Example 4.3. Calculation of Radiation from a Pipe. In Example 2.

5 the outside temperature of a lagged pipe carrying steam at 300F was 125F and the surrounding atmosphere was at 70F. The heat loss by free convection and radiation was 103.2 Btu/(hr)(lin ft), and the combined coefficient of heat transfer was 2.10 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(OF). How much of the heat loss was due to radiation, and what was the equivalent coefficient of heat transfer for the radiation alone?

From Table 4.1B, the emissivity is approxin~ately0 .90

Exchange of Energy between Any Source and Any Receiver. The three preceding illustrations- have been extremely limited. The study of two planes was directed only to sources and receivers which were infinitely large so that every point on one plane could be connected with every point on the second and no radiation from the one "leaked" past the other and out of the system. A slighly more complex arrangement can be achieved between two concentric spheres or two concentric cylinders. In either of these all the radiation from the source may be seen to fall on the receiver. But this is very rarely the case in practical engineering problems, particularly in the design of furnaces. The receiving surface, such as the banks of tubes, is cylindrical and may partially obscure some of the surface from "seeing" the source. In a system composed of walls and pipes running in different arrangements the geometry by which the radiation falls on the surfaces and the manner in which these surfaces reflect their energy are difficult to evaluate. The simplest elements are treated here, but many practical applications require the empirical methods of Chap. 19. Consider the arrangement of two radiata b ing plates at temperatures TI and Tz as. shown in Fig. 4.4. The two plates are not face-to-face and therefore have only an askance view of each other. The lower plate, represented isometrically in the horizontal plane, radiates in all directions upward and outward. Some of the radiation from the surface of the hot plate, dAl falls upon the second plate but not perpendicular to it. The second plate dAz will reflect some of the incident energy, but only a part of it will return to the first plate. What is the net exchange of energy between the two? The lines eo and e'o' are perpendiculars to the two plates, respectively,

on their mutually exposed surfaces. The length of the shortest line joining the two plates at their centers is r. When viewed from o', a foreshortened picture of dAl is obtained. Instead of isometrically, the plate dAl may be viewed from its end as in Pig. 4.5, where dA2 is assumed perpendicular to the plane of the paper for simplicity, the line ab represents a side of dA 1, and the line a'b represents the width of ab in the view obtained from 0'. Since eo and oo' are mutually perpendicular to its