Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

Glossary

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

ABRASION The wearing away of a surface by rubbing or scraping. ACRYLIC PLASTICS Plastics based on resins made by the polymeritzation of acrylic monomers, such as ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. ADHESION The state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces which may consist of valence forces, or interlocking action, or both. ADHESIVE May be defined as a material capable of bonding two surfaces together by means of surface attachment, interfacial forces, molecular attraction or chemical bonding. ADHESIVE DISPERSION A two-phase system in which one phase is suspended in a liquid. ADHESIVE SOLVENT An adhesive having a volatile organic liquid as a vehicle. This term excludes water-based adhesives. ABSORPTION The adhesion, in an extremely thin layer, of the molecules of gasses, or dissolved substances, or of liquids, to the surface of solid bodies with which they are in contact.

AFRP Aramid fibre reinforced plastic AIR LOCKS Surface depressions on moulded part caused by trapped air between the mould surface and the plastics material. AMIDE As curing agent in the epoxy resin, containing the NH2 group in its molecular formula. Most amides are semi solids or solids at room temperature and are practically neutral. They are derived from a hydrogen replacement reaction between a organic acid and ammonia (NH3). AMINE A curing agent for epoxy resins that is any of a class of ammonia derivatives. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacement of 1,2 or 3 hydrogen (H) atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals (R) and there by characterized by these molecular groups: R-Nh2, RNHR, or N-R3. AMMONIA An organic compound made by the combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases directly or from the destructive distillation of coal. ARAMIDS A group of strong, high temperature resistant manmade fibres (aromatic polymides). 2

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

AUTOCLAVE A device for applying pressure and heat to a tool. (Might be compared to a modern pressure cooker) B-STAGE An intermediate stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in which the material softens when heated and swell when in contact with certain liquids, but may not entirely fuse or dissolve. The resin in an uncured thermosetting adhesive, is usually in this stage. CATALYST A substance which markedly speeds up the cure of an adhesive when added in minor quantity as compared to the amounts of the primary reactants. CFRP Carbon fibre reinforced plastic COHESION The state in which the particles of a single substance are held together by primary or secondary valence forces observed in the tendency of the substance to stick to itself. COMPOUND The mixture of a resin with other ingredients such as fillers, softeners, catalysts or pigments. CRAC K An actual fracture

CRAZING Fine cracks which may intent in a net work on or under a surface of or through a layer of material CROSS-LAMINATED A laminate in which some, usually alternate, layers of material are oriented at right angles to the strongest direction in tension CURE To change the physical properties of the material by chemical reaction, which may be condensation, polymerization or vulcanization: usually accomplished by the action of heat and catalysts, alone or in combination with or without pressure CURING AGENT A reactive chemical which causes a resin to cure. Also called hardener DEBULK Remove excess resin from assembled prepregs or material in mould. DELAMINATION An area over which initial adhesion between materials has been lost. DENSITY The ratio of a substances mass to its volume at a given temperature and pressure. Example: water at 25C, 1 atmosphere of pressure=1.0 g/cm 3 = 8.35 lb. per gal.

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

AUTOCLAVE A device for applying pressure and heat to a tool. (Might be compared to a modern pressure cooker) B-STAGE An intermediate stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in which the material softens when heated and swell when in contact with certain liquids, but may not entirely fuse or dissolve. The resin in an uncured thermosetting adhesive, is usually in this stage. CATALYST A substance which markedly speeds up the cure of an adhesive when added in minor quantity as compared to the amounts of the primary reactants. CFRP Carbon fibre reinforced plastic COHESION The state in which the particles of a single substance are held together by primary or secondary valence forces observed in the tendency of the substance to stick to itself. COMPOUND The mixture of a resin with other ingredients such as fillers, softeners, catalysts or pigments. CRAC K An actual fracture

CRAZING Fine cracks which may intent in a net work on or under a surface of or through a layer of material CROSS-LAMINATED A laminate in which some, usually alternate, layers of material are oriented at right angles to the strongest direction in tension CURE To change the physical properties of the material by chemical reaction, which may be condensation, polymerization or vulcanization: usually accomplished by the action of heat and catalysts, alone or in combination with or without pressure CURING AGENT A reactive chemical which causes a resin to cure. Also called hardener DEBULK Remove excess resin from assembled prepregs or material in mould. DELAMINATION An area over which initial adhesion between materials has been lost. DENSITY The ratio of a substances mass to its volume at a given temperature and pressure. Example: water at 25C, 1 atmosphere of pressure=1.0 g/cm 3 = 8.35 lb. per gal.

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

DILUENT Any material which reduces the concentration of fundamental resin; usually a liquid added to the resin to afford lower viscosity in order to facilitate working with the system. DIMENSIONAL STABILITY Ability of a product to retain its exact shape and dimensions under the ordinary conditions of use. DRAW To stretch a sheet of plastic material to fit a mould, to cup ELASTOMER A material which at room temperature can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its origional length and , upon immediate release of the stress, will return with force to its approximate origional length. ELONGATION The increase in length of a material under tension ENDOTHERMIC Indicating a reaction which absorbs heat EPICHLOROHYDRIN The basic epoxidizing resin intermediate in the productin of epoxy resins. It contains a epoxy group and is highly reactive with polyhydric phenols such as bisphenol A.

EPOXY A chemical compound containing a resin, with epoxide groups and a hardener which forms a durable, solid thermosetting material EXOTHERMIC Indicating a reaction which liberates heat FRP Fibreglass reinforced plastic FIBRE PATTERN Denotes the thread size and weave of glass cloth FILAMENT A single, slender continous strand of indefinite length, e.g. silk rayon, nylon, glass FILLER inert material added to a plastic composition for purposes of reducing cost, modifying mechanical properties, to serve as a base for color effects, or to serve as a heat sink. FLEXIBLE MOULDS moulds that can be stretched to remove cured plastics. FLEXURAL STRENGTH The strength of a material in bending

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

GEL 1. The name given to any gelantinous solid mass produced from a solution of a colloid body. 2. The stage at which a polymerizing resin composition thickens to a semi-solid state. GEL COAT The first coat of laminating resin laid up against the mould. GEL TIME The time in minutes required for the specific quantity of mixed resin and hardener to become unworkable (gelled) GFRP Glass fibre reinforced plastic GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE Temperature at which a polymer changes from a rigid glassy state to a rubbery compliant state HARDENER A substance or a mixture of substances added to an adhesive to promote or control the curing reaction by taking part in it. HEAT DISTORTION POINT The temperature at which a test bar deflects under a flexural load and a prescribed amount of heat HYBRID COMPOSITE A composite material with two or more different reinforcing fibres

HYGROSCOPIC The ability to absorb and retain atmospheric moisture IMPREGNATE To saturate reinforcement with plastic INERT Not chemically reactive INHIBITOR A substance which slows down chemical reaction LAMINATE To unite sheets of material by a bonding material. Normally used in reference to flat sheets. LAY-UP The arrangement of reinforcing material (glass cloth) and the resin in its uncured state. MATRIX The material produced to bind the filaments used in the composite material (resin) MIL .001 of an inch MOULD The cavity or matrix into or on which the plastic composition is placed and from which it takes its form 6

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

MOULD RELEASE An agent used to prevent a plastic from sticking to the mould MOULD SHRINKAGE The immediate shrinkage a moulded part undergoes when removed from a mould and cooled to room temperature MOLECULE A unit of matter, the smallest unit or particle into which a substance can be divided that retains all of the chemical identity of the substance. MONOMER Molecules of low molecular weight which join together to form polymers. OUT TIME The time that a matrix/fibre system can be stored at ambient temperature and still produce satisfactory laminates when cured PAN Polyacrylonitrille, used as a base material for certain carbon fibres PARALLEL LAMINATED A laminate in which all the layers are orientated parallel with respect to the strongest direction in tension

PHENOL A poisonous crystalline organic compound popularly called carbolic acid. It has a great distinctive odour and a great affinity for water. PHENOLIC A descriptive term for all materials having an aromatic nucleous and at least one phenol group. Generally refers to phenolic resins which are synthetic thermosetting resins PLASTIC Any one of a large and varied group of materials which consists of or contains which consists of or contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of large molecular weight and which, while solid in the finished state, at some state in the its manufacture has been or can be formed (cast, calendered, extruded, moulded etc.) into various shapes by flow usually through the application singly or together of heat and pressure POLYAMIDE A polymer in the hydrocarbon family which contains repeating groupings of hydrogen and nitrogen POLYIMIDE Similar to a polyamide but with different numbers of hydrogen molecules in the groupings

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

POST-CURE In certain resins complete cure and ultimate mechanical properties are attained only by exposure of the cured resin to higher temperatures. This second stage is the post cure and is necessitated by the fact that the higher temperatures would result in excessive reaction if used throughout the entire cure. POLYMER A compound formed by the reaction of simple molecules having functional groups which permits their combination to proceed to high molecular weighs under suitable conditions. Polymers may be formed by polimerization (addition polymer) or polycondensation (condensation polymer). When two or more monomers are involved, the product is called copolymer. POLYURETHANE Thermosetting plastic used for flexible moulds, protective coatings and abrasion resistant casting applications. POT LIFE Regarding a resin mix, the time period between complete catalyzation and initial gelation, during which time the mix is said to be unstable. Also called working life. PREPREG Pre-impregnated reinforcing material. It is impregnated with resin and partly cured.

REINFORCEMENT Materials used primarily for strengthening a plastic product, i.e., fibrous glass, cotton, etc., which is impregnated with the plastics mixture. (Should not be used synonymous with filler.) ROOM TEMPERATURE 25C (77F) RESIN A class of solid or semi-solid organic product of natural or synthetic origin, generally of high molecular weight with no definite melting point. (Resins are generally water-insoluble and have little or no tendency to crystalize. However, certain resins such as some polyvinyl alcohols polyacrylates are readily dispersible in water; and others such as polyamides and polyvinylidene chloride are readily crystallized.) SANDWICHE CONSTRUCTION Panels composed of low density core material, foam or honeycomb to which two relatively thin, dense, high strength faces or skins are adhered. SHELF LIFE The period of time during which a packaged adhesive can be stored under specified temperature conditions and remain suitable for use.Sometimes called storage time.

Linhas areas Inteligentes

GLOSSARY-COMPOSITE

SPLINE To prepare a surface to its desired contour by working a paste material with a flat-edged tool. The procedure is similar to screeding of concrete. SPRAY UP The technique of using a spray gun to prepare a reinforced plastic article SPRUE The main opening into a mould cavity through which a plastic material is introduced into the mould. STARVED AREA The area in a reinforced plastic part that did not have sufficient plastic to wet the reinforcement completely. TACK Stickiness THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY The ability of a material to conduct heat THERMOFORMING Shaping a plastic material by heating it to softening point and cooling it on a mould THERMOPLASTIC Capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by cooling

THERMOSET A plastic which when cured changes into a substantially infusible or insoluble product THINNER A volatile liquid added to an adhesive to modify the consistency or other properties THIXOTROPIC LIQUIDS Liquids which reduce their viscosity as the agitation is increased, i.e. ketchup, latex paint THIXITROPY The property by which some compositions become semi-solid at rest and liquefy again on agitation VACUUM BAGGING A moulding process using a film placed over the lay-up in the mould so that a vacuum can be applied to permit atmospheric pressure to assist in forming the composite VISCOSITY The resistance of a liquid to flow. Thickness voids Gas or air pockets trapped within a material working life. Same as gel time, but may be also defined for other sizes of resin hardener mixtures. That is, the working life of a pint unit is usually longer than the working life of a one quart unit