PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY 2010

BAHAGIAN SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH DAN SEKOLAH KLUSTER KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY

2010
2. Puan Tuan Norma binti Tuan Yaacob SMS Alam Shah 3. Encik Meli bin Hussin SMS Kuala Terengganu

MODULE Form 5
Teachers Copy
DISEDIAKAN OLEH: 1. Puan Hasimah binti Azit - Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya

PAPER 2 Section B

PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY 2010

Question 1 Diagram 1 shows a ball and socket joint with tissues P, Q and which are responsible for locomotion in a human.

(a) Explain how bending of arm is brought by the structures P, Q, R and joints. [10 marks] F1 During bending an arm, R / biceps muscle contracts, while the triceps relaxes. F2 Contraction of biceps muscle produce energy F3 That generated by mitochondria F4 Energy is transferred to the ulna through the Q / tendon. F5 And connects the biceps muscle to the ulna F6 So ulna is pulled upwards F7 At the same time P binds humerus and ulna F8 Prevents both of the bone from dislocate/ hold two bones together F9 Humerus and ulna provide surface for the attachment of skeletal muscles F10 Joints allows the bone to move in one plane F11 Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid F12 That acts as lubricant to reduce friction between two bones (Any 10 F)

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Question 2: (a) Explain how the first line of defence can prevent the entry of pathogens into the body [6 marks] The first line of defence in the prevention of pathogens entering the body can be the function of (i) The skin F1 The skin serves as a protective layer against the entry of pathogens. F2 The ph of the skin which is in the range of 3 to 5 provides an acidic environment which is not conducive for the growth of microorganisms. F3 The enzyme lysozyme which is present in the sweat and sebum on the surface of the skin can kill microorganisms. (ii) The nose and respiratory tract. F1 The mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract can trap microbes, dust and foreign matter. F2 The ciliated epithelium which lines the respiratory tract and the nasal cavity can remove the mucus when a person coughs or sneezes. (iii) The stomach. F1 The hydrochloric acid in the stomach can kill the microbes that is present in the food that has entered the body. F2 Besides all these, the body has natural reactions such as diarrhoea and diarrhoea that F3Can help to remove toxins and microbes very quickly before it is sent to other parts of the body. (b) Explain the effect of taking fatty foods that have high cholesterol content to human healthy life. [4 marks] F1 Our body has better ability to store fats rather than use it to release energy. E1 As a result fats and excess cholesterol will settle on the arterial wall causing a condition known as arteriosclerosis. E2 The lumen of the artery becomes narrow and hi nders/slowing down the flow of blood, thus causing high blood pressure/hypertension. E3 If the coronary artery is blocked, the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart is affected. E4 This will cause a heart attack. E5 If the flow of blood to the brain is blocked, there is a possibility that stroke can occur.

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Question 3: (a) Explain the principle involved in genetic engineering [2 marks] F1 Genetic engineering is a technique of manipulating the genes in an organism E1 by removing a gene from one organism and transferring it to another organism (b) Discuss the importance of genetic engineering in the medical and agricultural field. [4 marks] The importance of genetic engineering in the medical field. F1 Production of insulin from bacteria. E1 Gene from the pancreas that can produce insulin is removed and inserted into the DNA molecule of bacteria. E2 The bacteria that can produce insulin grows very fast in a suitable nutrient medium. E3 Insulin can be produced in large quantities in a short time. Genetic engineering in agriculture. F1 Produce food or plants which are genetically modified to produce high quality yield. E1 Produce plants with high quality yield as they are resistant to viral attacks, pesticides or predators. (c) Diagram 3 shows DNA finger printing. DNA finger printing is more scientific, accurate and advanced compared to the thumbprint in criminal investigation.

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Discuss the use of DNA fingerprinting in the identification of the parents of a child. Based on your answer, identify the father of the child. [4 marks] F1 DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify parents of a child based on DNA banding similarity E1 Generally, the DNA profile of a child is the combination of the mother and father. E2 A child inherit half of the chromosomes number from father and half from mother. E3 DNA fingerprinting gives more details and information regarding the identity of a person while thumbprints give general information as it is based on a few different types. E4 A blood sample, seminal fluid or any tissue can be analysed and its result is compared with that of an individual who is a suspect. E5 In conclusion, man P is the father of the child as the similarity of his DNA is higher

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Question 4

Diagram above shows the structure of HIV. The virus infects helper T cells of the human s immune system that caused AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. i) Descibe the effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the bodys defence mechanism. ( 6 marks ) ii) Suggest ways to prevent the spread of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). ( 4 marks )

ANSWERS 2 (i) F1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 HIV infects helper T cells. Helper T cells are essential to activate other lymphocytes in the There may be a long incubation period of several years for the virus

bodys defence mechanism against diseases. before the symptoms appear. The immune system of the infected person gradually becomes HIV also attacks the central nervous system. There is weight loss and a decrease in the function of the nervous system. weakened and defenceless against many pathogens.

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( 6 marks ) (ii) F1 F2 F3 By practice sexual abstinence or only having sexual relationship with one Use condom during copulation/sexual relationship. Set up centres to exchange free sterile syringe and needles for used partner.

ones to reduce the practice of sharing needles amongst drug users. F4 Strict screening of blood before it is used for transfusion. F5 F5 Carry out awareness campaigns to educate public and schoolchildren Proper counseling provided to HIV positive person so that they do ( Any 4 answers) about the dangers of AIDS. not spread the virus to other healthy people.

Question 5: (c) Explain how the first line of defence can prevent the entry of pathogens into the body [6 marks] The first line of defence in the prevention of pathogens entering the body can be the function of (i) The skin F1 The skin serves as a protective layer against the entry of pathogens. F2 The ph of the skin which is in the range of 3 to 5 provides an acidic environment which is not conducive for the growth of microorganisms. F3 The enzyme lysozyme which is present in the sweat and sebum on the surface of the skin can kill microorganisms. (ii) The nose and respiratory tract. F1 The mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract can trap microbes, dust and foreign matter. F2 The ciliated epithelium which lines the respiratory tract and the nasal cavity can remove the mucus when a person coughs or sneezes. (iii) The stomach. F1 The hydrochloric acid in the stomach can kill the microbes that is present in the food that has entered the body. F2 Besides all these, the body has natural reactions such as diarrhoea and diarrhoea that F3Can help to remove toxins and microbes very quickly before it is sent to other parts of the body.

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(d) Explain the effect of taking fatty foods that have high cholesterol content to human healthy life. [4 marks] F1 Our body has better ability to store fats rather than use it to release energy. E1 As a result fats and excess cholesterol will settle on the arterial wall causing a condition known as arteriosclerosis. E2 The lumen of the artery becomes narrow and hinders/slowing down the flow of blood, thus causing high blood pressure/hypertension. E3 If the coronary artery is blocked, the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart is affected. E4 This will cause a heart attack. E5 If the flow of blood to the brain is blocked, there is a possibility that stroke can occur.

Question 6: (d) Explain the principle involved in genetic engineering [2 marks] F1 Genetic engineering is a technique of manipulating the genes in an organism E1 by removing a gene from one organism and transferring it to another organism (e) Discuss the importance of genetic engineering in the medical and agricultural field. [4 marks] The importance of genetic engineering in the medical field. F1 Production of insulin from bacteria. E1 Gene from the pancreas that can produce insulin is removed and inserted into the DNA molecule of bacteria. E2 The bacteria that can produce insulin grows very fast in a suitable nutrient medium. E3 Insulin can be produced in large quantities in a short time. Genetic engineering in agriculture. F1 Produce food or plants which are genetically modified to produce high quality yield. E1 Produce plants with high quality yield as they are resistant to viral attacks, pesticides or predators. (f) Diagram 8 shows DNA finger printing. DNA finger printing is more scientific, accurate and advanced compared to the thumbprint in criminal investigation.

PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY 2010

Discuss the use of DNA fingerprinting in the identification of the parents of a child. Based on your answer, identify the father of the child. [4 marks] F1 DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify parents of a child based on DNA banding similarity E1 Generally, the DNA profile of a child is the combination of the mother and father. E2 A child inherit half of the chromosomes number from father and half from mother. E3 DNA fingerprinting gives more details and information regarding the identity of a person while thumbprints give general information as it is based on a few different types. E4 A blood sample, seminal fluid or any tissue can be a nalysed and its result is compared with that of an individual who is a suspect. E5 In conclusion, man P is the father of the child as the similarity of his DNA is higher

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Question 7

Diagram above shows the structure of HIV. The virus infects helper T cells of the human s immune system that caused AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. iii) Descibe the effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the bodys defence mechanism. ( 6 marks ) iv) ANSWERS 2 (i) F1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 HIV infects helper T cells. Helper T cells are essential to activate other lymphocytes in the There may be a long incubation period of several years for the virus Suggest ways to prevent the spread of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). ( 4 marks )

bodys defence mechanism against diseases. before the symptoms appear. The immune system of the infected person gradually becomes HIV also attacks the central nervous system. There is weight loss and a decrease in the function of the nervous system. ( 6 marks ) weakened and defenceless against many pathogens.

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(ii) F1 F2 F3 By practice sexual abstinence or only having sexual relationship with one Use condom during copulation/sexual relationship. Set up centres to exchange free sterile syringe and needles for used partner.

ones to reduce the practice of sharing needles amongst drug users. F4 Strict screening of blood before it is used for transfusion. F5 F5 Carry out awareness campaigns to educate public and schoolchildren Proper counseling provided to HIV positive person so that they do ( Any 4 answers) about the dangers of AIDS. not spread the virus to other healthy people.

Question 8: (a) The following statements are on lymphatic system and blood circulatory system. The substances that come out from the blood capillaries into the body tissue will be reentered into the blood circulatory system. Lymphatic system also functions in transporting products of digestion. Explain the above statements to justify that lymphatic system is a complementary to the blood circulatory system. [10 marks] Sample Answer: 1. Some of the plasma content are filtered / diffused out into the interstitial spaces of the body cells (1) to form interstitial fluid. (1) 2. Contents of the interstitial fluid are nutrients, oxygen etc except erythrocytes and plasma protein. (1) 3. Some of the interstitial fluid enter blood circulation at the end of the venule (1) while others diffused into the lymphatic vessels (1) to form lymph fluid. (1) 4. Lymph fluid contains excretory substances produced from cell metabolism. (1) 5. In ileum, fatty acids, glycerol and fat soluble vitamins diffuse into lacteal / lymphatic vessels of villus. (1) 6. Lymph fluid is transported by the lymphatic system into the blood circulatory

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system at the subclavian vein. (1) 7. Lymph fluid returns into the blood circulation via subclavian vein. (1) Note: Max - 10 marks (b) Multicellular organisms like humans, need specific transport systems as compared to unicellular organisms like Amoeba sp., which do not need a transport system. Give an evaluation of the above statement based on the physical features of the organisms with the following physiological processes : Respiration Nutrition Excretion [10 marks] Sample Answer: Physical features of multicellular organisms: Are big size / the ratio of TSA:V is small (1) Rate of diffusion of substances into / out of all body cells is low. (1) Cells in the inner part of the body are not in direct contact with the surroundings (1) Physical features of unicellular organisms: Are small size / the ratio of TSA:V is big (1) Exchange of substances between organisms and the surroundings occur easily (1) Body cell is directly in contact with surroundings (1) Comparison showing the physical features of multicellular / unicellular organism with respiration / nutrition / excretion process Multicellular organism needs specific gas exchange organ to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide (1) and needs a transport system to get gases in and out of tissues.(1) While in unicellular organism, there is no specific gas exchange organ. (1) Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through the plasma membrane. (1) Multicellular organism needs digestive system to bring in food from surroundings into alimentary canal, digest and absorb into small intestine. (1) Digested food are then transported to the body cells through blood and lymphatic system.(1) While unicellular organism does not need digestive system because food is directly taken in through membrane cells by phagocytosis. (1)

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Multicellular organism needs transport system to take excretory waste / urea from the liver to the kidney. (1) Excretory waste is taken out from kidney together with urine. (1) While unicellular organism does not need transport system because excretory waste are directly eliminated from cells to the surroundings through the cell membrane.(1)

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9 (a) Figure 6.1 shows Eichhornia sp. in its habitat.

Explain the adaptations of the plant which enable it to float on the water surface. [4 marks] Possesses thin walled aerenchyma cells (1) which makes the plant light (1)

Possesses air spaces (between aerenchyma cells) (1) which enables the plant to float (1) Stems are big and swollen (1) which increases air content which helps plant to float (1) Roots are fine and numerous (1) easily float (1) to trap gas bubbles so that plant can Max - 4 (b) Figure 6.2 shows the movements of an earthworm and a fish in different habitats.

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Explain how skeletal system of each organism is adapted for its movement. Sample Answer: Earthworm has hydrostatic skeleton. (1) It moves by changing the pressure of hydrostatic fluid in its body. (1)

[6 marks]

Circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscle relax in antagonistic manner (1) causing hydrostatic pressure to be transferred from the anterior to the posterior as such earthworm moves forward. (1) Max - 3 Fish has endoskeleton, (1) area for muscle attachment. (1) Right myotome muscles contract and left myotome muscles relax in antagonistic manner (1) causing the tail to flaps left and right, resulting in forward thrust. (1) Max - 3 (c) Figure 9.3 shows movement activities in a human.

Based on Figure 9.3(i) and Figure 9.3(ii), explain how the above movement takes place which involves muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments and joints.

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[10 marks] Sample Answer: Tendons, ligaments, bones, muscles and joints are important features in a bone movement. (1) Tendons connect muscles to bones. (1) Tendons are strong and non elastic. (1) Force is transferred to bones through tendons. (1) Movement at the joint is possible with the aid of ligaments. (1) Ligaments connect two bones together to give support and strength to the joint. (1) Ligaments are strong and elastic. (1) The quadriceps / extensor muscles contract while the biceps femoris muscles relax and the leg is straightened. (1) The biceps femoris muscles contract while the quadriceps / extensor muscles relax and the leg is bent. (1) Calf muscles contract to lift up the heels. (1) Feet push downward and backward. (1) Repeated contraction and relaxation of muscles result in the running movement. (1)

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10 (a) Figure 7(a) shows a reflex arc and Figure 7(b) shows the regulating of glucose in the blood. Both figure illustrate coordination systems in the human body.

(i) Sample Answer:

Describe the reflex action in Figure 7(a) [4 marks]

When the finger is pricked with a needle, the receptors at the tip of the finger will be stimulated and sends impulses to the spinal cord through an afferent neurone. (1) The impulse is forced to move in one direction through synapse to the interneuron, (1) efferent neurone and to the effector. (1) The impulses causes the biceps muscle to contracts (1) and automatically withdraws the finger away from the needle.

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(ii) Compare the coordination system shown in Figure 7(a) and 7(b) [6 marks] and involve the transfer Similarities: Both the coordination system respond to a stimulus (1) of impulse from the receptor to the effector. (1)

Differences: Figure 7(a) is a reflex action whereas Figure 7(b) is an involuntary action. (1) Reflex action cannot be controlled by brain while involuntary action can be controlled by medulla oblongata (1) Reflex action reacts towards external stimulation while involuntary action reacts towards internal stimulation. (1) Reaction and movement of reflex action are very quick and not long lasting while reaction and movement of involuntary action are slow and last longer. (1) (b) Figure 7(c) shows the organs and glands involve in regulating the human body temperature.

A student skates on the ice skating rink. Based on the Figure 7(c), explain how regulation of the students body temperature occurs. [10 marks] Sample Answer: The stimulation of the low surrounding, internal and external temperature which is received by thermoreceptors (1) in the skin at certain parts in the brain is sent through afferent nerve to hypothalamus. (1) When the condition is cold, the smooth muscle in the arteriole of the skin will contract. (1) The diameter of the arteriole will decrease and causes less blood flows to the skin. This causes less loss of heat. (1)

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The erector muscle of the hair follicle contracts (1) causing the hair follicle to stand. For mammals with thick hair, this will increase the air trapped which acts as heat insulator. (1) The muscular skeleton contracts and relaxes (1) This increases the body temperature. (1) causing one to shiver.

The sweat gland is not stimulated. (1) Hence, sweating does not occur. The adrenaline hormones are secreted to increase the rate of glycogen conversion to glucose, (1) hence the metabolic rate increases.

11a.

Figure 7.1 shows a physiological process in a human.

(a)

Describe the process shown in Figure 7.1

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The process of producing sperms is known as spermatogenesis. The primordial germ cells undergo cell division by mitosis to produce a large number of diploid spermatogonium. The spermatogonium enlarges to become primary spermatocyte. Each primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis I and then produces a pair of secondary spermatocyte which is haploid (n) Every pair of secondary spermatocyte divides by meiosis I to produce 4 haploid spermatids Finally, the spermatid will differentiate to produce a sperm that can move and swim. (4 marks)

Human chorionic gonadothrophin hormone (HCH) has a similar role to luteinising hormone (LH). The woman has a problem conceiving due to failure in ovulation. The woman becomes pregnant after a doctor has given her injections of HCG.

(b)

Based on the above statement, explain how the HCG injections enable the process of pregnancy. When a woman is injected with HCG, primary oocyte will undergo meiosis I which is incomplete and it will complete the process of meiosis I before ovulation occurs, producing secondary oocyte and polar bodies. The woman is encouraged to produce secondary oocyte that surrounded by follicle cells known as secondary follicle and will form Graafian follicle when it is matured. Then the Graafian follicle will burst to release secondary oocye by ovulation. Pregnancy will occur when the ovulation is stimulated As soon as the sperm gets into the uterus, the secondary oocytes will complete meiosis II when the sperm penetrates the oocytes Ovum will then produced and the union of the two nucleus from ovum and sperm will occur Fertilization has occurred and the woman is pregnant (6 marks)

(c) (i) formation

Figure 7.2 shows the of two pairs of twins.

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Explain the similarities and differences in the formation of the two pairs of twins. [ Similarities Identical Same age Formed from the same zygote Same sex Similar in all aspects and number or type of chromosomes

Differences Twin P is attached at a part of the body whereas twin Q is not attached The zygote is perfect at P Twin P shares with a part of the body that is attached The life of twin is restricted because they have to move together Twin Q lives as a separate individual Twin Q is identical whereas twin P is Siamese twin (4 marks)

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(ii)

Figure 7.3 shows another two pairs of twins.

Explain the differences between the two pairs of twins. Your explanation should be based on the following aspects: Types of twins The formation of twins Characteristics of twins Twin Type Formation R Identical One sperm fuses with one ovum Forming one zygote Same placenta Same genetic constitution Characteristics Same sex Same physical characteristics Same phenotype S Unidentical Two sperms fuse with two ova separately Forming two zygotes Different placenta Different genetic constitution Different sexes Different physical characteristics Different phenotype 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(6marks)

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12(a) Illustrate the above statements using the following cross:

Female Parent Black mouse

Male White mouse

Parent Genotype Gamete Offspring Genotype Phenotype Phenotype ratio Genotype ratio (b) meiosis

Female (Homozygote) HH H

Male (Homozygote) hh h

Key: H ~ Black allele h ~ White allele

fertilisation Hh Black All black All black (10 marks)

Mice are pests to household properties and crops. An experiment to control mice population is conducted. In an experiment, a type of chemical, K which causes mutation to the mice is use.
Discuss the control of mice population using the chemical K Chemical K is a factor which can cause gene mutation and chromosomal mutation. The effects of changes in the genes or chromosomes are like infertility in the mice, defect in the foetus or shorter life span/ low immunity against diseases Low reproduction of the mice can cause decrease in the number of mice When the number of of mice is low , it will result in the size of population of mice to be reduced When this happen, crop yield will increase because lesser number of mice to eat the crop The mice may develop immunity against chemical K Gradually, more doses of chemical K is needed to cause mutation in the mice

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More chemical K may be absorbed by the plant and therefore causes negative effect to the consumer [10 marks] 13. (a) Figure 8(a) shows the different characteristics among members of a family.

Based on the Figure 8(a), identify the different characteristics among the family members. Discuss how the difference in characteristics is inherited.

Characteristics among the family members: Father has curly hair, mother has straight hair, daughter has curly hair Father has black hair, mother has brown hair, daughter has black hair Father has dark skin, mother has fair skin, daughter has fair skin Father has black eyes, mother has brown eyes, daughter has black eyes Father has dimple, mother has no dimple, daughter has dimple How the difference in characteristics is inherited: During gametogenesis/meiosis in the gonads, crossing over occurs Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I produce new combinations which is known as genetic recombination Number of haploid chromosome ~ n = 23 will produce more genetic recombination Fertilisation happens randomly between gametes and this gives rise to an incredibly large number of variation A person willl only exhibit the phenotype from a dominant allele [10 marks]

(b) Figure 8(b) shows a genetic pedigree of haemophilia in three generations.

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Statement I : Haemophilia is a genetic disease that could be inherited and occurs within a specific gender. Statement II : Inheritance of haemophilia can be prevented in a family.
State your opinion and explain both the statements mentioned , based on Figure 8(b) Haemophilia happen more often among the male compared to the female Haemophilia can be inherited through sex chromosomes or sex-linked genes Haemophilia gene / allele can only be found on the X chromosomes and not on the Y chromosomes Haemophilia gene is a recessive allele The male has a higher probability to inherit haemophilia compared to the female Because the male only has one X chromosomes while the female has two X chromosomes Haemophilia can be avoided by transferring or replacing the haemophilia gene at the gamete stage with a normal gene using the genetic engineering method This is difficult to be carried out because it needs a high technology specialist Haemophilia can also be avoided by carrying out artificial insemination (AI) Only sperm which is free from haemophilia trait is chosen for fertilization Avoid marrying a person with haemophilia symptoms but it is not easy to trace this condition. If marriage cannot be avoided, do not have babies, adopt a child (10 marks)

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Question 14 (a) Diagram 1 shows the profile of two pairs of twins.

Twin A

Twin B
Diagram 1

Twin P

Twin Q

A and B are identical twins whereas P and Q are fraternal twins. Explain the differences between the two pairs of twins based on the following aspects: The formation of the twins Characteristics of the twins [4 marks] Sample answer: F1 The formation of identical twins involves only one ovum and one sperm while fraternal twins involve two ova and two sperms. P1 Identical twins share the same placenta while fraternal twins have separate placentas. P2 Identical twins have the same genetic information while fraternal twins have different genetic information. F2 Identical twins have identical characteristics while fraternal twins do not have identical characteristics. P3 Identical twins have the same sex while fraternal twins may not. P4 Identical twins have the same blood group while fraternal twins do not have the same blood group. [2 F + 2 P] = 4marks

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The probability of getting a son or a daughter is the same. Explain the above statement. [10 marks] Sample answer: F1 The sex in offspring is determined by the type of sperm which will fertilize the ovum. P1 The sperm produced by the testis has 22 autosomes and one sex chromosomes /either the X chromosome or the Y chromosome// 22 + X or 22 + Y P2 The ovum produced in the ovary has 22 autosomes and one X chromosome . P3 If a sperm that contains the X chromosome fertilizes the ovum, has two X /XX chromosome is produced, that is a girl. a zygote that

(b)

P4 If a sperm that contains the Y chromosomes fertilizes the ovum, a zygote containing the XY chromosome is produced, that is a boy. P4 As fertilization occurs at random, the probability of having a male child or female child is the same / 50 % / ratio I female: 1 male Parents Phenotype P5 Genotype P6 Gametes P7 Random Fertilization Offspring P8 Genotype P9 Phenotype 44 + XX female 44 + XX female 44 + XY male 44 + XY male
22 + X

Male 44 + XY

Female 44 + XX

Meiosis
22 + Y 22 + X 22 + X

Ratio

1 female: 1 male

There is an equal chance of the mother having a baby boy or a girl

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Note: Answer can be in form of fully explanation or fully schematic diagram

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(c) Transfer of genes or DNA from an organism to another organism plays an important role in genetic engineering. Describe how this method is used to produce insulin [6 marks] Sample answer: P1 Insulin is produced by the langerhans cell in the pancreas. P2 The genes that are responsible for the production of insulin are isolated from the DNA of langerhans cells / pancreatic cell. P3 The genes are then inserted into the DNA molecule of bacteria (such as Escherichia coli) P4 The bacterium contains a recombinant DNA with the human insulin gene P5 The bacterium is then cultured in a suitable nutrient medium (in laboratory). P6 The bacterium has the gene for human insulin and able to produce human insulin P7 The human insulin is extracted in large quantity

Question 15 Diagram 2(a) below shows a reflex arc that involves three types of neurone.

P
Receptor

Effectors

R
Diagram 2(a)

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a) Based on Diagram 2(a), explain how the muscles can response if the hand was picked by a thumbtack. [4 marks] Sample answer: P1: (Pain) receptor (in the skin) receives stimulus and generates impulses P2: Afferent neurone transmits impulses to the interneuron P3: Interneuron transmits impulses to the efferent neurone P4: Efferent neurone transmits impulses to the effector / biceps and triceps F: Biceps contracts to produce response / moves hand away from the thumbtack b) Explain the effects of the injured to the parts labelled P, Q and R. Sample answer: F1: Injured of P cause body to lose part of touch sensor but still able to move the limb P1: because the stimulus is converted into impulse but cannot be transmitted by afferent neurone via P F2: Injured of R cause the body to become paralysed but the touch sensor still fine P2: because impulses can be transmitted to CNS but cannot be transmitted to the effector F3: Injured of Q cause part of the body limb cannot move / paralysed P3: because impulses cannot be transmitted to CNS and impulses cannot be transmitted from CNS to effectors

[6 marks]

c) Diagram 2(b) shows the negative feedback mechanism that regulates the blood glucose level in human.

Diagram 2(b) Based on Diagram 7(b), (i) State the meaning of negative feedback mechanism.

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Sample answer: E1: When the value of glucose in blood increase / decrease E2: The corrective mechanism comes into play to reduce the value the glucose in blood to normal again (ii) Sample answer: E1: The hormones X and hormone Y are produce by the cell in the pancreas E2: Hormone X is secreted by alpha cells and hormone Y is secreted by beta cells E3: If the blood sugar level is lower than normal, more hormone X is secreted into the blood stream. E4: Hormone X is transport by blood to the liver E5: In the liver, hormone X stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose. E6: This causes the level of glucose to rise and return to normal. E7: If the blood sugar level is higher than normal, more hormone Y is secreted into the blood stream. E8: Hormone Y is transported by blood to the liver. E9: In the liver, hormone Y stimulated the liver cells to convert glucose to glycogen and fats. E10: This cause the level of sugar fall and return to normal. QUESTION 3 (a) Diagram 3(a) shows the blood circulatory system in human. Describe how hormone X and Y regulates the blood glucose level in humans. [10 marks]

Circulation A

Circulation B

Diagram 8(a)

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Based on diagram 3(a), name and explain the difference between circulation A and B. [6 marks] Sample answer: A: pulmonary circulatory system B: systemic circulatory system F: circulation A - to and from the lung but circulation B - to and from other parts of the body E1: circulation A carry oxygenated blood from the lung to the heart E2: and carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lung. E3: circulation B carries oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body E4: and carry deoxygenated blood other parts o the body to the heart.

(b)

Diagram 3(b) shows stages of the contraction of the heart muscle. Semi lunar valve Atrium

Tricuspid valve

Ventricle

Diagram 8(b) Based on diagram 3(b), describe the flow of blood in the heart [6 marks] Sample answer: P1: deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body enters the right atrium via the vena cava P2: Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary

veins

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P3: As blood fills the atria, the atria wall contract and push the blood though the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the two ventricles P4: when the ventricles wall contract, the semi-lunar valves are forced open and blood is push into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta P5: Deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs P6: Oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to rest of the body QUESTION 4 Primary phloem Vascular cambium Primary xylem Parenchyma cell

D
Secondary phloem

Intervascular cambium

Secondary xylem DIAGRAM 4 Diagram 4 shows the stages of secondary growth in the stem of dicotyledonous plants. (a) Explain the stages of growth that happen in the shoot of dicotyledonous plants which produced the primary tissues as shown at section A in Diagram 4. [10 marks] Analysis Sample Answer: F1: Cell division stage E1: Happen at the apical meristem where the cells in active division by mitosis E2: to form the identical cells / to increase the number of cells F2: Cell elongation / enlargement stage

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E3: Cells absorb the nutrient and assimilated to build the protoplasm E4: cause by increasing size and weight E5: water diffused into the vacuole by osmosis and course the cell enlargement / elongation to the maximum. F3: Differentiation stage E6: The cells become mature and differentiate. E7: cells transform to specific structures and functions. E8: to form epidermis tissue, primary xylem, primary phloem and pith (b) (i) Explain the necessity of secondary growth to the dicotyledonous plants. [4 marks] Understanding Sample answer: F1: for increase the plant support E1: secondary growth increase the perimeter / diameter of the stem E2: to increase the mechanical support and stability F2: for increase the plant transportation E3: secondary growth produced more secondary phloem and secondary xylem. E4: to support water and mineral salt transportation, also to transport the product of photosynthesis E5: (more secondary xylem tissue produced) to increase support when the plants become increase the stem and diameter F3: to increase the life of the plant. E6: to increase the productions of the seed for increase the survival of species. (ii) Describe how the secondary growth happens starting from section A to the section D in Diagram 4 [6 marks] Application Sample Answer:

1. Secondary growths start at vascular cambium at the vascular bundle / separated primary xylem and primary phloem // involves the lateral meristem

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2. the cambium cell divide radially and merge with vascular cambium to form intervascular cambium. 3. the cambium cell divide tangentially to produced two layer of cell, one inner layer and one outer layer. 4. the inner layer will form secondary xylem while the outer layer will form secondary phloem 5. the primary xylem will pushed towards the pith while the primary phloem will pushed toward to epidermis. 6. the walls of the secondary xylem become thickened with lignin to gives the tissue mechanical strength ( which have to support the plant). 7. cambium cell between the vascular bundle divided to form secondary parenkima tissue. 8. increasing the secondary tissue will increase the diameter of the stem. (a) Table 1 shows the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine of an adult. Concentration of solutes (g/dm) Solute Blood plasma in the afferent arteriole 1.0 1.5 80.0 0.3 3.2 Table 1 Based on Table 1, explain why the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine of the adult differ. Suggest the condition of his health. [10 marks] Synthesis Sample Answer: F1 Concentration of glucose / amino acid / urea / sodium ions in the blood

Glomerular filtrate 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.3 3.2

Urine 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 1.6

Glucose Amino acid Protein Urea Sodium ion, Na+

plasma and glomerular filtrate are the same. E1- All glucose / amino acid / urea / sodium ions enter the Bowman capsule / nephron / are in the glomerular filtrate through ultrafiltration. E2- Able to pass through the wall of blood capillaries / Bowmans capsule. F2 - No glucose / amino acid in the urine.

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E3- All glucose / and amino acid are reabsorbed from convoluted tubule / nephron by facilitated diffusion / active transport. the proximal

F3 - Less sodium ions in the urine than in the blood plasma / glomerular filtrate. E4 - Some have been reabsorbed from the nephron. E5 - Reabsorption depends on the need / osmotic pressure of the body / aldosterone secretion. F4 - No protein in the glomerular filtrate / urine. E6 - Large molecules. E7 - unable to pass through the wall of blood capillaries / Bowmans capsule F5 - Very high content of urea in the urine. E8 - Secretion of urea into the nephron.

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(b) Diagram 5 shows part of the blood circulatory system and the lymphatic system in the human body.

Venule Fluid P

Fluid Q

Diagram 5 (i) Explain the differences between the composition of fluid P and fluid Q [4 marks] Sample answer: F1: Fluid Q/lymph has a larger numbers of lymphocyte compare to fluid P/blood P1: lymphocyte is produced by the lymph nodes in lymph system F2: Fluid Q/lymph has lower contents of oxygen compare to fluid P/blood P2: oxygen has been used up by the cell

(ii) Describe how fluid Q is formed from blood until it is brought back into the blood circulatory system. Sample Answer:

[6 marks]

P1: (When the blood flows from arteries into capillaries)there is higher

hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries P2:(This high pressure) forces some plasma to pass through the capillary walls into the intercellular spaces (between the cells) P3:Once the fluid leaves the capillary walls, it is called interstitial/tissue fluid // The interstitial fluid fills the spaces between the cells and constantly bathes the cells

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P4: 90% of the interstitial fluid diffuses back into blood capillary

P5:10% of the interstitial fluid that has not been reabsorbed into the bloodstream goes into the lymph capillaries.(Once inside the lymph capillaries) the fluid is known as lymph. P6: The lymph capillaries unite to form larger lymphatic vessels. P7: From the lymphatic vessels, lymph eventually passes into the thoracic duct/the right lymphatic duct. P8:The thoracic duct empties its lymph into the right subclavian vein. (Hence, lymph drains back into the blood).

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