FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGAJIAN MANUSIA

PENGAJARAN, TEKNOLOGI DAN PENAKSIRAN 1 KPD 3016 SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

NAMA NO. MATRIK KUMPULAN PENSYARAH

: : : :

SANDRA MERU D20091035087 KPD 3016 (AT16-A), KUMP.1 DR. RAZAK ABD. SAMAD BIN YAHYA

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS Science process skills are widely used in Malaysia as a point of reference on how successful a Science lesson should be. It also enables students to formulate their questions and find out the answers systematically. There are 12 steps of science process skills commonly used in Malaysia which are observing, classifying, measuring and using numbers, inferring, predicting, communicating, using space-time relationship, interpreting data, controlling variables, defining operationally, constructing hypothesis and experimenting.

SPS 1: OBSERVING Complete the table below with the words that best describe how we see, feel, smell, taste and hear. No Sense 1 Sight 2 3 4 5 Observations Students in classroom Hearing PCs speakers Smell Taste Touch Rose flowers in a vase Lemon juice Silk Qualitative Many students in classroom Sound from the speakers is very loud It has a sweet smell It has a sour taste It is very soft Quantitative 39 students in a classroom There are 2 speakers There are 12 roses in the vase. A glass of lemon juice 1 meter of silk

No Sense 1 Sight

Observing changes Clock

Qualitative The clocks moving slowly.

Quantitative The seconds needle needs 60 seconds to complete 1 cycle. 123 dB at 30 meter away. European odor units (ouE/M3) -

2 3 4 5

Hearing Ambulances siren Smell Pungent smell Taste Touch Chewing gum Braille alphabet

The sounds getting louder as the ambulance comes nearer. Using nose to detect the source of smell. It becomes tasteless as we chew the gum. Touch and feel the Braille alphabet to read.

SPS 2: CLASSIFYING Study and classify the funny figures in the diagram in the next page according to their characteristics. State the characteristics.

Q R

U n i v e r si ti P e n d i d i k a n

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R

SHAPE C,E,F,J,P,Q

NO SHAPE A,B,D,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,R

NO TAIL TAIL C,P,Q NO TAIL H,I,K,L E,F,J EYE EYE P,Q NO EYE C EYE F,J NO EYE E TAIL A,B,D,G,M,N,O,R WHITE H,I,K,L EYE F,J P,Q SHAPE SPOT P NO SPOT Q J ROUND F WHITE A,B,G R BLACK M,N,O 2 EYES H,I,K SHAPE B ROUND A,G SHAPE M,O ROUND N LEG I 1 TAIL A 2 TAIL G SPOT M NO SPOT O ROUND K RECTANGLE H NO LEG H,K 3 EYES L A,B,G,M,N,O,R NO EYE D SHAPE ROUND H,I,K,L BLACK H,I,K,L NO EYE

WHITE

BLACK

WHITE

BLACK

SPS 3: MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS You wanted to tile your house. The size of each ceramic tile is ft x ft. The plan to your house is as shown below. How many ceramic tiles do you need?
b c d

a
b-a

Length =18+14+13+17+11 =73

Width =20+6+19 =45

Area for the square is = 73x45 =3285

Length a =9+12+16 =37

Length b =13+17+11 =41

Length (b a) = 41-37 =4

Area not put the tile in right side master bed room = length (b - a) x 19 = 4x19 =76

(1/4)

c-d

Length (c - d) = (18+14) 29 =32-29 =3

We assume length c-d is same for both side So, length (c - d) x 2 = 3x2 = 6

Area for the square in left side of living room is = 25x6 =150

Area that we used to place the tile in the square in left side of living room is = (1/4) x 150 =37.5

Area we not put the tile in left side living room =150- 37.5 =112.5

All the area we want to put the tile is = (area for the square of plan house) (area that we not put the tile) = 3285 (76+112.5) =3096.5

One tile is (1/2) x (1/2) = (1/4) How many tile? =3096.5 (1/4) =12386 ceramic tiles

SPS 4: INFERRING

The diagram above is sets of fossilized foot-prints of two extinct animals found during an expedition. Study the prints and infer what happen. ANSWER: Diagram show sets of fossilized foot-prints of two extinct animals found an expedition. At position 1, larger foot-printed animal looks like approaching the small foot-print animal. At position 2, there is random distribution of this two foot-prints. At position 3, only large foot-print appear.

INFERENCES GENERAL This is due to prey-predation and natural selection Small animal is the food for large animal Small animal is the competitor for large animal thus they fight for food resources, mates or space Large animal has higher adaptation for fitness Large animal has aggressive behavior while small animal has passive, less aggressive behavior SPECIFIC Fossil foot-print of extinct animal is dinosaur Large foot-print animal is Theropods species while small foot-print animal is Ornithopod species

SPS 5: PREDICTING We listen to the weather forecast everyday on TV. a. What is a weather forecast? A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather condition. Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the most significant weather variables. The significant weather variables being forecast differ from place to place. In the Philippines, the weather parameters with significant

variation and therefore of interest to the users of the forecast are cloudiness, rainfall and wind.

b. Describe how the meteorological department determines the weather forecast. In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at least know something about the existing weather condition over a large area before he can make a reliable forecast. The accuracy of his forecast depends largely upon his knowledge of the prevailing weather conditions over a very wide area. The forecast decision is based on various forecasting tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is the WEATHER MAP. The weather map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and humidity at the different levels of the atmosphere. There are two types of the basic weather map namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps. There are five standard levels of the upper-air maps that are constructed twice daily at twelve-hourly interval. The surface maps are made four times daily at six-hourly intervals. On the surface maps, the distribution patterns of rain or other forms of precipitation and cloudiness can also be delineated.

1st Step: Observation Observation of different weather elements are made simultaneously as follows:

Surface observations are made at least every three hours over land and sea. Land-based weather stations around the world and automatic stations observe the atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature of the air, humidity, clouds, precipitation and visibility using standard weather instruments such as the barometer, wind vane, anemometer, thermometer, psychrometer or hygrometer and raingauge. In addition to these, coastal weather stations, weather ships and ocean data buoy observe the state of the sea by observing the height and period of wave.

Upper air stations around the world also make observations at least every twelve hours. The pressure, temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction and speed are observed at selected levels in the atmosphere using radiosondes which record these data by tracking helium-filled balloons attached to transmitters. Another apparatus, the theodolite, is used in observing wind direction and speed also at selected levels. In addition to these, commercial air planes observe the weather along their routes at specified times.

Meteorological satellites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take pictures of the cloud imagery of the atmosphere. These satellites take picture of the earth's cloud formations every hour and continuously, respectively.

Weather radars are also used to observe the cloud coverage within the range of the radar.

A vast array of weather data are fed to the computer which analyzes them as programmed and makes a time integration of physical equations. This is called numerical weather prediction.

2nd Step: Collection and Transmission of Weather Data Weather observations which are condensed into coded figures, symbols and numerals are transmitted via radiophone, teletype, facsimile machine or telephone to designated collection centers for further transmission to the central forecasting station at WFFC. Weather satellite pictures are transmitted to ground receiving stations while radar observations are transmitted to forecasting centers through a local communication system.

3rd Step: Plotting Of Weather Data Upon receipt of the coded messages, they are decoded and each set of observations is plotted in symbols or numbers on weather charts over the respective areas or regions. Observations made over land and sea are plotted on the surface or mean sea level charts which are prepared four times a day. Radiosonde, theodolite, aircraft and satellite wind observations are plotted on upper level charts which are prepared twice daily.

4th Step: Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data Current weather maps are analyzed as follows:

SURFACE (MSL) CHART: The data plotted on this weather map are analyzed isobarically. This means the same

atmospheric pressure at different places are inter-connected with a line taking into consideration the direction of the wind. Through this analysis, weather systems or the so-called centers of action such as high and low pressure areas, tropical

cyclones, cold and warm fronts, intertropical convergence zone, can be located and delineated.

UPPER AIR CHARTS: The data plotted on this weather map are analyzed using streamline analysis. Lines are drawn to illustrate the flow of the wind. With this kind of analysis, anticyclones or high pressure areas and cyclones or low pressure areas can be delineated.

NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT: The computer-plotted weather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and anticyclones, troughs, etc. are located.

MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and 24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of wind waves, rainfall distribution and the behavior of the atmospheric pressure.

Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps level by level to determine the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the forecast area. Examine the latest weather satellite picture, noting the cloud formations in relation to the weather systems on the current weather maps. Compare the latest weather satellite picture with the previous satellite pictures (up to 48 hours) noting the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the country. Examine the latest computer output of the numerical weather prediction model noting the 24hour, 48-hour and 72-hour objective forecast of the weather systems that may affect the forecast area. Analyze the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools. 5th Step: Formulation of the Forecast After the analysis of all available meteorological information/data has been completed, the preparation of forecasts follows. The first and one of the preliminary steps is the determination as accurately as

the data permit, of the location 24 hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing weather over a particular region. In many cases a fairly satisfactory estimate of the direction and rate of movement may be made by simply measuring the movement during the last 12 or 24 hours and then extrapolating, or extending, this movement into the future and hence what weather will be experienced in different areas in the immediate future.

SPS 6: COMMUNICATING Below are ways that scientists use to communicate. For each, give an example.

Graph Model Concept Map Chart Symbol Music

Table/Data Language Verbal Figure/Diagram Number Map

What is Graph??? Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set of numbers) by means of a line, curve, a series of bars, or other symbols. Typically, an independent variable is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and a dependent variable on the vertical line (Y-axis). The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has four quadrants representing the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is shown when the negative values do not exist or are of no interest. Often used interchangeably with the terms chart.

What is Model??? In a general sense, a model is a representation of a phenomenon, an object, or idea (Gilbert, 2000). In science, a model is the outcome of representing an object, phenomenon or idea (the target) with a more familiar one (the source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000). For example, one model of the structure of an atom (target) is the arrangement of planets orbiting the Sun (source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000).

What is Concept Map??? A concept map is a graphical representation of the relationship among terms. Concept maps provide a unique graphical view of how we can organize, connect, and synthesize information.

What is Chart??? A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.

What is Symbol??? Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible. For instance in mathematics, the science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract entities such as numbers, space and functions and the relations between them.

What is Music??? Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels (Brewer, 1995). It can prompt memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. One of the benefits of music is that it can be utilized to teach other subjects like math and science. Music is very effective especially when one needs to memorize something. Often, when music is used learning a certain concept or lesson is more easily understood by the student.

What is Table/Data??? The Data Table tool provides an easy way for you to query the database and save your results. A data table will ensure that we are consistent in recording our data and will make it easier to analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.

What is Language??? In particular we will be looking at the changing use of certain words within science since it is our hypothesis that a change in the use of the word is indicative of a change in theory. Some of these words will include: reality, order, space, movement, process, field, reason, thought, knowledge, universal, random, discontinuous theory, insight and creativity.

What is Verbal??? The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.

What is Figure/Diagram??? A diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. Figure is a shape, drawing or representation.

What is Number??? A number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. The word number can mean the abstract object, the symbol, or the word for the number.

What is Map??? A map is a visual representation of an area and a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes. Besides that, map is anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, acts or an historical map.

SPS 7: USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP A ticker tape is a paper tape inserted into a ticker timer to produce dots (tics) when AC current is used. These timers are clocks. It will produce 50 tics per second since the frequency of AC current in Malaysia is 50 Hz.

Describe the motion represented by the ticker tapes below and determine their average speed

A. 20 cm B .

41 cm

ANSWER: 1. Space-time relationship is used to study motion of an object for a short time interval. 2. A ticker tape is inserted through a ticker timer and is attached to the trolley. 3. The ticker timer which is connected to a. c. power supply is switched on and the trolley is pulled down the plane. 4. As the object moves, the ticker tape timer works by making dots on paper tape at equal time intervals. 5. The rate at which the ticker timer makes the dots is the frequency, f, which is frequency of the a. c. voltage connected to it. The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that time interval. A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that time interval.

A small distance between dots means the object was moving slowly during that time interval. A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore no acceleration. A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity and thus acceleration.

CALCULATION: STEP 1: indicate time between any two dots, (T) T= 1/frequancy(f) STEP 2: indicate total time on a ticker tape, (T) T= (number of dots interval on the tape) x (time between two dots) STEP 3: now calculate the average speed (V) V= distance occupied by the spaces (s) divided by the total time (T) TICKER TAPE A Object was accelerating Frequency (f) = 50 Hz Distances (s) = 20cm Number of dots interval on the tape = 12 dots

STEP 1: T = 1/f = 1/50 Hz = 0.02 s STEP2: T = 12 dots x 0.02 s = 0.24 s STEP 3: V = (0.2 m)/ (0.24 s) = 0.83 ms-1 TICKER TAPE B Object was decelerating Frequency(f) = 50 Hz Distances(s) = 41cm Number of dots interval on the tape = 14 dots

STEP 1: T = 1/f = 1/50 Hz = 0.02 s STEP2: T = 14 dots x 0.02 s = 0.28 s STEP 3: V = (0.41 m)/ (0.28 s) = 1.46 ms-1

SPS 8: INTERPRETING DATA The graph below is recorded at an airport in Montana in 1992. From the graph, describe the weather in Montana.

1. On august Montana has the highest temperature which is 780C. 2. The lowest maximum temperature is on December which is 280C.The highest minimum temperature in Montana is on June which is 500C 3. The lowest minimum temperature is on December which is 90C. 4. For the maximum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from January to June at range 440C-760C .Then the temperature decrease from August to December at range 780C-280C. 5. For the minimum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from February to June at range 240C-500C and the temperature decrease from August to December at range 480C-90C

SPS 9: CONTROLLING VARIABLES You wanted to do an experiment using ticker timer. The purpose is to find the relationship between velocity and mass and to determine the effect of mass towards acceleration (Refer the diagram of SPS 7).

ANSWER: (a) Identify the variables in the system Mass of trolley Frequency of ticker timer Angle of inclination of the runway Initial forces exerted to the trolley Average speed of the trolley Mass of the weight

(b) Decide the manipulated, responding and fixed variables. Fixed : Mass of trolley Frequency of ticker timer Angle of inclination of the runway Initial forces exerted to the trolley Manipulated : Weight of hanging mass Responding : Average speed of the trolley

SPS 10: DEFINING OPERATIONALLY Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities. Solubility Growth Diffraction index

ANSWER: Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities

1. Solubility Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution.

Ksp = [A] [B] Ksp = Solubility product A = Anion B = Cation

2. Growth (Human growth) From infancy to adulthood, human growth and development is a fascinating process. Studies regarding the various stages of physical and mental growth have led to important scientific discoveries. Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful role in parenting, medical treatment in everyday life. The graph shows that the height of a human increase with time. From the day of born until 4 years old, the human height grows rapidly. From 4 to 10 years, the growth kept increasing but slower than the stage mentioned before. Then it kept increasing in slower mode for the next stage (10-14 years). During teenage years, the growth increase rapidly again (14-16 years). The height increase from 16 to 18 years old but slowly. In average, the human growths barely increase after 18 years old.

3. Diffraction Index In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium. This can be written mathematically as: n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.33; meaning that light travels 1.33 times faster in vacuum than it does in water. (See typical values of materials here). As light moves from a medium, such as air, water, or glass, into another it may change its propagation direction in proportion to the change in refractive index. This refraction is governed by Snell's law, and is illustrated in the figure to the right. Refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light. This is called dispersion and results in a slightly different refractive index for each color.

SPS 11: CONSTRUCTING HYPOTHESES A boy goes to school by bicycle and has to travel down a steep road every time. The boy realizes that the speed of the bicycle down the steep road will depends on: (a) the steepness of the road (b) the mass of bicycle and himself

Draw two hypotheses and then describe a way to test both hypotheses

ANSWER: 1) The steepness of the road As the steepness increase, the speed of the bicycle also increases Way to describe hypothesis: Manipulative variable: height of the ramp Controlling variable: time taken Fixed variable: mass of the trolley

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Procedures: Set up the ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table. Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley. Switch on the power supply and release the trolley. Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape. Calculate the speed of the trolley. Repeat the experiment with different height of the ramp.

2) The mass of bicycle and himself As the mass increase, the speed of the bicycle decreases Way to describe hypothesis: Manipulative variable: mass of the trolley Controlling variable: time taken Fixed variable: height of the ramp

Procedures: a. b. c. d. e. f. Set up the ramp with a height of 0.1m above the table. Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley. Switch on the power supply and release the trolley. Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape. Calculate the speed of the trolley. Repeat the experiment with different mass of trolley by placing the mass on the trolley.

SPS 12: EXPERIMENTING Refer to SPS7 and design an experiment to determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down the inclined plane.

ANSWER: TICKER-TIMER EXPERIMENT Hypothesis: The larger the angle of incline, the higher the velocity just before reaching the end of the runway

Aim: To determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down different angle of inclined plane.

Variables: Manipulated: Angle of incline Responding: Average acceleration Constant: Length of runway

Apparatus/Materials: Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, ticker-timer, ticker tape, power supply, friction-compensated runway

Procedures:

1. The apparatus is set up as per the diagram, and inclined angle of the plane is measured using a protractor. An initial angle of 5o is used. 2. The ticker-timer is started up and at the same time the trolley is released to slide down the plane. 3. Label and cut every 10th dot on the tape and indicate the distances. 4. Draw a horizontal line, as a time axis and a vertical axis as a velocity axis on a piece of paper. Glue your tapes, vertically so the bottom of each tape touches this axis. Every 10 dots represent 0.2 second. 5. Calculate the average velocity for the first 10th dot and for the last 10th dot. 6. Calculate the average acceleration. 7. The procedure is repeated by changing the angle of incline to 10o, 15o, 20o, 25o.

Results: Angle of incline (o) Average velocity first 10th dot (ms-1) Average velocity last 10th dot (ms-1) Average accleration (ms-2)

5 10 15 20 25

Analysis: Plot the graph of acceleration of the trolley against the angle of incline.