −16e−2 t + 3e−8t A, t > 0
1
7. i (0) = 40A, v(0) = 40V, L = H, R = 0.1Ω, C = 0.2F
80
1 80
(a) α= = 25, ωo2 = = 400,
2 × 0.1× 0.2 0.2
ωo = 20, s1,2 = −25 ± 625 − 400 = 10, − 40
∴ v(t ) = A1 e −10t + A 2 e −40t ∴ 40 = A1 + A 2 ;
1 v(0) 
v′(0+ ) = −10A1 − 40A 2 v′(0 + ) =
 i (0) − = −2200
C R 
∴− A1 − 4A 2 = −220 ∴ − 3A 2 = −180 ∴ A 2 = 60, A1 = −20
∴ v(t ) = −20e −10t + 60e −40t V, t > 0
dv
(b) i(t) = – v/ R – C = 200e −10 t − 600e −40 t − 0.2(-20)(-10)e -10t − (0.2)(60)(-40)e −40 t
dt
−10 t
= 160e − 120e −40 t A
8. 100
iL (0) = = 2A, vc (0) = 100V
50
106 3 ×106+ 3
α= = 4000, wo2 = = 12 ×106
2 × 50 × 2.5 100 × 2.5
16 − 12 ×10 = 200, s1,2 = −4000 ± 2000
3
∴ iL (t ) = A1e−2000t + A 2 e−6000 t , t > 0 ∴ A1 + A s = 2

−103 × 3
iL′ (0+ ) = × 100 = −3000 = −2000A1 − 6000A 2 ∴−1.5 = − A1 − 3A 2 ∴ 0.5 = −2A 2
100
∴ A 2 = −0.25, A1 = 2.25 ∴ iL (t ) = 2.25e −2000t − 0.25e −6000t A, t > 0
t > 0: iL (t ) = 2A ∴ iL (t ) = 2u ( −t ) + (2.25e−2000t − 0.25e−6000t ) u (t )A
9. 12
iL (0) = = 2A, vc (0) = 2V
5 +1
1000 1000 × 45
α= = 250, ω o2 = = 22500
2 × 1× 2 2
s1,2 = −250 ± 2502 − 22500 = −50, − 450 s −1
∴ iL = A1e −50t + A 2 e −450t ∴ A1 + A 2 = 2; iL′ (0 + ) = 45(−2) = −50A1 − 450A 2

∴ A1 + 9A 2 = 1.8 ∴−8A 2 = 0.2 ∴ A 2 = −0.025, A1 = 2.025(A)
∴ iL (t ) = 2.025e −50t − 0.025e −450t A, t > 0
10.
1 1440 1440
(a) α= = = 20, ω o2 = = 144
2RC 72 10
s1,2 = −20 ± 400 − 144 = −4, − 36: v = A1e−4t + A 2 e−36t
 1 18 
v(0) = 18 = A1 + A2 , v′(0) = 1440  −  = 0
 2 36 
∴ 0 = −4A1 − 36A 2 = − A1 − 9A 2 = ∴ 18 = −8A 2 , A 2 = −2.25, A1 = 20.25
+
∴ v(t ) = 20.25e −4 − 2.25e −36t V, t > 0
v 1
(b) i(t ) = + v′ = 0.5625e −4t − 0.0625e−36t − 0.05625e −4t + 0.05625e −36t
36 1440
∴ i(t ) = 0.50625e−4t − 0.00625e−36t A, t > 0
(c) vmax at t = 0 ∴ vmax = 18V ∴ 0.18 = 20.25e−4ts − 2.25e−36ts
Solving using a scientific calculator, we find that ts = 1.181 s.
11. L = 1250 mH
ωo = 1 = 4 rad/s
so LC Since α > ωo, this circuit is over damped.
1
α= = 5 s −1
2 RC
The capacitor stores 390 J at t = 0−:
1
Wc = C vc2
2
2Wc
So vc (01 ) = = 125 V = vc (0+ )
C
The inductor initially stores zero energy,
so iL (0− ) = iL (0+ ) = 0
S1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ωo2 = −5 ± 3 = −8, − 2
Thus, v(t ) = Ae−8t + Be−2t
Using the initial conditions, v(0) = 125 = A + B [1]

+ + + v(0+ )
iL (0 ) + iR (0 ) + ic (0 ) = 0 + + ic (0+ ) = 0
2
+
v(0 ) 125
So ic (0 + ) = − =− = −62.5 V
2 2
dv
ic = C = 50 ×10−3[−8 Ae −8t − 2 Be −2t ]
dt
ic (0+ ) = −62.5 = −50 × 10−3 (8 A + 2 B) [2]
Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], A = 150 V

B = −25 V
Thus, v(t ) = 166.7e−8t − 41.67 e−2 t , t > 0
12. (a) We want a response v = Ae−4t + Be−6t

1
α= = 5 s −1
2 RC
S1 = −α + α 2 − ωo2 = −4 = −5 + 25 − ωo2
S 2 = −α − α 2 − ωo2 = −6 = −5 − 25 − ωo2
Solving either equation, we obtain ωo = 4.899 rad/s

1 1
Since ωo2 = , L = 2 = 833.3 mH
LC ωo C
(b) If iR (0+ ) = 10 A and ic (0+ ) = 15 A, find A and B.
with iR (0+ ) = 10 A, vR (0+ ) = v(0+ ) = vc (0+ ) = 20 V

v(0) = A + B = 20 [1]
dv
ic = C = 50 × 10−3 (−4 Ae−4 t − 6 Be −6t )
dt
ic (0 ) = 50 × 10−3 (−4 A − 6 B) = 15
+
[2]
Solving, A = 210 V, B = −190 V
Thus, v = 210e−4t − 190e−6t , t > 0
50
13. Initial conditions: iL (0− ) = iL (0+ ) = 0 iR (0+ ) = =2A
25
(a) vc (0+ ) = vc (0− ) = 2(25) = 50 V
(b) ic (0 + ) = −iL (0+ ) − iR (0 + ) = 0 − 2 = −2 A
(c) t > 0: parallel (source-free) RLC circuit

1
α= = 4000 s −1
2 RC s1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ωo2
ωo =
1
= 3464 rad/s = −2000, − 6000
LC
Since α > ω0, this system is overdamped. Thus,

vc (t ) = Ae −2000t + Be −6000 t
dv
ic = C = (5 ×10−6 ) (−2000 Ae−2000t − 6000 Be −6000t )
dt
ic (0+ ) = −0.01A − 0.03B = −2 [1]
and vc (0+ ) = A + B = 50 [2]
Solving, we find A = −25 and B = 75
so that vc (t ) = −25e−2000t + 75e−6000 t , t > 0
(d)
(e) −25e −2000 t + 75e −6000 t = 0 ⇒ t = 274.7 µs

using a scientific calculator
(f) vc max
= −25 + 75 = 50 V
So, solving | −25e−2000ts + 75e−6000ts | = 0.5 in view of the graph in part (d),
we find ts = 1.955 ms using a scientific calculator’s equation solver routine.
14. Due to the presence of the inductor, vc (0− ) = 0 . Performing mesh analysis,
→i1 →i2
−9 + 2i1 − 2i2 = 0 [1]
4.444 H 2i2 − 2i1 + 3iA + 7i2 = 0 [2]
and i1 − i2 = iA
Rearranging, we obtain 2i1 – 2i2 = 0 and –4i1 + 6 i2 = 0. Solving, i1 = 13.5 A and i2 = 9 A.
(a) iA (0 − ) = i1 − i2 = 4.5 A and iL (0− ) = i2 = 9 A
(b) t > 0:
around left mesh:
4.444 H −vc (0 + ) + 7iA (0 + ) − 3iA (0 + ) + 2i A (0+ ) = 0

so, iA (0+ ) = 0
(c) vc (0− ) = 0 due to the presence of the inductor.
(d)
−vLC + 7 − 3(1) + 2 = 0
6
1A vLC = 6 V ∴ RTH = = 6Ω
1
1
(e) α= = 3.333 s −1
2 RC
Thus,
1
ωo = = 3 rad/s
LC iA (t ) = Ae−1.881t + Be−4.785t
S1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ωo2 = −1.881, − 4.785 iA (0+ ) = 0 = A + B [1]
To find the second equation required to determine the coefficients, we write:

iL = −ic − iR
dvc
= −C − i A = −25 ×10−3  −1.881(6 A)e−1.881t − 4.785(6 B)e−4.785t 
dt  
−1.881t −4.785t
- Ae − Be
iL (0+ ) = 9 = −25 ×10−3[ −1.881(6 A) − 4.785(6 B)] − A − B

or 9 = -0.7178A – 0.2822B [2]
Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], A = −20.66 and B = +20.66

So that iA (t ) = 20.66[e −4.785t − e−1.881t ]
15. Diameter of a dime: approximately 8 mm. Area = π r 2 = 0.5027cm 2
εr εo A (88) (8.854 ×10−14 F/cm) (0.5027cm2 )

Capacitance = =
d 0.1cm
= 39.17pF
L = 4µH
1
ωo = = 79.89 Mrad/s
LC
For an over damped response, we require α > ωo.

1
Thus, > 79.89 × 106
2 RC
1
R< −12
2(39.17 × 10 ) (79.89 × 106 )
or R < 159.8 Ω
*Note: The final answer depends quite strongly on the choice of εr.
16.
100
crit. damp. (a) L = 4R 2 C = × 10−3 = 4R 2 × 10−6 ∴ R = 57.74Ω
3
1
ω o = α = 103 / × 2.5 = 3464s −1
(b) 30
∴ vc (t ) = e −3464t (A1t + A 2 ) vc (0) = 100V
100
iL (0) = = 1.7321A ∴100 = A 2
57.74
106  100 
vc′ (0 + ) =  1.7321 −  = 0 = A1 − 3464A 2 ∴ A1 = 3.464 × 10
5
2.5  57.74 
∴ vc (t ) = e −3464t (3.464 × 105 t + 100) V, t > 0
17.
L
crit. damp. (a) L = 4R 2 C = 4 × 1× 2 ×10−3 = 8mH
1 1000
α = ωo = = 250 ∴ iL = e −250t (A1t + A 2 )
(b) 2RC 2 × 1× 2
iL (0) = 2A, vc (0) = 2V ∴ iL = e−250t (A1t + 2)
Then 8 × 10−3 iL′ (0+ ) = −2 = 8 × 10−3 (A1 − 500), = e −1.25 (1.25 + 2) = 0.9311A
iL max : (250tm + 2) = 0, 1 = 250tm + 2, tm < 0 No!

(c)
∴ tm = 0, iL max = 2A ∴ 0.02 = e−250ts (250ts + 2); SOLVE: ts = 23.96ms
18. L = 5mH, C = 10 −8 F, crit. damp. v(0) = −400V, i (0) = 0.1A
(a) L = 4R 2 C = 5 × 10−3 = 4R 2 10−8 ∴ R = 353.6Ω

108
(b) α= = 141, 420 ∴ i = e−141,420t (A1t + A 2 )
2 × 353.6
∴ A 2 = 0.1∴= e −141,421t (A1t + 0.1), 5 × 10−3
(A1 − 141, 420 × 0.1) = −400 ∴ A1 = −65,860
∴ i = e−141,421t (−65,860t + 0.1). i′ = 0
∴ e −α t (+65860) + 141, 420e −α t (−65,860tm + 0.1) = 0
−6
∴ tm = 8.590 µ s ∴ i (tm ) = e−141,420×8.590×10
(−65,860 × 8.590 × 10−6 + 0.1) = −0.13821A
∴ i max
= i (tm ) = 0.13821A
(c) ∴imax = i (0) = 0.1A
19. Diameter of a dime is approximately 8 mm. The area, therefore, is πr2 = 0.5027 cm2.
ε r ε o A (88) (8.854 ×10−14 ) (0.5027)

=
The capacitance is d 0.1
= 39.17 pF
1
with L = 4µH, ωo = = 79.89 Mrad/s
LC
1
For critical damping, we require = ωo
2 RC
1
or R = = 159.8 Ω
2ωoC
20. Critically damped parallel RLC with α = 10−3 s −1 , R = 1MΩ .

1 103
We know = 10−3 , so C = = 500 µF
2 RC 2 × 106
1
Since α = ωo, ωo = = 10−3
LC
1
or = 10−6
LC
so L = 2 GH (!)
µN 2 A
L= = 2 × 109
S
2
 50 turns  
−7  1m 
(4π×10 H/m)   . s  (0.5cm) .π . 
2

If So  cm    100 cm 
s
= 2 ×109
(4π2 × 10−9 ) (50)2 (0.5)2 s = 2 × 109
So s = 8.106 ×1013 cm
21. 1 106 1 106+3

α= = = 4000, ω o2 = = = 2 ×107
2RC 100 × 2.5 LC 50
ω d = 20 × 106 − 16 × 106 = 2000
∴ ic = e−4000t (B1 cos 2000t + B2 sin 2000t )
iL (0) = 2A, vc (0) = 0 ∴ ic (0 + ) = −2A; ic′ (0 + ) = −iL′ (0 + ) − iR′ (0 + )
1 1 1 2 × 106
∴ ic′ (0+ ) = − vc (0) − vc′ (0+ ) = 0 − ic (0+ ) =
L R RC 125
2 ×10 6
∴ B1 = −2A, = 16, 000 = 2000B2 + ( −2) ( −4000) ∴ B2 = 4
125
∴ ic (t ) = e −4000t (−2 cos 2000t + 4sin 2000t )A, t > 0
22.
1 4 1 4 ×13
α= = = 1, ω o2 = = = 26, ω d = 26 − 1 = 5
2RC 2 × 2 LC 2
∴ vc (t ) = e − t ( B1 cos 5t + B2 sin 5t )
(a) iL (0+ ) = iL (0) = 4A
(b) vc (0+ ) = vc (0) = 0
1
(c) iL′ (0 + ) = vc (0+ ) = 0
L
1  vc (0+ ) 
vc′ (0+ ) = + +
[−iL (0 ) − iR (0 )] = 4  −4 − = 4 (−4 + 0) = −16 V/s
2 
(d)
c 
(e) ∴ (e) 0 = 1(B1 )∴ B1 = 0, vc (t ) = B2 e − t sin 5t , vc′ (0+ ) = B 2 (5) = −16

∴ B2 = −3.2, vc (t ) = −3.2e −t sin 5t V, t > 0
(f)
23.
1 109 −3 1 109
(a) α = = 5000, ωo2 = = = 1.25 ×108
2RC 2 × 20 × 5 LC 1.6 × 5
ωd = ωo2 − α 2 = 125 ×106 − 25 ×106 = 10, 000
∴ vc (t ) = e −5000t (B1 cos104 t + B2 sin104 t )
vc (0) = 200V, iL (0) = 10mA ∴ vc (t ) = e−5000t (200 cos104 t + B2 sin104 t )
1 109  vc (0) 
vc′ (0+ ) = ic (0+ ) = iL (0) − 20, 000 
c 5  
109  −2 200 
=  10 −  = 0 = 104 B2 − 200 (5000)
5  20, 000 
∴ B2 = 100V ∴ vc (t ) = e−5000t (200 cos104 t + 100sin104 t ) V, t > 0
1
(b) isw = 10−2 − iL , iL = vc + Cvc′
R
vc′ = e−5000t [104 (−200sin + 100 cos] − 5000 (200 cos + 100sin)]
= e−500t [106 (−2 sin − 0.5cos)] = −2.5 × 106 e−5000t sin104 t v / s
 1 
∴ iL = e−5000t  (200 cos + 100sin) − 5 × 10−9 × 2.5 × 106 e−5000t sin104 t 
 20,000 
−5000 t
=e (0.01cos10 t − 0.0075sin10 t ) A
4 4
∴ isw = 10 − e−5000t (10 cos104 t − 7.5sin104 t ) mA, t > 0
24.
1 100 1 100 2
(a) α= = = 8, ωo2 = = , ωd = 36 = ωo2 − 64
2RC 12.5 LC L
100
∴ωo2 = 100 = ∴ L = 1H
L
(b)
t < 0: iL (t ) = 4A; t > 0: iL (t ) = e −8t (B1 cos 6t + B2 sin 6t )
iL (0) = 4A ∴ B1 = 4A, iL = e−8t (4 cos 6t + B2 sin 6t ) vc (0) = 0
iL′ (0 + ) = t vc (0+ ) = 0 ∴ 6B2 − 8(4) = 0, B2 = 16 / 3
∴ iL (t ) = 4u (−t ) + e−8t (4 cos 6t + 5.333sin 6t ) u (t ) A
(c)
25. 1 106 −3 1
α= = = 100s −1 , ωo2 = = 1.01×106
2RC 2 × 5 LC
60
∴ωd = 101× 104 − 104 = 100; iL (0) = = 6mA
10
vc (0) = 0 ∴ vc (t ) = e−100t (A1 cos1000t + A 2 sin1000t ), t > 0
∴ A1 = 0, vc (t ) = A 2 e −100t sin1000t
1 1
vc′ (0+ ) = ic (0+ ) = 106 [−i1 (0+ ) − vc (0+ )] = 106
C 5000
(−6 × 10−3 ) = −6000 = 1000 A 2 ∴ A 2 = −6
1
∴ vc (t ) = −6e −100t sin1000tV, t > 0 ∴ i1 (t ) = −
104
vc (t ) = −10−4 ( −6) e −100t sin1000tA
∴ i1 (t ) = 0.6e−100 t sin1000t mA, t > 0
26.
1 106 1 1.01× 106
(a) α= = = 20, ωo2 = = = 40, 400
2RC 2000 × 25 LC 25
ωd = ωo2 − α 2 = 40, 400 − 400 = 200
∴ v = e −20t (A1 cos 200t + A 2 sin 200t )
v(0) = 10V, iL (0) = 9mA ∴ A1 = 10V
∴ v = e −20t (10 cos 200t + A 2 sin 200t ) V, t > 0
1
v′(0 + ) = 200A 2 − 20 × 10 = 200 (A 2 − 1) = io (0+ )
C
106
= (−10−3 ) = −40 ∴ A 2 = 1 − 0.2 = 0.8
25
∴ v(t ) = e −20t (10 cos 200t + 0.8sin 200t ) V, t > 0
(b) v = 10.032e−20t cos (200t − 4.574°)V

2π
T= = 3.42ms
200
27.
v(0) = 0; i(0) = 10A
v = eαt (A cos ωd t + Bsin ωd t ) ∴ A = 0,
v = Be −αt sin ωd t
v′ = e−αt [−α Bsin ωd t + ωd Bcos ωd t ] = 0
ωd 1 ω
∴ tan ωd t = , tm1 = tan −1 d
α ωd α
1 π
tm 2 = tm1 + Td = tm1 + ;
2 ωd
vm1 = Be−αtm1 sin ωd tm1 vm 2 = − Be−αtm1 −απ / ωd
vm 2 v 1
sin ωd tm1 ∴ = −e−απ / ωd ; let m 2 =
Vm1 vm1 100
ωd 1 21
∴ eαπ / ωd = 100, α =ln 100; α = = ,
π 2RC R
1 21 ln100
ω02 = = 6 ∴ωd = 6 − 441/ R 2 ∴ 6R 2 − 441
LC R πR
  21π  
2
∴ R = 1/ 6  441 +    = 10.3781Ω To keep

  100  
vm 2
< 0.01, chose R = 10.3780Ω v′(0 + ) = ωd
vm1
2
 21   0 
B = B 6−  = 4R 10 +  ∴ B = 1.380363
 10.378   10.3780 
2
21  21 
α= = 2.02351; ωd = 6 −   = 1.380363
10.378  10.378 
∴ v = 304.268e −2.02351t sin 1.380363t v tm1 = 0.434 s,
vm1 = 71.2926v Computed values show
ts = 2.145sec; vm 2 = 0.7126 < 0.01vm1
28. We replace the 25-Ω resistor to obtain an underdamped response:

1 1
α = and ω0 = ; we require α < ω0.
2RC LC
1
Thus, < 3464 or R > 34.64 mΩ.
10 × 10− 6 R
For R = 34.64 Ω (1000× the minimum required value), the response is:
v(t) = e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt) where α = 2887 s-1 and ωd = 1914 rad/s.
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 and vC(0+) = vC(0-) = (2)(25) = 50 V = A.
dvL dv
iL(t) = L = L C
dt dt
[
= L e (− Aω d t sin ω d t + Bω d t cos ω d t ) - αe −αt ( A cos ω d t + Bsinω d t )
−αt
]
50 × 10−3
+
iL(0 ) = 0 = [B ω d - αA], so that B = 75.42 V.
3
Thus, v(t) = e-2887t (50 cos 1914t + 75.42 sin 1914t) V.
Sketch of v(t). PSpice schematic for t > 0 circuit.
From PSpice the settling time using R = 34.64 Ω is approximately 1.6 ms.
29. (a,b) For t < 0 s, we see from the circuit below that the capacitor and the resistor are
shorted by the presence of the inductor. Hence, iL(0-) = 4 A and vC(0-) = 0 V.
When the 4-A source turns off at t = 0 s, we are left with a parallel RLC circuit such that
α = 1/2RC = 1 s-1 and ω0 = 5.099 rad/s. Since α < ω0, the response will be underdamped
with ωd = 5 rad/s. Assume the form iL(t) = e-αt (C cos ωdt + D sin ωdt) for the response.
With iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 4 A, we find C = 4 A. To find D, we first note that
di
vC(t) = vL(t) = L L
dt
and so vC(t) = (2/13) [e-αt (-Cωd sin ωdt + Dωd cos ωdt) - αe-αt (C cos ωdt + D sin ωdt)]
With vC(0+) = 0 = (2/13) (5D – 4), we obtain D = 0.8 A.
Thus, iL(t) = e-t (4 cos 5t + 0.8 sin 5t) A
We see that the simulation

result confirms our hand
analysis; there is only a
slight difference due to
numerical error between
the simulation result and
our exact expression.
(c) Using the cursor tool, the settling

time is approximately 4.65 s.
30. (a) For t < 0 s, we see from the circuit that the capacitor and the resistor are shorted by
the presence of the inductor. Hence, iL(0-) = 4 A and vC(0-) = 0 V.
When the 4-A source turns off at t = 0 s, we are left with a parallel RLC circuit such that
α = 1/2RC = 0.4 s-1 and ω0 = 5.099 rad/s. Since α < ω0, the response will be
underdamped with ωd = 5.083 rad/s. Assume the form iL(t) = e-αt (C cos ωdt + D sin ωdt)
for the response.
With iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 4 A, we find C = 4 A. To find D, we first note that
di
vC(t) = vL(t) = L L
dt
and so vC(t) = (2/13) [e-αt (-Cωd sin ωdt + Dωd cos ωdt) - αe-αt (C cos ωdt + D sin ωdt)]
With vC(0+) = 0 = (2/13) (5.083D – 0.4C), we obtain D = 0.3148 A.
Thus, iL(t) = e-0.4t (4 cos 5.083t + 0.3148 sin 5.083t) A and iL(2.5) = 1.473 A.
(b) α = 1/2RC = 4 s-1 and ω0 = 5.099 rad/s. Since α < ω0, the new response will still be
underdamped, but with ωd = 3.162 rad/s. We still may write
vC(t) = (2/13) [e-αt (-Cωd sin ωdt + Dωd cos ωdt) - αe-αt (C cos ωdt + D sin ωdt)]
and so with vC(0+) = 0 = (2/13) (3.162D – 4C), we obtain D = 5.06 A.
Thus, iL(t) = e-4t (4 cos 3.162t + 5.06 sin 3.162t) A and iL(.25) = 2.358 A.
(c)
We see from the simulation
result below that our hand
calculations are correct; the
slight disagreement is due to
numerical inaccuracy.
Changing the step ceiling
from the 10-ms value
employed to a smaller value
will improve the accuracy.
R 2 1 4
31. Series: α= = = 4, ω o2 = = = 20, ω d = 20 − 16 = 2
2L 1/ 2 LC 0.2
∴ iL = e−4t (A1 cos 2t + A 2 sin 2t ); iL (0) = 10A, vc (0) = 20V
1
∴ A1 = 10; iL′ (0+ ) = vL (0 + ) = 4 (20 − 20) = 0
L
∴ iL′ (0+ ) = 2A 2 − 4 × 10 ∴ A 2 = 20
∴ iL (t ) = e−4 t (10 cos 2t + 20sin 2t )A, t > 0
32.
R 80
vc (0) = 50 + 80 × 2 = 210 V, iL (0) = 0, α = = = 20
2L 4
100
ω o2 = = 500 : ω d = 500 − 202 = 10
2
∴ vc (t ) = e −20t (A1 cos10t + A 2 sin10t ) ∴ A1 = 210 V
1
∴ vc (t ) = e −20t (210 cos10t + A 2 sin10t ); vc′ (0+ ) =
ic (0+ ) = 0
C
−20 t
∴ 0 = 10A 2 − 20 (210), A 2 = 420 ∴ vc (t ) = e (210 cos10t + 420sin10t )
∴ vc (40ms) = e −0.8 (210 cos 0.4 + 420sin 0.4) = 160.40 V
Also, iL = e −20t (B1 cos10t + B2 sin10t ),
1 1 1
iL (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = [0 − vc (0+ )] = × 210
L 2 2
∴ iL′ (0+ ) = −105 = 10B2 ∴ B2 = 10.5
∴ iL (t ) = −10.5e−20t sin10t A, t > 0
∴ vR (t ) = 80iL = 840e −20t sin 10tV
∴ vR (40ms) = −840e −0.8 sin 0.4 = −146.98 V
vL (t ) = −vc (t ) − vc (t ) − vR (t ) ∴ vL
(40ms) = −160.40 + 146.98 = −13.420 V
[check: vL = e −20t (−210 cos− 420 sin + 840sin)
= e−20t (−210 cos10t + 420sin10t ) V, t > 0
∴ vL (40ms) = e −0.8 ( −210 cos− 420sin + 840 sin) = e−20t
(−210 cos10t + 420sin10t )V, t > 0
∴ VL (40ms) = e −0.8
(420sin 0.4 − 210 cos 0.4) = −13.420 V Checks]
33. “Obtain an expression for vc(t) in the circuit of Fig. 9.8 (dual) that is valid for all t′′.
µF
Ω mF A
R 0.02 ×106 106 × 3

α= = = 4000, ω o2 = = 1.2 × 107
2L 2 × 2.5 2.5 × 10
∴ s1,2 = −4000 ± 16 × 106 − 12 × 106 = −2000, − 6000
1
∴ vc (t ) = A1e −2000t + A 2 e −6000t ; vc (0) =
× 100 = 2V
50
1
iL (0) = 100A ∴ 2 = A1 + A 2 , vc′ (0+ ) =
C
3
(−iL (0)) = − × 103 × 100 = −3000v / s
100
∴−3000 = −200A1 − 600A 2 , − 1.5 = −A1 − 3A 2
∴ 0.5 = −2A 2 , = −0.25, A1 = 2.25
∴ vc (t ) = (2.25e −200t − 0.25e −6000t ) u (t ) + 2u (−t ) V (checks)
R2 1 1
34. (a) crit. damp; α 2 = 2
= ω o2 = ∴ L = R 2C
4L LC 4
1 200
∴ L = × 4 × 104−6 = 0.01H, α = = 104 = ω o
4 0.02
∴ vc (t ) = e −10000t (A1t + A 2 ); vc (0) = −10V, iL (0) = −0.15A
1
∴ A 2 = −10, vc (t ) = e −10000 t (A1t − 0); vc′ (0+ ) = −
C
iL (0) = −106 (−0.15) = 150, 000
Now, vc′ (0 + ) = A1 + 105 = 150, 000 ∴ A1 = 50, 000
∴ vc (t ) = e −10,000t (50, 000t − 10) V, t > 0
(b) vc′ (t ) = e −10,000t [50, 000 − 10, 000 (50, 000t − 10)] =∴
15
5 = 50, 000tm − 10 ∴ tm = = 0.3ms
50, 000
∴ vc (tm ) = e −3 (15 − 10) = 5e −3 = 0.2489V
vc (0) = −10V ∴ vc max
= 10V
(c) vc ,max = 0.2489V
35. (a) R 250 1 106

α= = = 25, ω o2 = = = 400
2L 10 LC 2500
s1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ω o2 = −25 ± 15 = −10, −40
∴ iL = A1 e −10t + A 2 e −40t , iL (0) = 0.5A, vc (0) = 100V
1 1
∴ 0.5 = A1 + A 2 , iL′ (0+ ) = vL (0 + ) =
5 5
(100 − 25 − 100) = −5 A / s = −10A1 − 40A 2
∴ 5 = 10 A1 + 40 (0.5 − A1 ) = 10A1 − 40
A1 + 20 ∴−30A1 = −15, A1 = 0.5, A 2 = 0
∴ iL (t ) = 0.5e−10t A, t > 0
(b) vc = A3e −10t + A 4 e−40t ∴100 = A3 + A 4 ;

1 106
vc′ = ic′ (0+ ) (−0.5) = −1000
c 500
∴−10A3 − 40A 4 = −1000 ∴−3A 4 = 0, A 4 = 0, A 3 = 100
∴ vc (t ) = 100e −10t V t > 0
36. (a) R 2 1
α= = = 1, ω o2 = = 5, ω d = ω o2 − α 2 = 2
2L 2 LC
−t
∴ iL = e (B1 cos 2t + B2 sin 2t ), iL (0) = 0, vc (0) = 10V
∴ B1 = 0, iL = B2 e− t sin 2t
1
i1 (0) = vL (0+ ) = vR (0+ ) − Vc (0+ ) = 0 − 10 = 2B2
1
∴ B2 = 5 ∴ iL = −5e − t sin 2tA, t > 0
(b) iL′ = −5[e − t (2 cos 2t − sin 2t )] = 0

∴ 2 cos 2t = sin 2t , tan 2t = 2
∴ t1 = 0.5536 s, iL (t1 ) = −2.571A
2t2 = 2 × 0.5536 + π , t2 = 2.124,
iL (t2 ) = 0.5345 ∴ iL max
= 2.571A
and iL max = 0.5345A
37. We are presented with a series RLC circuit having

α = R/2L = 4700 s-1 and ωo = 1/ LC = 447.2 rad/s; therefore we expect an
overdamped response with s1 = -21.32 s-1 and s2 = -9379 s-1.
From the circuit as it exists for t < 0, it is evident that iL(0-) = 0 and vC(0-) = 4.7 kV
Thus, vL(t) = A e–21.32t + B e-9379t [1]
With iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 and iR(0+) = 0 we conclude that vR(0+) = 0; this leads to vL(0+) =
-vC(0-) = -4.7 kV and hence A + B = -4700 [2]
di
Since vL = L , we may integrate Eq. [1] to find an expression for the inductor current:
dt
1  A − 21.32 t B − 9379 t 
iL(t) = - e - e
L  21.32 9379 

1  A B 
At t = 0+, iL = 0 so we have - - = 0 [3]
500 × 10  21.32 9379 
-3 
Simultaneous solution of Eqs. [2] and [3] yields A = 10.71 and B = -4711. Thus,
vL(t) = 10.71e-21.32t - 4711 e-9379t V, t>0
and the peak inductor voltage magnitude is 4700 V.
38. Considering the circuit as it exists for t < 0, we conclude that vC(0-) = 0 and iL(0-) = 9/4 =
2.25 A. For t > 0, we are left with a parallel RLC circuit having α = 1/2RC = 0.25 s-1 and
ωo = 1/ LC = 0.3333 rad/s. Thus, we expect an underdamped response with ωd =
0.2205 rad/s:
iL(t) = e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt)
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 2.25 = A
so iL(t) = e–0.25t (2.25 cos 0.2205t + B sin 0.2205t)
In order to determine B, we must invoke the remaining boundary condition. Noting that
di
vC(t) = vL(t) = L L
dt
= (9)(-0.25)e-0.25t (2.25 cos 0.2205t + B sin 0.2205t)
+ (9) e-0.25t [-2.25(0.2205) sin 0.2205t + 0.2205B cos 0.2205t]
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = (9)(-0.25)(2.25) + (9)(0.2205B)

so B = 2.551 and
iL(t) = e-0.25t [2.25 cos 0.2205t + 2.551 sin 0.2205t] A
Thus, iL(2) = 1.895 A
This answer is borne out by PSpice simulation:
39. Considering the circuit at t < 0, we note that iL(0-) = 9/4 = 2.25 A and vC(0-) = 0.
1 1
For a critically damped circuit, we require α = ωo, or = , which, with
2RC LC
L = 9 H and C = 1 F, leads to the requirement that R = 1.5 Ω (so α = 0.3333 s-1).
The inductor energy is given by wL = ½ L [iL(t)]2, so we seek an expression for iL(t):
iL(t) = e-αt (At + B)

Noting that iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 2.25, we see that B = 2.25 and hence
iL(t) = e-0.3333t (At + 2.25)
Invoking the remaining initial condition requires consideration of the voltage across the
capacitor, which is equal in this case to the inductor voltage, given by:
diL
vC(t) = vL(t) = L = 9(-0.3333) e-0.3333t (At + 2.25) + 9A e-0.3333t
dt
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = 9(-0.333)(2.25) + 9A so A = 0.7499 amperes and
iL(t) = e-0.3333t (0.7499t + 2.25) A
Thus, iL(100 ms) = 2.249 A and so wL(100 ms) = 22.76 J
40. With the 144 mJ originally stored via a 12-V battery, we know that the capacitor has a
value of 2 mF. The initial inductor current is zero, and the initial capacitor voltage is 12
V. We begin by seeking a (painful) current response of the form
ibear = Aes1t + Bes2t
Using our first initial condition, ibear(0+) = iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 = A + B
di/dt = As1 es1t + Bs2 es2t
vL = Ldi/dt = ALs1 es1t + BLs2 es2t
vL(0+) = ALs1 + BLs2 = vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 12
What else is known? We know that the bear stops reacting at t = 18 µs, meaning that the
current flowing through its fur coat has dropped just below 100 mA by then (not a long
shock).
Thus, A exp[(18×10-6)s1] + B exp[(18×10-6)s2] = 100×10-3
Iterating, we find that Rbear = 119.9775 Ω.
This corresponds to A = 100 mA, B = -100 mA, s1 = -4.167 s-1 and s2 = -24×106 s-1
41.
R 2 1
vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0, α = = = 4, ω o2 = = 4 × 5 = 20
2L 0.5 LC
∴ω d = 20 − 16 = 2 ∴ iL (t ) = e −4 t (A1 cos 2t + A 2 sin 2t ) + iL , f
iL , f = 10A ∴ iL (t ) = 10 + e −4t (A1 cos 2t + A 2 sin 2t )
∴ 0 = 10 + A1 , A1 = −10, iL (t ) = 10 + e−4t (A 2 sin 2t − 10 cos 2t )
1
iL (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = 4 × 0 = 0 ∴ iL (0+ ) = 0 = 2A 2 + 40, A 2 = −20
L
iL(t) = 10 - e-4t (20 sin 2t + 10 cos 2t) A, t > 0
42. (a) R 100

Series, driven: α = = = 500,
2L 0.2
1 10 × 106
ω o2 = = = 250, 000
LC 40
∴ Crit. damp iL ( f ) = 3(1 − 2) = −3,
iL (0) = 3, vc (0) = 300V
∴ iL = −3 + e −500t (A1t + A 2 ) ∴ 3 = −3 + A 2 , A 2 = 6A
1
iL (0+ ) = A1 − 300 = [vc (0) − vR (0 + )] = 0
L
−5000 t
∴ A1 = 3000 e ∴ iL (t ) = −3 + e−500t
(3000t + 6), t > 0
∴ iL (t ) = 3u (−t ) + [−3 + e−500t (3000t + 6)] u (t )A
(b) e−500to (3000to + 6) = 3; by SOLVE, to = 3.357ms
43.
1 106 1 106 + 3
α= = = 4000, ωo2 = = = 20 ×106
2RC 100 × 2.5 LC 50
∴ωd = ωo2 − α 2 = 2000, iL (0) = 2A, vc (0) = 0
ic , f = 0, (vc , f = 0) ∴ ic = e −400t (A1 cos 2000t + A 2 sin 2000t )
work with vc : vc (t ) = e−4000t (B1 cos 2000t + B2 sin 2000t ) ∴ B1 = 0
1 106
∴ vc = B2 e sin 2000t , vc′ (0 ) = ic (0 ) =
−4000 t + +
(2 × 1) = 8 × 105
C 2.5
−4000 t
∴ 8 × 10 = 2000B2 , B2 = 400, vc = 400e
5
sin 2000t
∴ ic (t ) = Cvc′ = 2.5 × 10−6 × 400e −4000t (−4000sin 200t + 2000cos 200t )
= 10−6 +3+ 3 e−4000 t (−4sin 2000t + 2 cos 2000t )
= e −4000t (2 cos 2000t − 4 sin 2000t ) A, t > 0
44.
R 250 1 106
α= = = 25, ωo2 = = = 400
2L 10 LC 2500
s1,2 = −25 ± 625 − 400 = −10, −40
iL (0) = 0.5A, vc (0) = 100V, iL , f = −0.5A
∴ iL (t ) = −0.5 + A1e −10t + A 2 e −40t A
t = 0+ : vL (0+ ) = 100 − 50 × 1 − 200 × 0.5 = −50V ∴−50 = 5iL′ (0+ )
∴ iL′ (0 + ) = −10 ∴−10 = −10A1 − 40A 2 , 0.5 = −0.5 + A1 + A 2
∴ A1 + A 2 = 1∴−10 = −10A 2 − 40( −1+A1 ) = −50A1 + 40, A1 = 1, A 2 = 0
∴ iL (t ) = −0.5 + 1e −10t A, t > 0; iL (t ) = 0.5A, t > 0
45.
R 1 1
α= = = 1, ωo2 = = 1∴ crit. damp
2L 1 LC
5
vc (0) = × 12 = 10V, iL (0) = 2A, vc , f = 12V
6
1 1
∴ vc (t ) = 12 + e− t (A1t − 2); vc′ (0+ ) = ic (0+ ) = × iL (0+ ) = 1
C 2
−t
∴1 = A1 + 2; A1 = −1∴ vc (t ) = 12 − e (t + 2) V, t > 0
46. (a) 1 8 × 106 8 ×106 ×13

α= = = 1000, ω2
= = 26 ×106
2RC 2 × 4 ×10 3 o
4
∴ωd = 26 − 1 × 103 = 5000, vc (0) = 8V
iL (0) = 8mA, vc , f = 0
∴ vc = e −1000 t (A1 cos1000t + A 2 sin 5000t )
1 8
∴ A1 = 8; vc′ (0+ ) = ic (0+ ) = 8 × 106 (0.01 − − 0.008) = 0
C 4000
∴ 5000A 2 − 1000 × 8 = 0, A 2 = 1.6
So vc(t) = e-1000t (8 cos 1000t + 1.6 sin 1000t) V, t > 0
(b)
47. (a) 1 106

vs (t ) = 10u (−t ) V: α = = = 1000
2RC 1000
1 106 × 3 3
ωo =
2
= ∴ s1,2 = −1000 ± 106 − ×106 = −500, − 1500
LC 4 4
−500 t −1500 t
vc , f = 0 ∴ vc = A1e + A 2e , vc (0) = 10V, iL (0) = 0
 10 
∴10 = A1 + A 2 , vc′ = 106 ic (0+ ) = 106 0 −  = −2 × 104
 500 
∴−2 × 10 = −500A1 − 1500A ∴ 40 = A1 + 3A 2 ∴ 30 = 2A 2 , A 2 = 15, A1 = −5
4
∴ vc = −5e −500 t + 15e−1500 t V, t > 0 ∴ is = ic = Cvc′

∴ is = 10−6 (2500e−500 t − 22,500e −1500 t )
= 2.5e −500 t − 22.5e −1500t mA, t > 0
(b) vs (t ) = 10u (t ) V ∴ vc , f = 10V, vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0

∴ vc = 10 + A3 e −500t + A 4 e −1500t ∴ A3 + A 4 = −10
 10 
vc′ (0 + ) = 106 ic (0+ ) = 106  0 +  = 2 × 10 = −500 A 3 − 1500 A 4
4
 500 
∴− A3 − 3A 4 = 40, add: − 2A 4 = 30, A 4 = −15, A3 = 5,
vc = 10 + 5e−500t − 15e−1500t V, is = ic =
10−6 (−2500e−500 t + 22,500e−1500t ) = 25e−500 t + 22.5e−1500 t mA, t > 0
48. (a) 1 106

vs = 10u (−t ) V : α = = = 1000
2RC 2000 × 0.5
1 2 × 106 × 3
ωo2 = = = 0.75 ×106 ∴ s1,2 = −500, − 1500
LC 8
∴ vc = A1e−500t + A 2 e−1500 t , vo (0) = 10V, iL (0) = 10mA
∴ A1 + A 2 = 10, vc′ (0+ ) = 2 × 106 [iL (0) − iR (0+ )] = 2 × 106
 10 
 0.01 − 1000  = 0 ∴−500A1 − 1500 A 2 = 0,
 
− A1 − 3A 2 = 0; add: − 2 A 2 = 10, A 2 = −5, A1 = 15
∴ vc (t ) = 15e−500t − 5e−1500 t V t > 0
∴ iR (t ) = 15e−500t − 5e−1500t mA, t > 0
(b) vs = 10u (t ) V, vc , f = 10, vc = 10 + A 3e−500t + A 4 e−1500 t ,
vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0 ∴ A3 + A 4 = −10V, vc′ (0+ ) = 2 × 106

[iL (0) − iR (0 + )] = 2 × 106 (0 − 0) = 0 = −500A3 − 1500A 4
∴− A3 − 3A 4 = 0, add: − 2A 4 = −10, A 4 = 5 ∴ A3 = −15
∴ vc (t ) = 10 − 15e −500 t + 5e −1500t V, t > 0
∴ iR (t ) = 10 − 15e −500t + 5e1500t mA, t > 0
49. (a) vS(0-) = vC(0-) = 2(15) = 30 V

(b) iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 15 A
Thus, iC(0+) = 22 – 15 = 7 A and vS(0+) = 3(7) + vC(0+) = 51 V
(c) As t → ∞, the current through the inductor approaches 22 A, so vS(t→ ∞,) = 44 A.
(d) We are presented with a series RLC circuit having α = 5/2 = 2.5 s-1 and ωo = 3.536
rad/s. The natural response will therefore be underdamped with ωd = 2.501 rad/s.
iL(t) = 22 + e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt)
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 15 = 22 + A so A = -7 amperes
Thus, iL(t) = 22 + e-2.5t (-7 cos 2.501t + B sin 2.501t)
di di
vS(t) = 2 iL(t) + L L = 2i L + L = 44 + 2e-2.5t (-7cos 2.501t + Bsin 2.501t)
dt dt
– 2.5e (-7cos 2.501t + Bsin 2.501t) + e-2.5t [7(2.501) sin 2.501t + 2.501B cos 2.501t)]
-2.5t
vS(t) = 51 = 44 + 2(-7) – 2.5(-7) + 2.501B so B = 1.399 amperes and hence

vS(t) = 44 + 2e-2.5t (-7cos 2.501t + 1.399sin 2.501t)
-2.5e-2.5t (-7cos 2.501t + 1.399sin 2.501t) + e-2.5t [17.51sin 2.501t + 3.499cos 2.501t)]
and vS(t) at t = 3.4 s = 44.002 V. This is borne out by PSpice simulation:
50. Considering the circuit at t < 0, we see that iL(0-) = 15 A and vC(0-) = 0.
The circuit is a series RLC with α = R/2L = 0.375 s-1 and ω0 = 1.768 rad/s. We therefore
expect an underdamped response with ωd = 1.728 rad/s. The general form of the
response will be
vC(t) = e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt) + 0 (vC(∞) = 0)

vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = A and we may therefore write vC(t) = Be-0.375t sin (1.728t) V
dvC
iC(t) = -iL(t) = C = (80×10-3)(-0.375B e-0.375t sin 1.728t
dt
At t = 0+, iC = 15 + 7 – iL(0+) = 7 = (80×10-3)(1.728B) so that B = 50.64 V.
Thus, vC(t) = 50.64 e–0.375t sin 1.807t V and vC(t = 200 ms) = 16.61 V.
The energy stored in the capacitor at that instant is ½ CvC2 = 11.04 J
51. It’s probably easiest to begin by sketching the waveform vx:

vx (V)
75
t (s)
1 2 3 4
(a) The source current ( = iL(t) ) = 0 at t = 0-.

(b) iL(t) = 0 at t = 0+
(c) We are faced with a series RLC circuit having α = R/2L = 2000 rad/s and ω0 = 2828
rad/s. Thus, an underdamped response is expected with ωd = 1999 rad/s.
The general form of the expected response is iL(t) = e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt)
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 = A so A = 0. This leaves iL(t) = B e-2000t sin 1999t
diL
vL(t) = L = B[(5×10-3)(-2000 e-2000t sin 1999t + 1999 e-2000t cos 1999t)]
dt
vL(0+) = vx(0+) – vC(0+) – 20 iL(0+) = B (5×10-3)(1999) so B = 7.504 A.
Thus, iL(t) = 7.504 e-2000t sin 1999t and iL(1 ms) = 0.9239 A.
(d) Define t' = t – 1 ms for notational convenience. With no source present, we expect a
new response but with the same general form:
iL(t') = e-2000t' (A' cos 1999t' + B' sin 1999t')
diL
vL(t) = L , and this enables us to calculate that vL(t = 1 ms) = -13.54 V. Prior to the
dt
pulse returning to zero volts, -75 + vL + vC + 20 iL = 0 so vC(t' = 0) = 69.97 V.
iL(t' = 0) = A' = 0.9239 and –vx + vL + vC + 20 iL = 0 so that B' = -7.925.
Thus, iL(t') = e-2000 t' (0.9239 cos 1999t' – 7.925 sin 1999t') and
hence iL(t = 2 ms) = iL(t' = 1 ms) = -1.028 A.
52. For t < 0, we have 15 A dc flowing, so that iL = 15 A, vC = 30 V, v3Ω = 0 and vS = 30

V. This is a series RLC circuit with α = R/2L = 2.5 s-1 and ω0 = 3.536 rad/s. We
therefore expect an underdamped response with ωd = 2.501 rad/s.
0<t<1 vC(t) = e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt)

vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 30 = A so we may write vC(t) = e-2.5t (30 cos 2.501t + B sin 2.501t)
dv C
= -2.5e-2.5t(30 cos 2.501t + B sin 2.501t)
dt
+ e-2.5t [-30(2.501)sin 2.501t + 2.501B cos 2.501t]
iC(0+) = C dvC = 80×10-3[-2.5(30) + 2.501B] = -iL(0+) = -iL(0-) = -15 so B = -44.98 V

dt t = 0+
Thus, vC(t) = e-2.5t (30 cos 2.501t – 44.98 sin 2.501t) and
iC(t) = e-2.5t (-15 cos 2.501t + 2.994 sin 2.501t).
Hence, vS(t) = 3 iC(t) + vC(t) = e-2.5t (-15 cos 2.501t – 36 sin 2.501t)
Prior to switching, vC(t = 1) = -4.181 V and iL(t = 1) = -iC(t = 1) = -1.134 A.
t > 2: Define t' = t – 1 for notational simplicity. Then, with the fact that vC(∞) = 6 V,
our response will now be vC(t') = e-αt' (A' cos ωdt' + B' sin ωdt') + 6.
With vC(0+) = A' + 6 = -4.181, we find that A' = -10.18 V.
iC(0+) = C dvC = (80×10-3)[(-2.5)(-10.18) + 2.501B')] = 3 – iL(0+) so B' = 10.48 V
dt ′ t ′ = 0+
Thus, vC(t') = e-2.5t (-10.18 cos 2.501t' + 10.48 sin 2.501t') and
iC(t') = e-2.5t (4.133 cos 2.501t' – 0.05919 sin 2.501t').
Hence, vS(t') = 3 iC(t') + vC(t') = e-2.5t (2.219 cos 2.501t' + 10.36 sin 2.501t')
We see that our hand

calculations are supported by
the PSpice simulation.
53. The circuit described is a series RLC circuit, and the fact that oscillations are detected
tells us that it is an underdamped response that we are modeling. Thus,
iL(t) = e-αt (A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt) where we were given that ωd = 1.825×106 rad/s.
1
ω0 = = 1.914×106 rad/s, and so ωd2 = ω02 – α2 leads to α2 = 332.8×109
LC
Thus, α = R/2L = 576863 s-1, and hence R = 1003 Ω.

Theoretically, this value must include the “radiation resistance” that accounts for the
power lost from the circuit and received by the radio; there is no way to separate this
effect from the resistance of the rag with the information provided.
54. The key will be to coordinate the decay dictated by α, and the oscillation period
determined by ωd (and hence partially by α). One possible solution of many:
Arbitrarily set ωd = 2π rad/s.
We want a capacitor voltage vC(t) = e-αt (A cos 2πt + B sin 2πt). If we go ahead and
decide to set vC(0-) = 0, then we can force A = 0 and simplify some of our algebra.
Thus, vC(t) = B e-αt sin 2πt. This function has max/min at t = 0.25 s, 0.75 s, 1.25 s, etc.
Designing so that there is no strong damping for several seconds, we pick α = 0.5 s-1.
Choosing a series RLC circuit, this now establishes the following:
R/2L = 0.5 so R = L and
2
1 1
ωd = ω 02 -   = 39.73 rad/s =
 2 LC
Arbitrarily selecting R = 1 Ω, we find that L = 1 H and C = 25.17 mF. We need the first
peak to be at least 5 V. Designing for B = 10 V, we ∴need iL(0+) = 2π(25.17×10-3)(10) =
1.58 A. Our final circuit, then is:
And the operation is verified by a simple PSpice simulation:
55. For t < 0, iL(0-) = 3 A and vC(0-) = 25(3) = 75 V. This is a series RLC circuit with α =
R/2L = 5000 s-1 and ω0 = 4000 rad/s. We therefore expect an overdamped response with
s1 = -2000 s-1 and s2 = -8000 s-1. The final value of vC = -50 V.
For t > 0, vC(t) = A e-2000t + B e-8000t - 50
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 75 = A + B – 50
so A + B = 125 [1]
dvC
= -2000 Ae-2000t – 8000 Be-8000t
dt
dvC
iC(0+) = C = 3 – 5 – iL(0-) = -5 = -25×10-6 (2000A + 8000B)
dt t =0 +
Thus, 2000A + 8000B = 5/25×10-6 [2]
Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], we find that A = 133.3 V and B = -8.333 V. Thus,
vC(t) = 133.3 e-2000t – 8.333 e-8000t – 50

and vC(1 ms) = -31.96 V. This is confirmed by the PSpice simulation shown below.
56. α = 0 (this is a series RLC with R = 0, or a parallel RLC with R = ∞)

ωo2 = 0.05 therefore ωd = 0.223 rad/s. We anticipate a response of the form:
v(t) = A cos 0.2236t + B sin 0.2236t
v(0+) = v(0-) = 0 = A therefore v(t) = B sin 0.2236t
dv/dt = 0.2236B cos 0.2236t; iC(t) = Cdv/dt = 0.4472B cos 0.2236t
iC(0+) = 0.4472B = -iL(0+) = -iL(0-) = -1×10-3 so B = -2.236×10-3 and thus
v(t) = -2.236 sin 0.2236t mV
In designing the op amp stage, we first write the differential equation:
1 t dv
10 ∫0
v dt ′ + 10-3 + 2
dt
= 0 (iC + iL = 0)
and then take the derivative of both sides:
d 2v 1
2
= - v
dt 20
dv
With = (0.2236)(−2.236 × 10 − 3 ) = −5 × 10 − 4 , one possible solution is:
dt t = 0 +
PSpice simulations are very sensitive to parameter values; better results were obtained
using LF411 instead of 741s (both were compared to the simple LC circuit simulation.)
Simulation using 741 op amps Simulation using LF411 op amps
57.
v dv
+ 3.3 × 10-3 = 0
1000 dt
(a) or
dv 1
= - v
dt 3.3
(b) One possible solution:
58. α = 0 (this is a series RLC with R = 0, or a parallel RLC with R = ∞)

ωo2 = 50 therefore ωd = 7.071 rad/s. We anticipate a response of the form:
v(t) = A cos 7.071t + B sin 7.071t, knowing that iL(0-) = 2 A and v(0-) = 0.
v(0+) = v(0-) = 0 = A therefore v(t) = B sin 7.071t
dv/dt = 7.071B cos 7.071t; iC(t) = Cdv/dt = 0.007071B cos 7.071t
iC(0+) = 0.007071B = -iL(0+) = -iL(0-) = -2 so B = -282.8 and thus
v(t) = -282.8 sin 7.071t V
In designing the op amp stage, we first write the differential equation:
1 t dv
20 ∫0
v dt ′ + 2 + 10- 3
dt
= 0 (iC + iL = 0)
and then take the derivative of both sides:
d 2v
= - 50v
dt 2
dv
With = (7.071)(−282.8) = −2178 , one possible solution is:
dt t = 0 +
59. (a) vR = vL
diL diL
20(-iL) = 5 or = - 4iL
dt dt
(b) We expect a response of the form iL(t) = A e-t/ τ where τ = L/R = 0.25.
We know that iL(0-) = 2 amperes, so A = 2 and iL(t) = 2 e-4t

diL
= -4(2) = -8 A/s.
dt t =0 +
One possible solution, then, is
8V
1 µF
1 MΩ
i
↓
1Ω
4 kΩ
1 kΩ
60. We see either a series RLC with R = 0 or a parallel RLC with R = ∞; either way, α = 0.
ω02 = 0.3 so ωd = 0.5477 rad/s (combining the two inductors in parallel for the
calculation). We expect a response of the form i(t) = A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt.
i(0+) = i(0-) = A = 1×10-3

di/dt = -Aωd sin ωdt + Bωd cos ωdt
vL = 10di/dt = -10Aωd sin ωdt + 10Bωd cos ωdt
vL(0+) = vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = 10B(0.5477) so that B = 0
and hence i(t) = 10-3 cos 0.5477t A
The differential equation for this circuit is
di
and =0
dt t =0 +
t t
1 1 dv
∫
10 0
vdt ′ + 10-3 + ∫ vdt ′ + 2
20 dt
= 0
↓
or i
d 2v
= − 0.3v 1Ω
dt 2
One possible solution is:

Solutions Chap09

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CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

1. ω o L = 10Ω, s1 = −6s −1 , s2 = −8s −1

2. ic = 40e −100t − 30e −200t mA, C = 1mF, v(0) = −0.25V

∴ v(t ) = −0.4(e−100t − 1) + 0.15(e −200t − 1) − 0.25

(b) s1 = −100 = −α + α 2 − ωo2 , s2 = −200 = −α − α 2 − ωo2

(c) (i )t = −iR (t ) − ic (t ) = (0.12 − 0.04)e −100t + (−0.045 + 0.03)e −200t

3. Parallel RLC with ωo = 70.71 × 1012 rad/s. L = 2 pH.

(c) α is the neper frequency: 5 Gs-1

(d) S1 = −α + α 2 − ω2o = −5 ×109 + j 70.71×1012 s −1

Show that v(t ) = e−αt ( A1t + A2 ) is a solution to

Thus, v(t ) = e−αt ( A1t + A2 ) is in fact a solution to the differential equation.

Next, with v(0) = A2 = 16

 100 cm   1in  1ft  6.39 Ω 

(a) The resonant frequency is unchanged, so ωo = 800 rad/s

6. L = 5H, R = 8Ω, C = 12.5mF, v (0+ ) = 40V

∴ iL (t ) = A1e−2000t + A 2 e−6000 t , t > 0 ∴ A1 + A s = 2

∴ iL = A1e −50t + A 2 e −450t ∴ A1 + A 2 = 2; iL′ (0 + ) = 45(−2) = −50A1 − 450A 2

(c) vmax at t = 0 ∴ vmax = 18V ∴ 0.18 = 20.25e−4ts − 2.25e−36ts

Solving using a scientific calculator, we find that ts = 1.181 s.

Thus, v(t ) = Ae−8t + Be−2t

Using the initial conditions, v(0) = 125 = A + B [1]

Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], A = 150 V

Thus, v(t ) = 166.7e−8t − 41.67 e−2 t , t > 0

12. (a) We want a response v = Ae−4t + Be−6t

Solving either equation, we obtain ωo = 4.899 rad/s

(b) If iR (0+ ) = 10 A and ic (0+ ) = 15 A, find A and B.

with iR (0+ ) = 10 A, vR (0+ ) = v(0+ ) = vc (0+ ) = 20 V

(b) ic (0 + ) = −iL (0+ ) − iR (0 + ) = 0 − 2 = −2 A

(c) t > 0: parallel (source-free) RLC circuit

Since α > ω0, this system is overdamped. Thus,

(e) −25e −2000 t + 75e −6000 t = 0 ⇒ t = 274.7 µs

Rearranging, we obtain 2i1 – 2i2 = 0 and –4i1 + 6 i2 = 0. Solving, i1 = 13.5 A and i2 = 9 A.

(a) iA (0 − ) = i1 − i2 = 4.5 A and iL (0− ) = i2 = 9 A

4.444 H −vc (0 + ) + 7iA (0 + ) − 3iA (0 + ) + 2i A (0+ ) = 0

To find the second equation required to determine the coefficients, we write:

iL (0+ ) = 9 = −25 ×10−3[ −1.881(6 A) − 4.785(6 B)] − A − B

Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], A = −20.66 and B = +20.66

15. Diameter of a dime: approximately 8 mm. Area = π r 2 = 0.5027cm 2

εr εo A (88) (8.854 ×10−14 F/cm) (0.5027cm2 )

For an over damped response, we require α > ωo.

crit. damp. (a) L = 4R 2 C = 4 × 1× 2 ×10−3 = 8mH

iL max : (250tm + 2) = 0, 1 = 250tm + 2, tm < 0 No!

18. L = 5mH, C = 10 −8 F, crit. damp. v(0) = −400V, i (0) = 0.1A

(a) L = 4R 2 C = 5 × 10−3 = 4R 2 10−8 ∴ R = 353.6Ω

(c) ∴imax = i (0) = 0.1A

ε r ε o A (88) (8.854 ×10−14 ) (0.5027)

20. Critically damped parallel RLC with α = 10−3 s −1 , R = 1MΩ .

21. 1 106 1 106+3

(a) iL (0+ ) = iL (0) = 4A

(b) vc (0+ ) = vc (0) = 0

(e) ∴ (e) 0 = 1(B1 )∴ B1 = 0, vc (t ) = B2 e − t sin 5t , vc′ (0+ ) = B 2 (5) = −16

∴ isw = 10 − e−5000t (10 cos104 t − 7.5sin104 t ) mA, t > 0

(b) v = 10.032e−20t cos (200t − 4.574°)V

∴ R = 1/ 6  441 +    = 10.3781Ω To keep

28. We replace the 25-Ω resistor to obtain an underdamped response:

Thus, v(t) = e-2887t (50 cos 1914t + 75.42 sin 1914t) V.

Sketch of v(t). PSpice schematic for t > 0 circuit.

We see that the simulation

(c) Using the cursor tool, the settling

R 0.02 ×106 106 × 3

(c) vc ,max = 0.2489V

35. (a) R 250 1 106

(b) vc = A3e −10t + A 4 e−40t ∴100 = A3 + A 4 ;

(b) iL′ = −5[e − t (2 cos 2t − sin 2t )] = 0