The Database Console Commands (DBCC)

Those of you familiar with previous versions of SQL Server might know the DBCC
statements as the Database Consistency Checker. All documentation now refers to them
as the Database Console Commands, probably in deference to the fact that not all of them
are used for database consistency checks.

Running DBCC statements are an integral part of database maintenance. Some, such as
DBCC CHECKDB, can be run on a scheduled basis (this is the one the wizard runs) as a
preventative measure, and others, such as DBCC SHRINKFILE, you can choose to run
when needed, table below lists some of the DBCC statements commonly used for
database maintenance.

Database Maintenance DBCC Statements

DBCC Function
CHECKDB Checks allocation and integrity of all DB objects
CHECKALLOC Checks the consistency of disk space allocation
CHECKTABLE Checks the integrity of the specified table and its indexes
SHRINKDATABASE Attempts to shrink all data files in the specified database
SHRINKFILE Attempts to shrink a specified data file
SHOWCONTIG Displays fragmentation information on a table and its indexes
DBREINDEX Rebuilds indexes for a specified table
INDEXDEFRAG Defragments indexes for a specified table or view

Detecting and Resolving Database Corruption

Several of the DBCC statements have the ability to detect and attempt to repair
corruption in the database. Power failures or spikes, hardware glitches, or even internal
SQL Server errors can cause this corruption. The primary validation DBCCs are the
CHECK statements listed here:

• DBCC CHECKDB
• DBCC CHECKALLOC
• DBCC CHECKCATALOG
• DBCC CHECKCONSTRAINTS
• DBCC CHECKFILEGROUP
• DBCC CHECKIDENT
• DBCC CHECKTABLE
Of these, DBCC CHECKDB is the most functional, as it checks all objects in the database.
The others, with the exception of CHECKCATALOG and CHECKALLOC, check specific objects
within the database. CHECKCATALOG checks for database consistency with the system
catalog, and CHECKALLOC checks the consistency of disk space structures.

The DBCC statements CHECKDB, CHECKALLOC, and CHECKTABLE have options to attempt
to repair any problems they encounter. The CHECKDB statement is safest, as it also
encompasses all the checks of the other two statements. It is, however, more time- and
resource-consuming, so you might opt for using one of the others. For instance, if only
allocation errors are being reported, running CHECKALLOC might be more efficient. The
three repair options are as follows:

• REPAIR_FAST— Attempts minor repairs that can be performed quickly with no

chance of data loss.
• REPAIR_REBUILD— Performs all repairs of REPAIR_FAST and also performs index
rebuilds. No loss of data will result.
• REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS— Encompasses the repairs of the first two options
and also includes allocation and deallocation of rows and pages for correcting
errors, and deletion of corrupted text objects. This can result in data loss.

To speed up the processing of DBCC statements, The Enterprise and Developer editions
of SQL Server can take advantage of multiple processors, and will perform parallel
execution of DBCC statements. The DBCC CHECKDB statement performs a serial scan of
the database, but parallel scans of multiple objects as it proceeds to the limit of the
system "max degree of parallelism" option. This speeds up the operation substantially
over previous versions. Another option is to run DBCC CHECKDB or DBCC CHECKTABLE
with the NOINDEX option. This speeds the operation of the DBCC statement as it doesn't
check the non-clustered indexes on user tables (system table indexes are always
checked). Index corruption is not as critical an issue as data corruption, as no data is lost,
and the index can always be dropped and re-created if necessary.

Using DBCC to Set Trace Flags

The DBCC statements DBCC TRACEON and DBCC TRACEOFF are used to enable and disable
trace flags. Trace flags set various database characteristics and enable detailed reporting
of various functions to help in troubleshooting. For example, DBCC TRACEON (1205)
displays detailed deadlock information.