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LECTURE NO: i 1
~arbQhydratcsMttabolis"li.
~i~estion:
,
Sometime we have a deficiency in disaccharide enzymes.
This deficiency can be genetic, or
due to a variety of intestinal disease or due to a malnutrition
which affect tbe production of these enzymes.
Now we will talk about a genetic. Lactase is the most, the
high cst in descent of deficiency than any other enzyme.
In to 2/3 of the world populations have a deficiency of
enzyme lactase during adulthood. 90% of African people and people
of south cast Asia have lactase deficiency during adulthood. This
deficiency represent a quantity, not that the enzyme they have is
abnormal, but the deficiency on tbe enzyme itself.
The mechanism by which this age dependent loss of the
enzyme occun is not clear. People who have lactase deficiency they
were have the enzyme but they loss it upon growth.
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which present in 1 glass of milk, this will cause a loss of fluid about 1
liter.
MODosaccbaridcl':
affinity for glucose. Even when you have a fasting level ofsuger, it
This tnmsporter has a high capacity, high V max but low affinity
Catabolism:
In the GI tract, carbohydrates, fats & proteins are degraded
into their monomers. These monomers are absorbed and
metabolized to smaDer constituents producing energy. We have 20
amino acids, differeDt fatty acids aDd different sugars. When
catabolized, they give us few end products (C02, H2 aDd NH3).
Catabolism is a conversion process.
The purposes from catabolism are: I-produce energy
2-produce molecules that
are necessary to build an intcrmediate compound such as acetyl CoA
Anabolism:
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We use precursor molccules (amino acids, fatty acid,
nitrogen base and somctimes intermediate compound such as acetyl
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co enzyme A).
different aspects:
If the cell needs compound x, it will produce it, and when the
amount of x becomes more than the cell needs, tbe process will be
<AMP:
Hydrolysis or phosphorlysis of ATP will lead to a formation
DreAMY.
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'subunits and catalytic subunitll (when attached to it is inactive)
whcn cAMP bind to regulatory subunits these subunits leave the
catalytic site. When the catalytic subunits r alone they will be active.
Catalytic subunits phosphorelate the binding proteins and
these proteins wbich undergo phosphorelation have different
functions, some are activated others are inhibited and others take
part in ion channels which may excite the channel to transport
substances and other proteins may bind to DNA promoters
increasing tbe expn~ssion of specific genes to make more proteins or
enzymes.
The previous phospborelation processes are reversible by
phosphatase enzyme which work after the dissociation of the signals.