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GATE VALVE Gate valve is an isolation valve which is not preferred to be used for regulation.

Gate valves are designed to operate fully open or fully closed. Because they operate slowly they prevent fluid hammer which is detrimental to piping system. There is very little pressure loss through a gate valve. In the fully closed position, gate valve provide a positive seal under pressure. However, under very low pressure, i.e 5 psi, light seepage would not be considered abnormal with this kind of valve. A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or they can be parallel. Gate valves are sometimes used for regulating flow, but many are not suited for that purpose, having been designed to be fully opened or closed.
Advantages: Ability to cut through slurries, large sizes available. Disadvantages: Low-pressure limitations, lack of cleanliness, low shut-off.

Gate Valve Components


1. Valve Body
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Just as the name describes, the valve body houses the valve's other components. It supports the valve at installation, and maintains the fluid pressure. API gate valve bodies find service in many different applications. Each requires a specific material to withstand certain condition extremes.

Gate
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Also called a wedge, the gate is the disk that seals off fluid flow in a gate valve. Turning the valve opens or closes the valve. The gate sits flush against the valve seat, where it seals off flow.

Bonnet
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The API gate valve bonnet sits atop the valve body via a bolted flange. The bonnet allows for valve maintenance or rebuild. Unbolting the bonnet and removing it from the valve body, allows access to the interior of the valve, the gate, the seat and the stem for repair or replacement. The stem routes through the bonnet, before it attaches to the gate.

Stem

The stem is a threaded rod that attaches to the gate within the valve body. As the handle turns, the stem either opens or closes the valve, the stem rotates to lift the gate from the valve-sealing seat, or to lower the gate into the valve seat. A gate valve stem is similar to the stem on an outdoor water faucet where the handle attaches.

Seat
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The sealing surface within an API gate valve is the seat. Usually made of forged steel, it is faced with a welded alloy depending on the application. Fabrication of the seat is such that it is replaceable and repairable.

GLOBE VALVE Globe is a regulation valve. Globe valves, as in the case with all valve designs,have both advantages and disadvantages. Like a gate, they close slowly to prevent fluid hammer. You can throttle the flow and they will not leak under low pressure when they are shut off. Flow and pressure control valves as well as hose bibs generally use the globe pattern. The disadvantage of this design is that the Z pattern restricts flow more than the gate, ball, or butterfly valves. A Globe valve
is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body

Advantages: Precise throttling and control, high-pressure limits. Disadvantages: Low cleanliness, inability to handle slurry

BALL VALVE Ball valve is also an isolation valve but in some cases, it is also used as a regulation valve. It is preferred where the quick opening/closing is desired. Ball valves are also designed to be operated fully open or fully closed with any liquid containing particles that could scratch the ball. Many people use them successfully for throttling clear water. Ball valves have low pressure drops, open and close

quickly, are simple , and are trouble free. With the development of Teflon seals, ball valves have grown in popularity. Opening or close in a ball valve too quickly can cause fluid hammer. Ball valves provide tight shut-off and characterizable control.
They have high rangeability due to the design of the regulating element, without the complications of side loads typical of butterfly or globe valves. Advantages: Easy operation, high flow, high-pressure / temperature capabilities. Disadvantages: Low cleanliness, inability to handle slurry.

BUTTERFLY VALVE Butterfly valve is also an isolation valve and in large bore it is preferred over gate valve due to its low weight and compact design. Butterfly valves, like ball valves, operate with turn. They are generally used for handling large flows of gases or liquids, including slurries, but should not be used for throttling for extended periods of time. They are also very compact relative to flanged gate and ball valves. Butterfly valves control the flow of gas or liquid by means of a disk, which turns
on a diametrical axis inside a pipe or by two semicircular plates hinged on a common spindle, which permits flow in only one direction. They are normally used as throttling valves to control flow. Butterfly valves offer a rotary stem movement of 90 degrees or less, in a compact design. Unlike ball valves, butterfly valves do not have any pockets in which fluids may become trapped when the valve is closed.

Advantages: Good for chemical services, small dimensions, high coefficient of flow. Disadvantages: Low cleanliness, inability to handle slurry. CHECK VALVE It is basically a directional Control valve which allows the flow only in one direction. It is available in lift type and swing type and now a days water type check valve is also becoming popular because of its low weight and compact design. Check valves are selfactivating safety valves that prevent process flow from reversing. NEEDLE VALVE Needle valve is a type of globe valve only with the wedge having needle shape. It is used for precise control of flow. Rest of all features are same as globe valve. DIAPHRAGM VALVE

Diaphragm valvesare used whenever either the fluid is highly corrosive or high degree of purity is required in process e.g. pharmaceutical and food processing industry. SAFETY VALVE An automatic pressure relieving device actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve, and characterized by rapid full opening or pop action. It is used for steam, gas or vapor service. RELIEF VALVE An automatic pressure relieving device actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve, which opens in proportion to the increase in pressure over the opening pressure. BREATHER VALVE To take care of excessive internal pressure of vessel/tanks.

STRAINER Fitted in any pipeline to prevent the passage of grit, scale, dirt, and other foreign matter which could obstruct pump suction valves, throttle valves or other manufacturing parts. Strainers are used to remove suspended grit from steam and condensate that would otherwise damage your downstream euiopment with no additional pressure drop. TYPES OF STRAINER Y TYPE STRAINER Y-TYPE STRAINERS with stainless steel screens have 0.8mm diameter perforations as standard. Y strainer works for steam, air, water, oil and gas lines. It features a blow off cover for easy cleaning without removing the screen and self- aligning screens. Y type are used for small pipe size below 2 TEE TYPE STRAINERS Tee strainer is a custom fabricated compound strainer designed to remove foreign particles from pipelines. Tee strainers are used where a compact accessible strainers is needed for protection of pumps, valves and similar equipment. Tee type strainer are used for large pipe size 2 and above. BASKET TYPE

The Basket strainer prevents costly shutdowns and protects your piping system and equipment. Ideal for steam, air ,water, oil and gas lines, our basket strainer remove the dirt from the system that can damage moving equipment. Strainer also helps maximize the life of pumps and other equipment. Maximum capacity with minimum pressure loss, available in size from 2 to 24 TEMPORARY / CONICAL STRAINERS Temporary strainer are available in various styles ( baskets, cones, cone type baskets, plate) which are designed to provide inexpensive protection for pumps, meters, valves and other mechanical equipments. DUPLEX STRAINER Duplex strainers are designed for application where flow cannot be shut down to service the strainer screen. Change over is accomplished by use of butterfly valves. This arrangement provides a bubble tight shut off between basket chambers, essential for use in negative head pump suction systems. They are very economical because they are fabricated to your specific requirements and with any type of valves. PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS STRAIGHT PIPE GENERAL : (a) The required thickness of straight section of pipe shall be determined in accordance with eq. (2) tm = t + c The minimum thickness T for the pipe selected, considering manufacturers minus tolerance, shall be not less than tm. (b) The following nomenclature is used in the equation for pressure design of straight pipe. C = the sum of the mechanical allowances ( thread or groove depth ) plus corrosion and erosion allowances. D = outside diameter of pipe d = inside diameter of pipe E = quality factor

P = internal design gage pressure S = stress value for material T = pipe wall thickness ( measured or minimum per purchase specification ) t = pressure design thickness tm = minimum required thickness, including mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances W = weld joint strength reduction factor Y = coefficient from table ,valid for t < D/6 and for materials shown. The value of Y may be interpolated for intermediate temperatures. For t >= d/6

Y = d + 2c / ( D+d+2c) Straight pipe under internal pressure (a) For t < D/6, the internal pressure design thickness for straight pipe shall be not less than that calculated in accordance with eq. (3a) or eq. (3b): t = PD / 2(SE + PY) (3a) t = [P (d +2c)] / [2[SEW P (1-Y)] (3b)

(b) For t D/6 or for P/SE > .385, calculation of pressure design thickness for straight pipe requires special consideration of factors such as theory of failure, effects of fatigue, and thermal stress.

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