C7 Basics

Information
Signaling Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

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Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)
Information Signaling
Copyright (C) Siemens AG 1999

Issued by the Information and Communication Network Group Hofmannstrae 51 D-81359 Mnchen Technical modifications possible. Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.
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Reason for Update

Details: Chapter/Section Chap. 1 to Chap. 3 Chap 3.2.2 / 1st topic / 1st paragraph Reason for Update Editorial revision and formal changes Addition: Address
Issue History
Issue Number 2 Date of issue Reason for Update
01/99
Editorial revision and formal changes, technical modifications
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This document consists of a total of 41 pages. All pages are issue 2.
Contents
1 2 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.3.1 3.1.3.2 3.1.3.3 3.1.3.4 3.1.3.5 3.1.3.6 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Signaling network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Structure of SS7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message transfer part (MTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signal units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addressing of the signal units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functional levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmission of a signal unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reception of a signal unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correction of transmission errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signaling network management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User parts (UP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISDN user part (ISUP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signaling connection control part (SCCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transaction capabilities application part (TCAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12 13 16 17 17 18 20 21 24 26 28 29 33 38
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1 Introduction
Communication networks generally connect two subscriber terminating equipment units together via several line sections for message network node (e.g. speech, data, text or images). Control information has to be transferred between the network nodes for call control and for the use of features. In analog communication networks, channel-associated signaling systems have so far been used to carry the control information. Faultfree operation is guaranteed with the channel-associated signaling systems in analog communication networks, but the systems do not meet the requirements in digital, processor-controlled communication networks. Such networks offer a considerably larger scope of performance as compared with the analog communication networks, due, for instance, to a number of new services and facilities. The amount and variety of the control information to be transferred is accordingly larger. The information can no longer be economically transported by the conventional channel-associated signaling systems. For this reason, a more efficient signaling system is required in digital, processor-controlled communication networks. The ITU-T (formerly CCITT) has therefore specified the signaling system no. 7 (SS7). SS7 is optimized for application in digital networks. It is characterized by the following main features: internationally standardized (national variations possible) suitable for the national and international/intercontinental network level suitable for various communication services such as telephony, text services, data services and other services suitable for service-specic communication networks and for the integrated services digital network (ISDN) high performance and exibility along with a future-oriented concept which will meet new requirements high reliability for message transfer signaling on separate signaling links; the bit rate of the circuits is therefore exclusively for communication signaling links always available, even during existing calls use of the signaling links for transferring user data also used on various transmission media: cable (copper, optical ber), radio relay, satellite (up to 2 satellite links) use of the transfer rate of 64 kbit/s typical in digital networks used also for lower bit rates and for analog signaling links if necessary automatic supervision and control of the signaling network (signaling links + signaling points)
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2 Signaling network
In contrast to the standard channel-associated signaling, in SS7 the signaling messages are sent via separate signaling links (see Fig. 2.1). One signaling link can convey the signaling messages for many circuits. The SS7 signaling links connect signaling points in a communication network. The signaling points and the signaling links form an independent signaling network which is overlaid over the circuit network. Signaling points A distinction is made between: signaling points (SP) and signaling transfer points (STP) The signaling points are the sources (originating points) and the sinks (destination points) of signaling traffic. In a communication network these are primarily the network nodes. The signaling transfer points switch signaling messages received to another signaling transfer point or to a signaling point on the basis of the destination address. No call processing of the signaling messages occurs in a signaling transfer point. A signaling transfer point can be integrated in a signaling point (e.g. in an network node) or can form a node of its own in the signaling network. One or more levels of signaling transfer points are possible in a signaling network, according to the size of the network. All signaling points in the signaling network are identified by means of a code within the framework of a corresponding numbering plan and can therefore be directly addressed in a signaling message.
SN
Circuits
SN
Signaling link terminal
Signaling link
Signaling link terminal
Control
Control
Fig. 2.1
Signaling via a common channel signaling link
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Signaling links A signaling link consists of a signaling data link (two data channels operating together in opposite directions at the same data rate) and its transfer control functions. A channel of an existing transmission link (e.g. a pulse code modulation system with 30 channels (PCM30) link) can be used as the signaling data link. Generally, more than one signaling link exists between two signaling points in order to provide redundancy. In the case of failure of a signaling link, functions of the SS7 ensure that the signaling traffic is rerouted to fault-free alternative routes. The routing of the signaling links between two signaling points can differ. All the signaling links between two signaling points are combined in a signaling link set. Signaling modes Two different signaling modes can be used in the signaling network for SS7. In the associated mode of signaling (see Fig. 2.2), the signaling link is routed together with the circuit group belonging to the link. In other words, the signaling link is directly connected to signaling points which are also the terminal points of the circuit group. This mode of signaling is recommended when the capacity of the traffic relation between the signaling points A and B is heavily utilized. Signaling point A Circuit group Signaling link Fig. 2.2 Associated mode of signaling Signaling point B
In the quasi-associated mode of signaling (see Fig. 2.3), the signaling link and the circuit group run along different routes, the circuit group connecting the signaling point A directly with the signaling point B. For this mode the signaling for the circuit group is carried out via one or more defined signaling transfer points. This signaling mode is favorable for traffic relations with low capacity utilization, as the various signaling links can be used for several destinations. Signaling point A Signaling point B
Circuit group (with quasi-associated signaling A-C-B) Signaling links
Circuit group (with associated signaling) Signaling point C/ Signaling transfer point Fig. 2.3
Circuit group (with associated signaling)
Example of the quasi-associated mode of signaling
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Signaling routes The route defined for the signaling between an originating point and a destination point is called the signaling route. The signaling traffic between two signaling points can be distributed over several different signaling routes. All signaling routes between two signaling points are combined in a signaling group. Network structure The signaling network can be designed in different ways because of the two signaling modes. It can be constructed either with a uniform mode of signaling (associated or quasi-associated) or with a mixed mode (associated and quasi-associated). The worldwide signaling network is divided into two levels that are functionally independent of each other: an international level with an international network and a national level with many national networks. Each network has its own numbering plans for the signaling points. Planning aspects Economic, operational and organizational aspects must be considered in the planning of the signaling network for SS7. An administration should also have discussions with the other providers at an early stage before SS7 is introduced into international routing in order to make decisions, for example, on the following points: signaling network mode of signaling, selection of the signaling transfer points, signaling type (end bloc or overlap), assignment of the addresses to signaling points signaling data links e.g. 64 kbit/s digital or 4,8 kbit/s analog safety requirements load sharing between signaling links, diverting the signaling trafc to alternative routes in the event of faults, error correction adjacent trafc relations
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3 Structure of SS7
The signaling functions in SS7 are distributed among the following parts: Message transfer part (MTP) User parts (UP) The message transfer part (MTP) represents a user-neutral means of transport for messages between the users. The term user is applied here for all functional units which use the transport capability of the message transfer part. Each user part (UP) encompasses the functions, protocols and coding for the signaling via SS7 for a specific user type (e.g. data service, ISDN). In this way, the user parts control the set-up and release of circuit connections, the processing of facilities as well as administration and maintenance functions for the circuits. The functions of the message transfer part and the user parts of SS7 are divided into 4 levels (see Fig. 3.1). Levels 1 to 3 are allotted to the message transfer part while the user parts form level 4.
ISUP, level 4
SCCP, level 4
Examples of the user parts
Signaling network functions, level 3
Signaling link functions, level 2
Message transfer part
Signaling data link functions, level1
Fig. 3.1
Functional levels of SS7
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3.1
Message transfer part (MTP)

(ITU-T, Recommendations Q.701 to Q.707) The message transfer part (MTP) is used in SS7 by all user parts as a transport system for message exchange. Messages to be transferred from one user part to another are given to the message transfer part (see Fig. 3.2). The message transfer part ensures that the messages reach the addressed user part in the correct order without information loss, duplication or sequence alteration and without any bit errors. Signaling point A Circuits User part (e.g. ISUP) User part (e.g. ISUP) Signaling point B
User message Signaling data link Signal unit
User message
MTP component
User information
Address
MTP component
User message Fig. 3.2 Message exchange between two signaling points with SS7
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3.1.1
Signal units
The message transfer part transports messages in signal units of varying length. A signal unit is formed by the functions of level 2. In addition to the message it also contains control information for the message exchange. There are three different types of signal units (see Fig. 3.3): message signal units (MSU) With message signal units, the message transfer part transfers user messages, i.e.,messages from user parts (level 4) and messages from the signaling network management (level 3). link status signal units (LSSU) LSSUs contain information for the operation of the signaling link (e.g. for the alignment). ll-in signal units (FISU) FISUs are used to maintain the acknowledgement cycle and quality control when no user messages are to be sent in one of the two directions of the signaling link.
CK
SIF
SIO
LI
FIB
FSN
BIB
BSN
Message signal unit
CK
SF
LI
FIB
FSN
BIB
BSN
Link status signal unit
CK
LI
FIB
FSN
BIB
BSN
Fill-in signal unit Direction of transfer Fig. 3.3 Flag (F) The signal units are of varying length. In order to clearly separate them from one another, each signal unit begins and ends with a flag. The closing flag of one signal unit is usually also the opening flag of the next signal unit. However, in the event of overloading of the signaling link, several consecutive flags can be sent. The flag is also used for the purpose of alignment. The bit pattern of a flag is 01111110. Format of the various signal units
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Backward sequence number (BSN) The backward sequence (BSN) number is used as an acknowledgment carrier within the context of error control. It contains the forward sequence number of a signal unit in the opposite direction whose reception is being acknowledged. A series of signal units can also be acknowledged with one backward sequence number. Backward indicator bit (BIB) The backward indicator bit (BIB) is needed during general error correction (see Correction of transmission errors). With this bit, faulty signal units and the backward sequence number are requested to be retransmitted for error correction. Forward sequence number (FSN) A forward sequence number (FSN) is assigned consecutively to each signal unit to be transmitted. On the receive side it is used for supervision of the correct order for the signal units and for safeguarding against transmission errors. The numbers 0 to 127 are available for the forward sequence number. Forward indicator bit (FIB) The forward indicator bit (FIB) is needed during general error correction. It indicates whether a signal unit is being sent for the first time or whether it is being retransmitted. Length indicator (LI) The length indicator (LI) gives the number of octets (one octet = 8 bits) between the length indicator field and the check-bit field, and is used to differentiate between the three signal units. The length indicator field contains different values according to the type of signal unit: 0 = ll-in signal unit 1 or 2 = link status signal unit greater than 2 = message signal unit. The maximum value in the length indicator field is 63 even if the signal information field contains more than 62 octets.(The message signal unit is invalid for longer message signal units. However, it is possible to calculate the exact length of the message signal unit).
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Service information octet (SIO) The service information octet (SIO) only exists in message signal units. It contains the service indicator and the network indicator. A service indicator is assigned to each user of the message transfer part. It informs the message transfer part which user part has sent the message and which user part is to receive it. The network indicator indicates whether the traffic is national or international. The message transfer part evaluates both items of information. Signal information field (SIF) The signal information field (SIF) only exists in message signal units. It contains the actual user message as well as the addresses. The maximum length of the signalling information field is 272 octets. The format and the coding of the user message are separately defined for each user part. Check bits (CK) The check bits (CK) are formed on the transmission side from the contents of the signal unit and are added to the signal unit as redundancy. On the receive side, the message transfer part can determine with the check bits whether the signal unit was transferred without any errors. The signal unit is acknowledged as either positive or faulty on the basis of the check. Status field (SF) The status field (SF) only exists in link status signal units. It contains status indications for the signaling links for the alignment of the transmit and receive directions.
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3.1.2
Addressing of the signal units

The routing label of a signal unit is transported in the signal information field (SIF). It consists of the following (see Fig. 3.4): destination point code (DPC) originating point code (OPC) signaling link selection (SLS) A code is assigned to each signaling point in the signaling network according to a numbering plan. The message transfer part uses the code for message routing. The destination point code in a message signal unit identifies the signaling point to which this message is to be transferred. The originating point code specifies the signaling point from which the message originates. The contents of the signaling link selection determine the signaling route along which the message is to be transmitted. In this way, the signaling link selection is used for load sharing on the signaling links between two signaling points. The service information octet (SIO) contains additional address information. Using the service indicator, the destination message transfer part identifies the user part for which the message is intended. The network indicator, for example, enables a message to be identified as being for national or international traffic. Link status signal units and fill-in signal units require no routing label as they are only exchanged between level 2 of adjacent message transfer parts. Address User information SLS OPC DPC
Signal information field (SIF)
Fig. 3.4
Routing label of a message signal unit
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3.1.3
Functions
The message transfer part is responsible for transmitting and receiving signal units, for correcting transmission errors, for the signaling network management and for the alignment. Its functions are spread over the functional levels 1, 2 and 3.
3.1.3.1
Functional levels
Level 1 (signaling data link) defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a signaling data link and the access units. Level 1 represents the bearer for a signaling link. In a digital network, 64-kbit/s channels are generally used as signaling data links. In addition, analog channels (preferably with a bit rate of 4.8 kbit/s) can also be used via modems as a signaling data link. Level 2 (signaling link) defines the functions and procedures for a correct exchange of user messages via a signaling link. The following functions must be carried out in level 2: delimitation of the signal units by ags elimination of superuous ags error detection using check bits error correction by retransmitting signal units error rate monitoring on the signaling data link restoration of fault-free operation, for example, after disruption of the signaling data link Level 3 (signaling network) defines the interworking of the individual signaling links. A distinction is made between the two following functional areas: message handling, i.e. directing the messages to the desired signaling link, or to the correct user part signaling network management, i.e. control of the message trafc, for example, by means of changeover of signaling links if a fault is detected and changeback to normal operation after the fault is corrected The various functions of level 3 operate with one another, with functions of other levels and with corresponding functions of other signaling points.
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3.1.3.2
Transmission of a signal unit

The transmission of a message signal unit is described here as an example. The user sends the following separate parameter to the message transfer part for transmission: originating point code, destination point code, signaling data link selection, service information octet, as well as user data/message. The processing of a user message to be transmitted in the message transfer part begins in level 3 (see Fig. 3.5). Message routing The message routing (level 3) determines the signaling link on which the user message is to be transmitted. To do this, it analyzes the destination point code and the signaling link selection in the routing label of the user message, and then transfers the message to the appropriate signaling link (level 2). Transmission control The transmission control (level 2) assigns the next forward sequence number and the forward indicator bit to the user message. In addition, the backward sequence number and the backward indicator bit as an acknowledgment for the last received message signal unit are included. The transmission control simultaneously enters the part of the message signal unit formed so far in the transmission and retransmission buffers. All message signal units to be transmitted are stored in the retransmission buffer until their fault-free reception is acknowledged by the receive side. Only then are they deleted. Check bit and flag generator The check bit and flag generator (level 2) generates check bits for safeguarding against transmission errors for the message signal unit and sets the flag for separating the signal units. In order that any section of code identical to the flag (01111110) occurring by chance is not mistaken for the flag, the user messages are monitored before the flag is added to see if five consecutive ones (1) appear in the message. A zero (0) is automatically inserted after five consecutive 1s. On the receive side, the zero following the five 1s is then automatically removed and the user message thereby regains its original coding. The check-bit and flag generator transfers a complete message signal unit to level 1. In level 1, the message signal unit is sent on the signaling data link.
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UP level 4
ISUP
other UP
MTP level 3
Signaling message handling Message distribution
Signaling network management Signaling traffic management
Message routing
Message discrimination
Signaling route management
Signaling link management
MTP level 2
Signaling link status control Error rate monitoring other signaling links
Transmission control, transmission buffer, retransmission buffer Control for the initial alignment Check bit and flag generator
Receive control
Flag, alignment and error detection
MTP level 1 Fig. 3.5
Signaling data link
Distribution of functions in the message transfer part
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3.1.3.3
Reception of a signal unit

The bit stream along a signaling data link is received in level 1 and transferred to level 2. Flag detection Flag detection (level 2) examines the received bit stream for flags. The bit sequence between two flags corresponds to one signal unit. Alignment detection The alignment detection (level 2) monitors the synchronism of the transmit and receive sides with the bit pattern of the flags. Error detection Using the check bits also transmitted, error detection (level 2) checks whether the signal unit was correctly received. A fault-free signal unit is transferred to the receive control, while a faulty signal unit is discarded. The reception of a faulty signal unit is reported to error rate monitoring, in order to keep a continuous check on the error rate on the receive side of the signaling link. If a specified error rate is exceeded, this is reported to the signaling link status control by error rate monitoring. The signaling link status control then takes the signaling link out of service and sends a report to level 3. Receive control The receive control (level 2) checks whether the transferred signal unit contains the expected forward sequence number and the expected forward indicator bit. If this is the case and if it is a message signal unit, the receive control transfers the user message to level 3 and causes the reception of the message signal unit to be positively acknowledged. If the forward sequence number of the transferred message signal unit does not agree with that expected, the receive control detects a transmission error and causes all messages received since the last correctly received message to be retransmitted (see Correction of transmission errors). Message discrimination The message discrimination (level 3) accepts the correctly received user message. It first determines whether the user message is to be delivered to one of the immediately connected user parts or to be transferred to another signaling link (quasi-associated message). This preselection is achieved in the message discrimination by evaluation of the destination point code. A user message which only passes through a signaling point (signaling transfer point) is transferred by the message discrimination to the message routing, where it is treated as a user message to be transmitted. Message distribution If a received user message is intended for one of the connected user parts (signaling point), it is transferred to the message distribution (level 3). The message distribution evaluates the service information octet (SIO), thereby determining the user part concerned, and delivers the user message there.
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3.1.3.4
Correction of transmission errors

As signal mutilations in the signaling can bring about faulty reactions particularly in call processing, transmission errors must be reduced to a minimum. In SS7 two methods exist for this purpose: basic error correction method preventive cyclic retransmission (PCR) error correction method Both methods are based on retransmitting received faulty message signal units. For the basic error correction method, all message signal units from the received faulty message signal unit onwards are specifically requested to be retransmitted. For the preventive cyclic retransmission method, on the other hand, all the message signal units in the retransmission buffer are cyclically retransmitted as a preventive measure. The error correction takes place in level 2. Basic error correction method The basic error correction method is applied for signaling links with small propagation delays (<15 ms, e.g. terrestrial links). It functions with both positive and negative acknowledgements. For this method, an acknowledgement comprises the backward sequence number (BSN) and the backward indicator bit (BIB). For a positive acknowledgement, the backward indicator bit has the same value as the backward indicator bit in the previous acknowledgement (see Fig. 3.6). For a negative acknowledgement, the backward indicator bit is the inverse of the backward indicator bit in the previous acknowledgement. When a positive acknowledgment is received, the receive control on the originating side causes the corresponding message signal unit (or a sequence of message signal units) in the retransmission buffer to be deleted. In the case of a negative acknowledgment, the receive control on the originating side requests the transmission control to stop the transmission of new signal units and to retransmit the negatively acknowledged message signal unit. Then all further message signal units still in the retransmission buffer are retransmitted in the order they were first transmitted. After detecting a transmission error the receive control on the destination side discards all incoming message signal units until it receives the negatively acknowledged message signal unit correctly. Only then does it resume evaluation of the message signal units. This ensures that user messages do not overtake one another. The receive control at the destination recognizes the retransmitted message signal units by the forward indicator bit (FIB). The forward indicator bit is inverted for the retransmitted message signal units and for all later newly transmitted message signal units with regard to the message signal units transmitted before the error.
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Preventive cyclic retransmission (PCR) error correction method The preventive cyclic retransmission error correction method is applied for signaling links with large propagation delays (15 ms, e.g. long terrestrial links, satellite links). Unlike the basic error correction method, the PCR method works only with positive acknowledgments. The retransmission of the message signal units does not first occur on request after a transmission error; instead, all the message signal units in the retransmission buffer are cyclically retransmitted as a preventive measure whenever no new message signal units are available for transmission. The acknowledgment for correctly received message signal units consists of the backward sequence number only. The backward indicator bit and the forward indicator bit are not required for this method. To keep the format of the signal units almost identical for both error correction methods, the backward and forward indicator bits receive a fixed value and are transmitted with every signal unit without alteration. As in the case of basic error correction, when the receive control on the originating side receives an acknowledgement it causes the corresponding message signal unit (or a sequence of message signal units) in the retransmission buffer to be deleted. If, with the preventive cyclic retransmission method, the receive control at the destination detects a transmission error, it continues to acknowledge the last correctly received message signal unit and waits until it receives the faulty message signal unit correctly by cyclic retransmission. The retransmitted message signal units are then accepted, processed and acknowledged on the destination side until the retransmission has reached the first transmission of new signal units. Thus, with the preventive cyclic retransmission method, automatic error correction occurs. It is dependent on the usage of the signaling link (on average approx. 20%). The smaller the load, the greater the free capacity for retransmitting the message signal units.
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Signaling equipment at the origin Transmission control MSU number 36 BSN BIB FSN FIB CK 1 36 1 11 F CK
Signaling data link
Signaling equipment at the destination Receive control
BSN BIB FSN FIB 1 35 1 10 F CK 1 34 1 9 F
Retransmission buffer 36 1 35 1 34 1 33 1 32 1
Retransmission buffer 1 9 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13
F 32 1 11 1 FIB FSN BIB
CK F 33 1 12 1
CK F 34 1 13 1 FIB FSN BIB
CK
BSN
BSN
MSU number 13 Receive control Fig. 3.6 Transmission control
Acknowledgment cycle for the basic error correction procedure in normal operation
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3.1.3.5
Signaling network management

The signaling network management is a function of level 3. It controls the operation and the interworking of the individual signaling links in the signaling network. To this end, the signaling network management exchanges messages and control instructions with the signaling links of level 2, sends messages to the user parts and works together with the signaling network management in adjacent signaling points. For the interworking with other signaling points the signaling network management uses the transport function of the message transfer part. Management messages are transferred in message signal units like user messages. For discrimination, the management messages have their own service indicator. The signaling network management contains the following three function blocks: signaling link management signaling route management signaling trafc management Signaling link management The signaling link management controls and monitors the individual signaling links. It receives the messages concerning the alignment and status of the individual signaling links, or concerning operating irregularities and effects any change in status which may be necessary. In addition, the signaling link management controls the putting into service of signaling links, including initial alignment and automatic realignment of signaling links after failures or alignment losses due to persistent faults. If necessary, the signaling link management transfers messages to the signaling traffic management or receives instructions from there. Signaling route management The signaling route management controls and monitors the operability of signaling routes. It exchanges messages with the signaling route management in the adjacent signaling transfer points for this purpose. The signaling route management receives, for example, messages concerning the failure or reavailability of signaling routes or the overloading of signaling transfer points. In cooperation with the signaling traffic management, it initiates the appropriate actions in order to maintain the signaling operation to the signaling destinations involved.
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Signaling traffic management The signaling traffic management controls the diversion of the signaling traffic from faulty signaling links or signaling routes to fault-free signaling links or signaling routes. It also controls the load distribution on the signaling links and signaling routes. To achieve this it can initiate the following actions: changeover on failure of a signaling link the signaling trafc management switches the signaling trafc from the failed signaling link to a fault-free signaling link changeback when a signaling link becomes available again after a fault has been corrected, the signaling trafc management reverses the effect of the changeover rerouting when a signaling point can no longer be reached on a normal route, the signaling trafc management diverts the signaling trafc to a predened alternative route When overloading occurs, the signaling traffic management sends messages to the users in its own signaling point in order that they reduce the load. The management also informs the adjacent signaling points of the overloading in its own signaling point and requests them to also reduce the load. The signaling traffic management accomplishes its functions by receiving messages from the signaling link and signaling route managements sending control instructions to the signaling link and signaling route managements directly accessing the signaling links, e.g. during emergency alignment modifying the message routing on failure of signaling routes exchanging management messages with the signaling trafc management in adjacent signaling points.
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3.1.3.6
Alignment
For fault-free transmission of user messages via a signaling link it is necessary for the transmit and receive directions to operate at the same rate. For this purpose, an initial alignment is carried out when putting a signaling link into service. The initiation of the initial alignment is possible from either end of the signaling link. The alignment is done by exchanging status indications. The alignment itself all takes place in level 2, while the initiation comes from level 3. Several stages are provided for the initial alignment. Each stage is assigned a special type of status indication (see Tab. 3.1). The status indications are transmitted in link status signal units. Status indication SIO SIN SIE SIOS Tab. 3.1 out of alignment normal alignment emergency alignment out of service Alignment status indication Explanation
At the start of the initial alignment the control for the alignment on the initiation side causes the transmission control to send SIO status indications (see Fig. 3.7). The opposite side receives these signals and replies to them with SIN status indications. After receiving the first SIN status indication, the initiation side also sends SIN indications. This is the start of the proving period for the signaling link. The initial alignment control records any signal errors occurring during the proving period (8.2 s for a signaling link with 64 kbit/s) and decides whether the link can be released for normal service. It reports the result of the proving period to level 3. With the transition to normal service both ends of the signaling link first send fill-in signal units (FISU) until the first message signal unit (MSU) is to be transmitted. If the proving period yields a negative result, the initial alignment can be repeated. The initial alignment can also be carried out in emergency form if necessary. Emergency alignment can be applied, for example, when a non-aligned standby signaling link has to be put into service. SIE status indications are then sent in place of SIN status indications. The proving period is drastically reduced (to 0.5 s for a signaling link with 64 kbit/s) and the requirements for the error rate are lessened.
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Signaling point A Transmission control Receive control
Signaling point B Receive control Transmission control
Status: out of service SIO SIO not aligned SIO SIN aligned proving period SIN SIN SIN SIN FISU MSU SIO SIN SIN SIN SIN SIN SIN SIN SIN FISU MSU service
Status: out of service
not aligned
aligned
proving period
service
Signaling data link Fig. 3.7 Exchange of signal units during initial alignment
In the event that, following successful initial alignment the signaling link is able to send or receive fill-in signal units but, for other reasons, e.g. errors in level 3, no message signal units can be processed, link status signal units containing SIOS are sent instead of the fill-in signal units. In this way the signaling link is taken out of service again and the alignment procedure is restarted. Level 3 detects errors by testing the aligned signaling link before message signal units are transmitted (signaling link test). The maintenance of the alignment is ensured by the flags between the signal units on the basis of their bit patterns. The alignment can be lost for a few signal units at most, but it is recovered immediately with the next correct signal unit received and its corresponding flags. If a signaling link is taken out of service due to an overly large signal error rate, an attempt is first made to put the signaling link into service again with the initial alignment.
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3.2
User parts (UP)

Each user part (UP) provides the functions for using the message transfer part for a particular user type. The following user parts are currently specified by the ITU-T: ISDN user part (ISUP) Signaling connection control part (SCCP) Fig. 3.8 shows the users of the message transfer part as well as their relationship to one another and to the message transfer part. SS7 can be adapted to all requirements due to the modular structure. Expansion for future applications is also possible. Each SS7 user can specify its own user part; for example, the mobile user part (MUP) is Siemens' own specification for the mobile telephone network. The Transaction capabilities application part (TCAP) is an application signaling protocol (OSI layer 7, application layer). The TCAP communicates directly with the SCCP, because the intermediate service part (ISP) is empty. The TCAP, with its services, is used by applications such as the mobile application part (MAP).
SS7 users
TCAP users
ISUP
Other MTP users e.g. MUP
TCAP
SCCP
Message transfer part (MTP)
Fig. 3.8
Message transfer part users
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3.2.1
ISDN user part (ISUP)

(ITU-T, Recommendations Q.761 to Q.767) The ISDN user part (ISUP) covers the signaling functions for the control of calls, for the processing of services and features and for the administration of circuits in ISDN. The ISUP has interfaces to the message transfer part and the signaling connection control part (SCCP) for the transport of message signal units. The ISUP can use SCCP functions for end-to-end signaling. Structure of an ISUP message Fig. 3.9 shows the general structure of an ISUP message for link-by-link transmission.
Message signal unit
Optional part
Variable mandatory part
Fixed mandatory part
Message type
Circuit identification code (CIC)
Routing label in the MTP part
Direction of transmission
Fig. 3.9
ISUP message
The routing label comprises the destination point code, the originating point code and the signaling link selection. The circuit identification code (CIC) assigns the message to a specific circuit. A circuit identification code is permanently assigned to each circuit. The message type defines the function and the format of an ISUP message. There are different message types for the call set-up, the call release and the administration of circuits. Message types for the call set-up (examples): Initial address message (IAM) The IAM is the rst message sent to the next network node during call set-up. It is used for seizing a circuit and contains all information necessary for routing to the terminating network node. Subsequent address message (SAM) The SAM transports the digits which were not yet contained in the IAM. Address complete message (ACM) The calling network node is informed with the ACM that the terminating network node was reached.
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Answer message (ANM) The ANM informs the calling network node that the called party has answered. The call charge registration normally begins with the ANM.
Message types for call release (examples): Release message (REL) The REL initiates the release of a circuit connection. Any unsuccessful circuit connection set-up is likewise released with REL. It also includes the cause of the failure of the call set-up. Release complete message (RLC) With the RLC the disconnection of the set-up of a circuit is indicated and the reception of the RLC is acknowledged. After the transmission or reception of the RLC the circuit is released and becomes available for a new call set-up. Message types for the administration of circuits (examples): Blocking message (BLO) The BLO is used for blocking a circuit. Unblocking message (UBL) The UBL is used for canceling a block on a circuit. The fixed mandatory part of the ISUP message contains parameters which must be present for a certain message type and which have a fixed length. For the IAM these are, for example, parameters for: the type of connection (e.g. connection via a satellite link) the requirements for the transmission link (e.g. 64 kbit/s end-to-end) the requirements for the signaling system (e.g. ISUP end-to-end) the type of the calling party (ISDN subscriber = normal subscriber) The variable mandatory part of the ISUP message contains parameters of variable length. An example of one such parameter for the IAM is: the directory number or at least part of the number which is required for routing to the terminating network node. If a message has an optional part, the parameters that can be transmitted in the optional part are specified for the message. These may be parameters of fixed or variable length. Examples for the IAM are: directory number of the calling party parameters for the message type (e.g. closed user group) user information
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Signaling procedures As examples of signaling procedures for the ISUP, a call set-up and a call release are described in more detail. Call set-up begins after a sufficient number of digits from the calling party have arrived in the originating network node. First of all the routing is completed and an idle circuit is seized. The first message sent by the ISUP in the originating network node for setting up a call is the IAM (see Fig. 3.10). The initial address message (IAM) contains all the digits that have already arrived. With a subsequent address message (SAM) the ISUP transfers the subsequent digits. After receiving the IAM the transit network node carries out routing. After successful routing, the transit network node seizes an idle circuit and the ISUP sends an IAM to the terminating network node. The IAM from the ISUP in the transit network node contains all dialing information that has arrived up to that time (from the IAM received and from the following SAM if it has also arrived). SAMs arriving at the transit network node after the IAM has been sent are forwarded unchanged by the ISUP. The terminating network node analyses the dialing information contained in the IAM and waits, if necessary, for further digits arriving with SAM. When all information is present, the called line is determined, its status interrogated and an authorization check is carried out for the service requested. With the address complete message (ACM) the terminating network node informs the originating network node that the call set-up was successful up to the terminating network node. For the telephone service, the ringing tone is sent via the circuit from the terminating network node to the called party if the called party is free. When the called party answers, the ringing tone is disconnected and the call is switched through. Afterwards the ISUP in the terminating network node sends the answer message (ANM) to the originating network node, which then starts call charge registration.
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Calling party Originating network node IAM *) SAM SAM IAM Transit network node Terminating network node
Called party
Ringing ACM ACM ANM ANM Answer
*) Start of call set-up, transfer of the dialing information Fig. 3.10 Set-up of an ISDN call
Call release can be initiated by the calling party or by the called party. For this purpose the ISUP in the initiating network node sends the release message (REL) to the transit network node (see Fig. 3.11). The transit network node immediately transfers the REL to the appropriate end network node. Each REL received is acknowledged with the release complete message (RLC) as soon as the circuit concerned is released. Calling party Originating network node Transit network node Called party Terminating network node
Release of the circuit
REL REL RLC RLC
Release of the circuit
Fig. 3.11
Release of an ISDN call
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3.2.2
Signaling connection control part (SCCP)

(ITU-T, Recommendations Q.711 to Q.716) The signaling connection control part (SCCP) is used as a supplement to the message transfer part. It provides additional functions for the transfer of messages between network nodes and between network nodes and other signaling points, such as data banks. From the point of view of the message transfer part the SCCP is a user with its own service indicator. The combination of the SCCP and the message transfer part is called the network service part (NSP). The SCCP provides two types of message transfer: without logical signaling connection (connectionless) with logical signaling connection (connection-oriented) Without logical signaling connection an SCCP user can send single messages to other SCCP users. With logical signaling connection an exchange of messages between two SCCP users is possible. A logical signaling connection arises through the mutual network node of the originating point codes between the SCCPs in the signaling points of the signaling relation. The messages to the other SCCP user can thus be directly addressed. What is important here, is that the SCCP can send messages via the MTP network. The SCCP possesses its own routing function. The SCCP can use the following as address parameters: the destination point code a global title a subsystem number The destination point code is simply given over to the MTP, which then carries out routing. The global title, however, contains digits or other forms of address information that are not customary in the signaling network. For this reason, the SCCP must first determine the destination point code for the transfer of the message to the destination (global title translation). The subsystem number identifies a user function; for example, in an incoming message it identifies the SCCP user (e.g. IN application part, INAP) for which the message is intended.
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Structure of an SCCP message An SCCP message consists of: a routing label a message type xed mandatory part variable mandatory part optional part
Message signal unit
Optional part
Variable mandatory part
Fixed mandatory part
Message type
Routing label in the MTP part
Direction of transmission
Fig. 3.12
SCCP message
The routing label consists of the destination point code, the originating point code and the signaling link selection. The SCCP determines the destination point code from the address parameters contained in the user information. The message type defines the function and the format of an SCCP message. Different message types are used, dependent on the type of message transfer. The following message types exist for connectionless message transfer: unidata (UDT) SCCP messages are sent to a destination with the UDT message. It is used for the protocol classes 0 and 1. unidata service (UDTS) A transmitting SCCP is informed with the UDTS message that a UDT message could not be conveyed to the destination. It is used for the protocol classes 0 and 1 extended unidata (XUDT) Signaling information is sent in a connectionless mode, whereby optional parameters are allowed (for segmentation). extended unidata service (XUDTS) Signaling information received from an XUDT message is sent back to its originating point if the XUDTS was not able to reach the destination. The user must already have requested this feature (Return option).
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For connection-oriented message transfer there are different message types for the call set-up of a logical signaling connection, for the release of a logical signaling connection and for the message transfer. Message types for the call set-up of a logical signaling connection: connection request (CR) The far-end signaling point of a signaling relation is informed with the CR message that a logical signaling connection is to be set up. The CR message can be sent as either a message on its own or together with another message, depending on the protocol class used. connection conrm (CC) The set-up of a logical signaling connection is conrmed by the distant side with the CC message. Message types for the release of a logical signaling connection: Released (RLSD) The RLSD message initiates the release of a logical signaling connection. It can be sent from either end of the connection. Release complete (RLC) The release of a logical signaling connection is conrmed with the RLC message. Message types for message transfer: Data form 1 (DT1) SCCP messages can be transferred in both directions with the DT1 message after the set-up of a logical signaling connection. It is only used in protocol class 2. Data form 2 (DT2) With the DT2 message, SCCP messages can be transferred in both directions after the set-up of a logical signaling connection, and the reception of SCCP messages can be conrmed by the opposite side. It is only used in protocol class 3. The fixed mandatory part of the SCCP message contains parameters which must be present for a certain message type and which have a fixed length. For the CR message these are, for example: the local reference the protocol class used for the message transfer The variable mandatory part of the SCCP message contains parameters of variable length. For the CR message these are, for example: the directory number of the called party the identier of the SCCP user (e.g. ISUP, TCAP) The optional part of the SCCP message contains parameters which can occur in every message type. The parameters in question can be of either fixed or variable length. For the CR message these are, for example: the directory number of the calling party user messages to be transferred
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Signaling procedures The SCCP provides two protocol classes for each type of message transfer.
Message transfer with the SCCP
connectionless
connection-oriented
Protocol class 0 Basic method
Protocol class 1 Basic method + message sequence control Normal method
Protocol class 2 Basic method
Protocol class 3 Basic method + flow control
Embedded method
Fig. 3.13
Protocol classes for message transfer via the SCCP
For the transfer of connectionless messages, the SCCP provides the protocol classes 0 and 1: Protocol class 0 For the protocol class 0 the SCCP messages are sent singly and independently of one another by the message transfer part. Protocol class 1 For the protocol class 1 the SCCP messages are sent in the order dened by the user. The SCCP provides protocol classes 2 and 3 for the transfer of connection-oriented messages: Protocol class 2 For the setting up of a logical signaling connection, the SCCPs of the signaling points of the signaling relation concerned send their own originating point codes to one another. In addition, they assign local references to the process for which they set up a logical signaling connection (e.g. for using a feature during an existing connection), and likewise inform one another. Messages can then be exchanged. Each SCCP can assign incoming messages to the process concerned by means of the local reference. This protocol class guarantees for a correct message order. Protocol class 3 Protocol class 3 fullls the same functions as protocol class 2. In addition, protocol class 3 contains the option of an error control/check.
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Connectionless message transfer is used, for example, by the TCAP. It is particularly suitable for the frequent transmission of short messages. An example of an application is the credit card service. To check the validity, an interrogation message can be sent to a data center and the reply received on the same route. The SCCP generates a unidata (UDT) message for connectionless message transport from the user data and from the determined address. It also transfers the unidata (UDT) message to the message transfer part for transmission to the next destination. Connection-oriented message transfer can be used, for example, by ISUP (for the processing of features). When the SCCP receives a request from a user to set up a logical signaling connection, it sends a connection request (CR) message to the SCCP in the opposite signaling point. The CR message contains, among other things, the local reference and information on the protocol class used. The following options exist for the protocol class 2 for transferring the CR message: Normal method The CR message is sent as an independent message to the opposite signaling point. Embedded method The CR message is integrated in a message of the ISUP. This method has the advantage that the SCCP does not have to determine the destination point code. Only the normal method is applied for the protocol class 3. The SCCP on the receive side likewise assigns the process a local reference on reception of a CR message, and sends it to the transmit side in the CC message together with the signaling point code of the receive side. In this way, each network node knows the code number and the local references of the other and messages for the process can be directly addressed to the opposite signaling point.
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3.2.3
Transaction capabilities application part (TCAP)

(ITU-T, Recommendations Q.771 to Q.775) The transaction capabilities application part (TCAP) supports the exchange of messages between users in different SS7 network nodes (e.g. in network nodes or in a data base) via signaling links without having to create circuit connections in this context. The following are examples of applications for the TCAP: reporting the location of a mobile telephone subscriber to the home network node in the mobile telephone network validity checking and transactions in the credit card service the network node of non-circuit-related signaling information (ISDN) additional services such as call completion to busy subscriber (CCBS) and completion of calls on no reply (CCNR) in closed user groups (CUG) the interrogation of operating states or the initiation of actions in remote network nodes for operation and maintenance The TCAP is an application signaling protocol (OSI layer 7, application layer) and communicates directly with the SCCP. The TCAP and its services uses connectionless message transfer. Messages which the TCAP users exchange with each other can comprise one or more individual message components. A message component can contain, for example: a call-up of an action which the TCAP user in the remote network node should carry out a query for data or a state the reply to an action call-up or a query A TCAP user transfers the message components singly to the TCAP, whereby associated message components are marked by identical dialog identifiers. The user starts the transfer with a special request. The TCAP then combines all the message components with the same dialog identifier into one complete message and passes this to the SCCP for transfer to the desired destination. Two options for the message transfer are available to the TCAP user: Unstructured dialog A TCAP user transfers single message components to the TCAP, and the TCAP sends these to the desired destination singly or in a group according to the user's request. An assignment between a transmitted message component and any received reply by the TCAP is not possible. Structured dialog The TCAP user sets up a dialog with the remote TCAP user and exchanges messages with this TCAP user during the dialog. The message component and reply can be directly assigned to each other in this way.
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Structure of a TCAP message A TCAP message comprises message type total message length transaction information element(s) message component part length message component/s) SCCP message
Optional part
TCAP message Message component(s) Message component part length Transaction information element(s) Total message length Message type
Message component part Direction of transmission Fig. 3.14 TCAP message
Transaction part
The message type defines the function of a TCAP message. The following message types are available to the TCAP user: Unidirectional This message is used for message transfer in unstructured dialog. Begin This message is used for the beginning of a dialog in structured dialog. Continue Tasks, reports and data are exchanged during a dialog with this message. End This message is used during structured dialog for ending a dialog. Abort This message is used during structured dialog for terminating a dialog after an error. The total message length contains the number of octets in the message.
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The transaction information elements only exist for structured dialog. They contain, for example: the transaction ID The originating TCAP assigns an ID to a dialog and transfers it to the TCAP at the remote end. The TCAPs can then assign incoming messages to the corresponding dialog. the abort cause One cause of the abrupt termination of a transaction is an unknown message type or an unknown transaction ID. The message component part contains one or more message components. The general specifications in the message component part include the message component part length. A message component is always similarly structured and contains the following fields: Component type The following component types are available to the TCAP user: Invoke - An operation in a remote network node is initiated with invoke, for example; Return result - A result is sent with return result; Return error - Unsuccessful completion of an operation is reported with return error; Reject - A message component is rejected with reject Component length This eld contains the number of octets in the message component. Information elements The information elements are dependent on the component type. Some examples of information elements are: Invoke ID - The invoke ID is used as a reference in order to be able to assign results to the correct request for an operation. It is present in every message component. Operation code - The operation code species the operation to be carried out. It is contained in a message component with invoke. Error code - The error code gives the reason why an operation cannot be carried out. It is present in a message component with return error. Problem code - The problem code species the reason for rejection of a message component. It is contained in a message component with reject. Parameter - This eld contains supplementary user information. Signaling procedures The unstructured dialog permits transfer of one or more message components to a remote TCAP user. In this case the TCAP user first delivers the message components to be transferred to the TCAP. These are identified by a common dialog indicator. The TCAP user initiates the sending of the message components with identical dialog indicators using a unidirectional request. Both the address information and the dialog indicator of the message components to be sent are contained in the request. The TCAP forms a unidirectional message from the appropriate message components. This message is then transferred to the SCCP by the TCAP together with the associated address information for transporting to the selected destination. The TCAP on the receive side accepts the unidirectional messages and transfers them to the addressed TCAP user.
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The structured dialog allows a TCAP user to begin a dialog with another TCAP user, to exchange messages with this user during the dialog and to end the dialog. Dialog begin A TCAP user begins a new dialog by sending a begin request to the TCAP. The begin request contains the address information and the dialog indicator for the message components to be exchanged during the dialog. The begin request can be sent to the TCAP before the transfer of message components. Message components transferred to the TCAP before the begin request with the corresponding dialog indicator are sent to the desired dialog partner with the begin message. The begin message also contains a transaction identier which is used during the dialog for assigning message components to the correct dialog. The TCAP transfers the begin message together with the associated address information to the SCCP which sends them to the required destination. The TCAP at the destination receives the begin message and informs the addressed TCAP user of the begin of a new dialog. Continuation of the dialog The dialog can be continued by both TCAP users. A TCAP user sends a continue message to the TCAP for this purpose. Message components with further requests for operations, for example, can be contained in the continue message. The message can also contain result messages for a previously received request. Dialog end The following options exist for ending the dialog: pre-arranged end: the TCAP users specify the end of the dialog beforehand; there is no exchange of messages, and no end-message is sent. basic end: a TCAP user ends the dialog according to requirements and sends an end-message to the current dialog partner. The TCAP user can still transfer message components to the remote TCAP user with the end message, but announces the end of the dialog at the same time. abort: a TCAP user terminates the dialog because of an error, and sends an abort message to its dialog partner. The reason for the termination can also be included in the abort message
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Signaling Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Copyright (C) Siemens AG 1999

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Reason for Update

Editorial revision and formal changes, technical modifications

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

This document consists of a total of 41 pages. All pages are issue 2.

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling link terminal

Signaling link terminal

Signaling via a common channel signaling link

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Circuit group (with quasi-associated signaling A-C-B) Signaling links

Circuit group (with associated signaling)

Example of the quasi-associated mode of signaling

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Examples of the user parts

Signaling network functions, level 3

Signaling link functions, level 2

Message transfer part

Signaling data link functions, level1

Functional levels of SS7

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Message transfer part (MTP)

User message Signaling data link Signal unit

Message transfer part

Message transfer part

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Message signal unit

Link status signal unit

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Addressing of the signal units

Signal information field (SIF)

Routing label of a message signal unit

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Transmission of a signal unit

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling message handling Message distribution

Signaling network management Signaling traffic management

Signaling route management

Signaling link management

Flag, alignment and error detection

MTP level 1 Fig. 3.5

Signaling data link

Distribution of functions in the message transfer part

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Reception of a signal unit

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Correction of transmission errors

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signaling data link

Signaling equipment at the destination Receive control

BSN BIB FSN FIB 1 35 1 10 F CK 1 34 1 9 F

F 32 1 11 1 FIB FSN BIB