10/9/2011

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I
SEM I (2011) FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN Week V Lecture (9 October 2011)
Course Coordinator: DR. ERKIHUN AKLILU W.G. (Course Coordinator)

PLASMA PROTEINS AND HOMEOSTASIS

Week V Lecture

Plasma proteins and Homeostasis

Introduction
A human body is Split Into three Solution-

Filled Compartments
Body 60-80% water by weight 70 kg man has ~ 49 kg water = ~49 litres 3 Main compartments:

Intracellular (inside cells) = ~ 34 liters Interstitial (outside cells) = ~ 13 liters Blood plasma = ~3 liters

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Body Fluids
Blood plasma
40% of blood is red blood cells

(RBCs)
Plasma is similar to interstitial

fluid, but contains plasma proteins

Serum = plasma with clotting

proteins removed
Intracellular fluid is very different

from interstitial fluid (high K concentration instead of high Na concentration, for example)

BLOOD

PLASMA
Composition of Plasma
Water 90% Organic substance 9% Plasma proteins 7% (albumin,

globulin, firinogen)
Other organic substance 2% metabolic products urea creatinine, nutritive substance like Glucose & Amino Acids, Enzymes, hormones,vitamines

Inorganic substance 1% Na, K, Ca, Cl Respiratory gases O2, CO2

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PLASMA

Plasma Protein
Plasma Protein Functions
Blood coagulation: fibrinogen & Carrier functions: vitamins,

prothrombin.
Blood viscosity: 2 times more than

Iron, copper, cholesterol, phospholipids, hormones e.g. Thyroxin, cortisol.

Protein metabolism.

water & maintain diastolic bl. Pressure.

Production of an effective osmotic

pressure maintaining body fluid

Buffering action. Defence action. Antibodies are

gamma globulins
Carriage of CO2 Regulation of capillary

permeability.

HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis
Is the maintenance of a stable

internal environment
Describes the physical and

chemical parameters that an organism must maintain to allow proper functioning of its component cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Enzymes function best when

within a certain range of temperature and pH

Cells must strive to maintain a

balance between having too much or too little water in relation to their external environment

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HOMEOSTASIS
The Internal Environment
There are two types of

extracellular fluids in animals:

The extracellular fluid that

surrounds and bathes cells

Plasma, the liquid

component of the blood.

HOMEOSTASIS
Internal components of homeostasis:
Concentration of oxygen and

carbon dioxide
pH of the internal

environment
Concentration of nutrients

and waste products

Concentration of salt and

other electrolytes
Volume and pressure of

extracellular fluid

HOMEOSTASIS
Stages in homeostasis
Detection: A receptor

detects the changes from the stable state

Counteraction: An

effector counteracts the changes from the stable state

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HOMEOSTASIS
Three (3) main

components:
a. Receptor (receives a

stimuli: detection)
b. Integrator (processes

the information from the stimuli) -"regulatory centre

c.

Effector (carries out a response to the stimuli: counteraction)

HOMEOSTASIS
Mechanisms of homeostasis
Two (2) different mechanisms

(body responses):
Negative feedback: cancels or

counteracts original stimulus e.g., blood sugar balance, blood pH balance, blood pressure balance, body temperature
Positive feedback: increases original

stimulus [e.g. child birth (labor), sexual reproduction (orgasm)]

Most homeostatic mechanisms

operate by negative feedback

Blood Glucose
Blood Glucose
The amount of glucose in the

blood is carefully controlled

It is under the hormonal control

system
The

hormones responsible for regulating blood glucose are produced in the pancreas in particular, islets of Langerhans

Blood ion concentrations slightly

too high or too low can be lethal

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Blood Glucose
Exercise

Glucose is being used up

Alpha cells will produce glucagon

Release of an enzyme that breaks glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)

Blood Glucose
Meal
The blood glucose levels will begin to rise

Pancreatic beta cells, will produce more insulin Insulin then binds to receptor proteins in cell membranes (Liver) More channels open so that more glucose can enter the cell Encourages enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) for storage

Blood Glucose

Blood Glucose

Regulation

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HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTASIS
New folder\Homeostasis.mp4

New folder\Homeostasis And Negative Feedback.flv

New folder\Positive and Negative Feedback Loops.mp4