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1. Initial
+ve
20 Ns 12 Ns
X Y
Final +ve
2Ns py
X Y
By conservation of momentum,
→ 20 – 12 = – 2 + py
→ py = 20 – 12 + 2 = 10 Ns
Ans. C
2. When an elastic collision occurs between 2 identical masses (equal masses), the masses will
exchange velocities.
Hence, final velocity of P = 0
final velocity of Q = 0
final velocity of R = v
* Note: To show why exchange of velocities always occurs for elastic collisions between equal masses
Consider two masses colliding:
Before collision:
m1 m2
u1 u2
After collision:
m1 m2
v1 v2
Conservation of momentum:
m1u1 m2 u2 m1v1+m2 v2
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2 u2 2 = m1v12 + m2 v2 2
2 2 2 2
m1 u1 - v1 u1+ v1 =m2 v2 - u2 v2 + u2
--------------
u1 - u2 v(3)
2 - v1 ---------------------- (4)
From (1),
m1 (u1 - v1 ) = m2 v2 - u2
(u1 - v1 ) = v2 - u2 -------------- (A)
We want to find the final velocities of each mass, so we need to 'solve' for v1 and v2
From(4),
v1 v2 - u1 u2 ------------- (B)
u1 - v2 - u1 u2 = v2 - u2
2v2 2u1
v2 u1
v1=u1 - u1+u2
v1=u2
Hence v2 =u1 and v1=u2 which means that the 2 identical masses
exchange velocities after an elastic collision
3.
U
mg
Vertical equilibrium:
U = mg + T
T = U – mg
= 656.78 – 58.86
= 598 N (3 s.f.)
4.
1 Rod P 2
Rod Q
Rod R
W
Rod S 3
Rod P
Hinge 2
F2 ?
Rod R
W
F1 ?
Since W is downwards, there must be an upwards force so that the hinge 2 can be in vertical equilibrium.
This upwards component can only be provided by Force F1 (since F1 is acting at an angle, whereas F2 is
just a horizontal force and has no vertical component). Hence,
F1
F2 ? Rod P
Hinge 2
Rod R
W
Now, if we were to resolve F1, we will observe that there is a component pointing to the right of the hinge.
Since the hinge is also in horizontal equilibrium (not moving sideways), there must be a force pointing to
the left on the hinge. This is provided by force F2. Hence,
F1
Rod P
F2
Hinge 2
Rod R
W
Now, this free body diagram must only show forces acting on hinge 2. Therefore,
F1 = force by rod R on hinge 2 -------------- (1)
F2 = force by rod P on hinge 2 -------------- (2)
In order to find whether a rod is being stretched (in tension) or compressed, we have to find the forces
acting on the rod in question
Rod R F3?
F4?
Hinge 3
So to find the force F3 (which is just the force by hinge 2 on rod R),
We use Newton's 3rd Law:
Force by hinge 2 on rod R = – Force by hinge 2 on rod R
Hinge 2
F3
Rod R
Hinge 3
F4 ?
Since the only other force acting on rod R is F4, F4 must act in the opposite direction to F3 so that the rod
R will be in both vertical and horizontal equilibrium. Hence
Hinge 2
F3
Rod R
Hinge 3
F4
This free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the rod R. So we can conclude from this free-body
diagram that the rod is being compressed; it is in compression.
Similarly, we do these steps to find if the other rods are being compressed or stretched (in tension)
Ans. E