Title: Plastic Analysis

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Objective 1.1 1.2 To find the form vector. To investigate the load deflection relationship for a beam to the point of plastic collapse.

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Learning Outcomes 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Able to apply the structural knowledge in practical application. To improve the technical efficiency through the laboratory work. Able to communicate effectively in team work. Able to recognize the problem, solving and getting the solution through experimental work.

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Introduction During the design process for beams it would not be unreasonable for one to assume that no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than that allowable for the working material. However, it can be found that a beam will withstand much larger forces before collapse than simple elastic theory predict.

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Theory When a beam is bent around the neutral axis, the stress through the beam section varies with the distance from the neutral axis, form the greatest att the extreme fibres ( y= maximum) to zero at the neutral axis ( y = 0)

y (max)

Neutral axis

If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the stress will build up through the section to a maximum at the extreme fibres. This means that although the outer parts of the beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically, the inner parts may still be behaving elastically and resisting load. If the bending moment continues to increase, the plastic portion will move further into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This called the partially plastic condition. The beam will continue to resist the bending moment although with an incresing rate of deflection as the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral axis. ( See diagram below )

y Neutral axis y Plastic portion

Eventually the elastic portion will far enough into the beam andthe beam will be fully plastic. It will form a plastic hinge and be unable ti resist any further bending moment ( shown below) :

y Neutral axis y

The ratio of the fully plastic bending to the just plastic moment is call FORM FACTOR. The form factor is entirely dependent on the shape of the beam and not on the size, material or fixing condition.

For cantilever beam

Yield stress y

4WL .equation 1 bd

For the simply supported beam

Maximum bending moment, M p

WL .. equation 2 4

Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre M y y I y

Experiment form factor = M p M y where the text book value is 1.5

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Procedures 1. The specimen beam was took and the cross section was measured, th second moment of area for the specimen was calculated. 2. Ensured that the clamp plates was removed and the specimen beam was placed across the chuck unit. 3. The roller mechanism was pushed outwards to its stop. 4. The pin was putted through the load cell fork and the load cell was winded down until the pin just touches the specimen beam, the load cell and the indicator was set to zero. 5. The load cell was winded down to caused a measured deflection of 3mm and the reading of the forced required was took. 6. Continued to wind the load cell down in 3 mm step until there is no or very little increase in load for each increament of deflection. 7. The result was tabulated.

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Apparatus

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Results

Deflection (mm) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36

Force ( N ) 0 29 52 65 81 89 101 104 112 114 118 120 119

Table 1: Result for experiment

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Discussions Experiment 1 1. Plot the graph Force vs Deflection and from your result comment on the shape of the resulting plot.

Anwers:
140 120 100 Force(N) 80 60 40 20 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 Deflection(mm), 89 30 33 36

From the force versus deflection graph above, it is show that the graph is increased steadily. We also can see that when the value of force increase, the value of deflection also increase due to the increasing force.

When the value of deflection is 36mm the value of the force is 119N decrease from the value before that which is when the deflection is 33mm, the value force is 120N.

From the graph, we also can know tat when the value of deflection is decrease the value of force also decrease.

According to the graph that have been plotted, the maximum load is 119N when the deflection reaches at 36mm. If we continue to do the experiment with high load the beam will achieved collapse load.

Generally,if the deflection increased further, it can cause more forces on the beam.

2. From Table 1, note the collapse load, and using the bending moment diagram calculate the plastic moment ( Mp). Answers:

M = Y2 - Y1 X2 - X1 = 89 52 15 6 = 4.11N/mm The maximum deflection is 36mm, when the force reaches 119N

Mp = wL 4 = (119)(750) 4 = 22.3 x 10Nmm

Mp + Mp = PL 2 = 4 3Mp = PL 2 4 = 6(22.3 x 10) = 133800 750 = 178.4N (collape load)

3. Using yield stress of 325 Mpa* Calculate the bending moment (My) to just cause yielding of the extreme fibres.

Answers: My = y I
Y

= 325 Mpa = 325 N/mm

= bd I = (8.0mm)(8.0mm) 12 = 341.33mm^4

My = (325N/mm)(341.33mm^4) 4mm = 27.73Nm

4. Calculate the form factor (Mp/My) . Compare to the text book value Answers: Form Factor = Mp / My = (22.3x10Nmm) / (27733.6Nmm) = 0.8041

Compared to the text book value, For the rectangular ection, S = bh^4 / 4 bh / 6 = 1.5

The form factor is 0.8041 < 1.5

5. Discuss the advantages of considering the extra available strength due to the plastic beam theory when designing structures.

Answers:

The advantages of considering the extra strength when designing the structures are: 1) To determine the collapse load or the ultimate load. 2) It is give the additionalsafety for structure. 3) It reduce the risk of failure due to the additional load calculation error. 4) To prevent the structure from collapse. 5) To increase the stability of the structure.

9.0 Conclusion By doing this experiment, we will be able to know about the relationship of load deflection to the plastic collect which we can investigate the point of the beam may collapse. We also can assume that in plastic analysis the resulting of the strain distribution is linear about the neutral axis and the resulting of the stress distribution is non linear and is independent on the beams material. Note the deflections necessary to develop the stresses indicated in a plastic analysis are generally excessive, frequently to the point of incompatibility with the function of the structure. The large deflections and stiffness changes usually associated with plastic analysis can significantly change the internal load distribution, particularly in statically indeterminate beams. We also can know about the advantages of considering the extra strength when designing the structures which are to determine the collapse load or the ultimate load. It also can give additional safety for the structures and it also reduce the risk of failure due to the additional load or calculation error. Beside that it can prevent the structure from being collapse and it is also to increase the stability of structures. Based on the result, we can conclude that the experimental value is a bit different compare to the theoretical value. It is because the error that occur during the experiment time happened such as the condition of the beam, wind which make it difficult to get an exact data and also the material that used in this experiment such as the specimen beam. We must use the new specimen when doing this experiment not the second hand specimen. When we used the second hand specimen, it will effect our finding and result.