Robot

1
Exercise I.1
A moist sample of soil in a bottle had a mass of 25.25g. And the bottle, when empty, had a
mass 14.39g. After dry in an oven for 24 hours, the bottle and soil sample had a mass of 21.63 g.
find the water content of the soil.

Solution
Let T mass of a bottle
m total mass of soil
ms mass of soil particles
We have: m + T = 25.25 g , T = 14.39 g
ms + T = 21.63 g
m = 25.25 g T = 25.25 14.39 = 10.86 g
ms = 21.63 g T = 21.63 14.39 = 7.24 g
mw = 10.86 7.24 = 3.62 g


3.62
0.5 50%
7.24
w = = = S0 50% w=

Exercise I.2
A dry soil sample has the void ratio e = 0.65 and unit weight of the solid
particles
3
26 /
s
kN m = . Determine its total unit weight.

Solution

Determine the total unit weight ( )
d
= (Saturated soil) , e = 0.65 ,
3
26 /
s
kN m =
3
26
15.75 /
1 1 0.65
s
d
kN m
e

= = = =
+ +

S0
3
15.75 / kN m =

Exercise I.3
The undisturbed soil sample was taken from a soft clay layer, which was under ground water
level. Some measurements were done on a part of this sample in laboratory as indicated in the
following table:

a. Determine the unit weight and the water content w.
b. Determine the void ratio e.
c. To verify the degree of saturation, we measure the unit weight of solid particle,
s = 27 kN/m
3
, calculate the degree of saturation Sr.

Solution
a. Determine the unit weight and the water content w.
By the formula: (I.1)
P
V
= , (
3 5 3
0.47 0.47 10 , 3.13 10 P N kN V m

= = = )

3
3
5
0.47 10
15 /
3.13 10
kN m

= =

Total Weight Total Volume Weight after dry at 105
o
C
0.47 N 3.13 x 10
-5
m
3
0.258 N

Robot
2
By the formula: (I.6) 100% 100%
w s
s s
P P P
w
P P

= = , ( 0.258
s
P N = )

0.47 0.258
100% 82.17%
0.258
w

= =

b. Determine the void ratio e.
Supposed that the soil is saturated:
sat
=
By the formula: (I.15)
3
1 1
8.24 /
1 1 0.8217
d
kN m
w
= = =
+ +

By the formula: (I.20)
sat d w
n = +
15 8.24
0.677
10
sat d
w
n

= = =
By the formula: (I.11)
0.677
2.1
1 1 1 0.677
e n
n e
e n
= = = =
+

c. To verify the degree of saturation, we measure the unit weight of solid particle,
s = 27 kN/m
3
, calculate the degree of saturation Sr.

By the formula: (I.14)
27
1 1 2.27
1 8.24
s s
d
d
e
e

= = = =
+

By the formula: (I.18)
0.8217 27
0.97 97%
10 2.27
s
r
w
w
S
e

= = = =



Exercise I.4
The water content of a saturated soil w and the unit weight of solid particles s have known,
determine:
a. its dry unit weight (d)
b. its void ratio (e).

Solution
a. Determine its dry unit weight (d)
We have known w & s and a soil is saturated soil so we get: Va = 0 & Sr = 1
0
a
V
V
A
V
= =
By the formula: (I.18)
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 0
w s V w s
d
w s w s
A
w w

= =
+ +

So:
( )
w s
d
w s
w

=
+


b. Determine its void ratio (e).

Soil is saturated so Sr = 1
s s
r
w w
w w
S e
e



= =

Robot
3
Exercise I.5
A pycnometer having a mass of 620g was used to determine the specific gravity of an oven-
dried sample of soil. If the combined mass of the soil sample and the pycnometer was 1600g and
the mass of the pycnometer with the sample and filled up with water was 2112g, determine the
specific gravity of the soil particles. The mass of the pycnometer when filled with water only was
1495g.
Solution

Determine the specific gravity (Gs)

We have: T = 620 g
mp = T + mw = 1495 g
mp = T + ms + mw = 2112 g
T + ms = 1600 g ms = 1600 620 = 980 g
By the formula (I.22):

980
2.70
' 1495 980 2112
s
S
p s p
m
G
m m m
= = =
+ + +


So The specific gravity is 2.70

Exercise I.6
A saturated sample of soil was found t have a water content of 27% and a bulk density of
1.97 t/m
3
. Determine the dry density and the void ratio of the soil, and the specific gravity of the
particles.

Solution

Determine the dry density, void ratio and the specific gravity
- Dry density:
We have:
3
27% , 1.97 / w t m = =
Based on the equation (I.15):
3
1.97
1.55 /
1 1 0.27
d
t m
w

= = =
+ +

- Void Ratio:
Since the soil is saturated:
sat
=
Based on the equation (I.20):
1.97 1.55
0.42
1
sat d
sat d w
w
n n

= + = = =
Based on the equation (I.11):
0.42
0.724
1 1 0.42
n
e
n
= = =


- The specific gravity:
Robot
4
Exercise IV.1

The following data were obtained from a test on a sample of sand using a constant head
permeameter, which has 100mm diameter with manometer tapping points 200mm a part.









Calculate the coefficient of permeability (k) of the sample.

Solution
By the formula:
Q L
k
A h

,
2
4
d
A

=
( )
2
2
3.14 0.1
0.00785
4
m

= =


6
6
1
145 10 0.2
44509.25 10 / min
0.00785 0.083
k m

= =

6
6
2
135 10 0.2
44668.70 10 / min
0.00785 0.077
k m

= =

6
6
3
163 10 0.2
46661.42 10 / min
0.00785 0.089
k m

= =

6
6
4
154 10 0.2
45622.87 10 / min
0.00785 0.089
k m

= =

( )
6
6 1 2 3 4
44509.25 44668.70 46661.42 45622.87 10
45365.56 10 / min
4 4
k k k k
k m

+ + + + + +
= = =


4
7.56 10 / m s

=

So
4
7.56 10 / k m s

=
Water collected
In min (ml)
145 135 163 154
Loss of head
between
manometer (mm)
83 77 89 86
Robot
5
Exercise IV.2

In a constant head permeameter test the following results were obtained:
- Duration of test is 4 min
- Quantity of water collected is 300 ml
- Head difference in manometer is 50 mm
- Distance between manometer tapping is 100 mm
- Diameter of test sample is 100 mm.
Determine the coefficient of permeability in m/s.

Solution

Rate of flow :
300
75 / min
4min
ml
Q ml = =
6 3
1.25 10 / m s

=
6 3
1.25 10 / m s

=

50 0.05 h mm m = = , 100 0.1 L mm m = =

( )
2
2
2
3.14 0.1
0.00785
4 4
d
A m

= = =

6
4
1.25 10 0.1
3.18 10 /
0.00785 0.05
k m s

= =

So
4
3.18 10 / k m s

=









Robot
6
Exercise IV.3

A falling head permeameter has a diameter of 75mm and the length of the soil sample is
mm. The diameter of the standpipe is mm. During the test, the head decrease from 1300mm to
800mm in 135s. Calculate the coefficient of permeability of the soil in m/s.

Solution

We have: D = 75mm , L = 150mm
d = 15mm , h1 = 1300mm
t = 135s , h2 = 800mm
k = ?
by the formula:
2
1 1
2
2 2
4
ln ln
4
d
L
h h a L
k
D A t h h
t

| | | |
= =
| |

\ \

( )
( )
2
2 5
2
15 150
1300
ln 2.15 10 / 2.15 10 /
800
75 135
mm s m s

| |
= = =
|
\


So
5
2.15 10 / k m s

=

Exercise IV.4

An undisturbed soil sample was test in a falling head permeameter results were:
- Initial head in a standpipe is 1500mm
- Final head of water in standpipe is 605mm
- Duration of test is 281s
- Sample diameter is 100mm
- Standpipe diameter is 5mm.
- Determine the permeability of the soil in m/s.

Solution

We have: h1 = 1500mm , h2 = 605mm , L = 150mm
t = 281s , D = 100mm , d = 5mm

2
1 1
2
2 2
4
ln ln
4
d
L
h h a L
k
D A t h h
t

| | | |
= =
| |

\ \

( )
2
3 6
2
5 150 1500
ln 1.2 10 / 1.2 10 /
605
100 281
k mm s m s

| |
= = =
|
\


S0
6
1.2 10 / k m s

=
Robot
7
Exercise IV.5

The result of constant-head permeability test for a fine sand sample having a diameter of
150mm and a length of 300mm are as follow:
- Constant head difference is 500mm
- Time of collection water is 5min
- Volume of water collected is 350cm
3

- Temperature of water during test is 24
o
C
- Determine the permeability of the soil in m/s at 20
o
C.

Solution
We have: D = 150mm
( )
2
2
3.14 150
17662.5
4
A mm

= =
L = 300mm , H = 500mm

t = 5min = 300s , V = 350cm
3
= 3.5 x 10
5
mm
3



5
2 3
3.5 10
11.67 10 /
300
Q mm s

= =


2
2 5
24
11.67 10 300
3.96 10 / 3.96 10 /
17662.5 500
o
C
k mm s m s


= = =

24
20 24
20
o
o o
o
C
C C
C
k k

=



25
20
0.8909
1.0019
o
o
C
C

=
=
5 0.111 , 4
o o
C C x = =


4 0.111
0.0888
5
x

= =
24 20
4 1.0019 0.0888 0.9131
o o
o
C C
C = = =

5 5
0.9131
3.96 10 3.61 10 /
1.0019
k m s

= =


S0
5
3.61 10 / k m s

=
Robot
8
Exercise V.1

Draw the mohrs circle and determine the normal and shear stresses,

and

, on the plane
of inclination = 35

. ( below figure)





































1 3
52 12
20 2
2 2
R kPa units

= = = =

1 3
52 12
32 3.2
2 2
C kPa units
+ +
= = = =



S0
35
35
3.7 38.8
1.8 18.8
o
o
units kPa
units kPa

= =
= =

1
= 52 kPa

3
= 12 kPa
35

Horizontal Plane
Robot
9
Exercise V.2

Draw the mohrs circle and determine the normal and shear stresses,

and

, on the plane
of inclination = 60

. ( below figure)





































1 3
100 30
35 1.75
2 2
R kPa units

= = = =
1 3
100 30
65 3.25
2 2
C kPa units
+ +
= = = =


S0
60
60
2.37 47.4
1.52 30.4
o
o
units kPa
units kPa

= =
= =

1
= 100 kPa

3
= 30 kPa
60

Horizontal Plane
1.52
2.37
Robot
10
Exercise V.3




































1 3
52 12
20 2
2 2
R kPa units

= = = =

1 3
52 12
32 3.2
2 2
C kPa units
+ +
= = = =

S0
35
35
3.88 38.8
1.88 18.8
o
o
units kPa
units kPa

= =
= =

35

20

3
= 12 kPa

1
= 52 kPa
Robot
11
Exercise V.4

Based on the data of the figure, find the values and the direction of major and minor
principle stresses.
















Solution

4 kPa
2 kPa
8 kPa
-2 kPa
2 kPa
4 kPa
-2 kPa
8 kPa
45?
y
y
x
x
Robot
12
Exercise V.5

There is a soil mass; the water level varies during the year from +2.5m to -2.5m (we
considered and the variation of water level is linear). The unit weight of soil is
3
16 / kN m = , draw
the curve representing the variations of the effective stress during the whole year ( = f(t) ) at a
depth of 10m.













Solution










Depth at +2.5m Depth at 0m Depth at -2.5m
(kPa) (16-10)x10 = 60 (16-10)x10 = 60
(16x2.5)+(16-10)x7.5
= 85
+2.5
-2.5
-10
0
+2.5
-2.5
-10
0
10 10
Robot
13
Exercise V.6

Draw the evolution of total and effective stresses ( and ) according to the depth z.














Solution



Depth 2m Depth 5m Depth 12m
(kPa) 22x2 = 44 (22x2)+(22x3) = 110 (22x2)+(22x3)+(20x7) = 250
(kPa) 22x2 = 44 (22x2)+(22-10)3 = 80
(22x2)+(22-10)3+(20-10)7 =
150
0

5

12

2

Fine Sand
= 22 kN/m
3

Silt
= 20 kN/m
3

Z (m)

w = 10 kN/m
3

Evolution Diagram of Total & Effective Stress
Robot
14
Exercise V.7
A Layer of sand 6m deep overlies a thick bed of clay. Draw diagram indicating the total
and effective stresses and pore water pressure on horizontal planes to a depth of 10m below the
ground surface:
- If the water table is at ground level
- If the water table is at 1m below ground level and the sand above remains saturated with
capillary moisture.
- If the water table is at the top of the clay and the sand above dry.
- Saturated unit weight of sand 20.9 kN/m
3

- Dry unit weight of sand 17.4 kN/m
3

- Unit weight of clay 17.8 kN/m
3

- g = 9.81 m/s
2

Solution


- If the water table is at ground level






Depth 0m Depth 6m Depth 10m
u (kPa) 0 (9.81x6) = 58.86 (9.81x10) = 98.10
(kPa) 0 (20.9x6) = 125.40
(20.9x6)+(17.8x4) =
196.60
(kPa) 0 (20.9-9.81)x6 = 66.54
(20.9-9.81)x6 +
(17.8-9.81)x4 = 98.50

0

6

10

Sand
Clay
Diagram of Total & Effective Stresses
And Pore Water Stresses
Robot
15

- If the water table is at 1m below ground level and the sand above remains
saturated capillary moisture















Depth 1m Depth 6m Depth 10m
u (kPa) 0 (9.81x5) = 49.05 (9.81x9) = 88.29
(kPa) (20.9x1) = 20.90 (20.9x1)+(20.9x5) = 125.40
(20.9x1)+(20.9x5)+(17.8x4)
= 196.60
(kPa) (20.9x1) = 20.90
(20.9x1)+(20.9-9.81)x5 =
76.35
(20.9x1)+(20.9-9.81)x5
+(17.8-9.81)x4 = 108.31
0

6

10

Sand
Clay
1

Diagram of Total & Effective Stresses
And Pore Water Stresses
Robot
16

- If the water table is at the top of the clay and the sand above dry




































Depth 6m Depth 10m
u (kPa) 0 (9.81x4) = 39.24
(kPa) (17.4x6) = 104.40 (17.4x6)+(17.8x4) = 175.60
(kPa) (17.4x6) = 104.40
(17.4x6)+(17.8-9.81)x4 =
136.36
0

6

10

Sand
Clay
Diagram of Total & Effective Stresses
And Pore Water Stresses
Robot
17
Exercise VI.1
A uniform stress of 120 kPa was applied at ground surface due to a rectangular footing of 3
x 4m.
1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
beneath a corner of the footing at a depth
of 2m.
2. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
under the centre of the footing at a depth
of 2m.

Solution
1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
beneath a corner of the footing at a depth
of 2m.

By the formula: (VI.11)
Z o
q I =
And: 120
o
q kPa =
3 , 4 , 2 B m L m Z m = = =


3 4
1.5 , 2
2 2
B L
m n
Z Z
= = = = = =

1.5 1.4 1.6 m is between m and m = = =
By the figure VI.5: we get


1.4 0.221
1.6 0.226
m I
m I
= =
= =

0.221 0.226
1.5 , 0.2235
2
m I
+
= = =


2
120 0.2235 26.82 /
Z
kN m = =
SO
2
26.82 /
Z
kN m =

2. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
under the centre of the footing at a depth
of 2m.

At the Centre: (Z = 2m)

3 4
' 1.5 , ' 2
2 2
B L
B L
Z Z
= = = = = =

' 1.5 ' 2
' 0.75 , ' 1
2 2
B L
m n
Z Z
= = = = = =

0.75 0.7 0.8 m is between m and m = = =
By the figure VI.5: we get


' 0.7 0.15
' 0.8 0.16
m I
m I
= =
= =

0.15 0.16
0.75 , 0.155
2
m I
+
= = =

4 120 0.155 74.4
Z
kPa = =
SO 74.4
Z
kPa =


Robot
18
Exercise VI.2
A uniform stress of 120 kPa was applied at ground surface from a circular reservoir of
3.91m diameter.
1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
at a depth of 2m under the centre of the
reservoir.
2. Determine the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
at a depth of 2m under the perimeter of
the reservoir.
Solution

1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
at a depth of 2m under the centre of the
reservoir.

100
Z o
I
q = , ( ) ( ) 120 , 2
o
q kPa Z m = =
d = 3.91 m R = 1.955 m
By the figure: VI.7

2
1.023
1.955
Z
R
= = ,
0
0
1.955
r
R
= =
By the Interpolation:
2 29
1 63
Z
I
R
Z
I
R
= =
= =


1 = - 34 0.023 = - 0.782 1.023 , 63 0.782 62.22
Z
I
R
= = =

2
120 62.22
74.66 /
100
Z
kN m

= = So
2
74.66 /
Z
kN m =

2. Determine the vertical incremental stress ( )
Z
at a depth of 2m under the perimeter of
the reservoir.

At the perimeter:
100
Z o
I
q = , ( ) ( ) 120 , 2
o
q kPa Z m = =

By the figure: VI.7

2
1.023
1.955
Z
R
= = ,
1.955
1
1.955
r
R
= =
By the Interpolation:
2 19.5
1 33
Z
I
R
Z
I
R
= =
= =
1 13.5 0.023 0.311 = =
1.023 , 33 0.311 32.7
Z
I
R
= = =
2
120 32.70
39.24 /
100
Z
kN m

= = So
2
39.24 /
Z
kN m =

Robot
19
Exercise VI.3
There is an embankment of a dam represented in the figure below. It is supported that the
average density of soil is 2t/m
3
. Determine the additional vertical stress under the center of the
embankment at a depth of 5m and 10 m.

















Solution

Determine the additional vertical stress under the center of the embankment at a depth of
5m.

We have:
2
0
2 9.81 5 98.10 / q h g h kN m = = = =
a = 10 m , b = 4 m
By the figure: VI.8

10
2
5
4
0.8
5
a
Z
b
Z
= =
= =
0.46 I =
( )
2
2 98.1 0.46 90.25 /
Z
kN m = =
So
2
90.25 /
Z
kN m =

Determine the additional vertical stress under the center of the embankment at a depth of
10m.

By the figure: VI.8
10
1
10
4
0.4
10
a
Z
b
Z
= =
= =
0.358 I =
( )
2
2 98.1 0.358 70.24 /
Z
kN m = =

So
2
70.24 /
Z
kN m =



4 m 4 m
2
1
5 m
10 m
= 2 t/m?
5 m
3
5

m
Robot
20
Exercise VI.4

A normally consolidated soft clay layer is 15m thick with natural moisture content of 45 %.
The clay has a saturated unit weight of 17.2 kN/m
3
, a particle specific gravity of 2.68 and a
compression index of 0.495. A foundation load will increase a vertical stress of 10 kN/m
2
to the
centre of the layer. Determine an approximate value for the settlement of the foundation if the
ground water level is at the surface of the clay.


















Solution

Determine an approximate value for the settlement of the foundation if the ground water
level is at the surface of the clay.

We have: Wn = 45 % , Gs = 2.68

3
17.2 /
sat
kN m = ,
2
10 / kN m =
0.495 , 15
C
C H m = =
It is a normally consolidated soil so:
(VI.37)
0
'
lg
1 '
zf
C
C
zo
C
S H
e

| |
=
|
+
\

(I.18)
0
0.45 2.68
1.206
1
n s n s
r
o r
w G w G
S e
e S

= = = = ( Sr = 1 soil is saturated)
And ( ) ( )
2
15
' 17.2 10 7.5 54 /
2
sat w
kN m = = =
Final vertical effective stress
2
' ' 10 54 64 /
zf
kN m = + = + =
Initial vertical effective stress
2
' ' 54 /
zo
kN m = =

So
0.495 64
15 lg
1 1.206 54
C
S
| |
=
|
+
\
= 0.248m = 24.8 cm
15m
Clay , Wn=45 % , GS = 2.8
sat = 17.2 kN/m
3
, Cc = 0.495
= 10 kN/m
2

Robot
21
Exercise VI.5
A soil profile is shown in the next slide. If a uniformly distribution load, , is applied at the
ground surface, what is the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if:
1. The clay is normally consolidated.
2. The preconsolidated pressure is P = 190 kN/m
2

3. The preconsolidated pressure is P = 170 kN/m
2

Use: Cc = 0.009x (WL-10)
Cr =
6
c
C















Solution

1. Determine the settlement if the clay is normally consolidated (Sc)
(VI.37):
0
'
lg
1 '
zf
C
C
zo
C
S H
e

| |
=
|
+
\
, eo = 0.8
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
' 2 4 2
14 2 18 10 4 18 10 2 76 /
d sand sat sand w sat clay w
kN m
= + +
= + + =

And ( ) ( ) 0.009 10 0.009 40 10 0.27
C L
C W = = =

2
' ' 100 76 176 /
zf
kN m = + = + =

2
' ' 76 /
zo
kN m = =
0.27 176
4 lg 0.215 215
1 0.8 76
C
S m mm
| |
= = =
|
+
\

So 0.215 215
C
S m mm = =

2. Determine the settlement if the preconsolidated pressure is P = 190 kN/m
2


' ' ' , 78 178 190
zo zf P
< < < < ( so it is the over-consolidated case I )
By the equation (VI.38):
We get:
0
'
lg
1 '
zf
r
C
zo
C
S H
e

| |
=
|
+
\
,
0.27
0.045
6 6
c
r
C
C = = =

0.045 178
4 lg 0.036 36
1 0.8 78
C
S m mm
| |
= = =
|
+
\


So 0.036 36
C
S m mm = =
2m
4m
4m
= 100 kN/m
2

Sand, d = 14 kN/m
3

Sand,
sat = 18 kN/m
3

Clay, eo = 0.8 , WL=40
sat = 18 kN/m
3

Robot
22

3. Determine the settlement if the preconsolidated pressure is P = 170 kN/m
2


' ' ' , 78 170 178
zo P zf
< < < < ( so it is the over-consolidated case II )

By the equation (VI.39):

We get:
0 0
' '
lg lg
1 ' 1 '
p zf
C r
C
zo p
C C
S H H
e e


| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
+ +
\
\



0.045 170 0.27 178
4 lg 4 lg
1 0.8 78 1 0.8 170
0.034 0.012 0.046 46
C
S
mm mm
| | | |
= +
| |
+ +
\ \
= + = =


So 0.046 46
C
S m mm = =
Robot
23
Exercise VI.6

A 12m of clay layer is drained by two sand layers.













Knowing that a structure is creates an average vertical stress of 100 kPa on the
compressible layer (clay) , we ask to:
1. Estimate the consolidation settlement (h or Sc) of the clay layer.
2. Estimate the necessary times to obtain a settlement corresponding to 50 % and 90 % of
consolidation.


Solution

1. Estimate the consolidation settlement (h or Sc) of the clay layer

By the equation (I.12):
0
0
1
1
s s
d
d
e
e

= =
+


3
26.6
16.42 /
1 0.62
kN m = =
+


By the equation (I.11):
0
0
0.62
0.38
1 1 0.62
e
n
e
= = =
+ +


By the equation (I.20): ( )
sat d w
n = +
( )
3
16.42 0.38 10 20.22 / kN m = + =

( ) ( ) ( )
2
' 18 1.5 18 10 3 20.22 10 6 112.32 / kN m = + + =

' ' 100 112.32 212.32
zf
kPa = + = + = , ' ' 112.32
zo
kPa = =
By the equation (VI.37):
0
'
lg
1 '
zf
C
C
zo
C
S H
e

| |
=
|
+
\


0.25 212.32
12 lg 0.512 512
1 0.62 112.32
m mm
| |
= = =
|
+
\


So 0.512 512
C
S m mm = =

0
1.5m
4.5m
Sand, = 18 kN/m
3

Clay, eo = 0.62 , Wn=23.2% , Cc = 0.25
s = 26.6 kN/m
3
, Cv = 8.10
-8
m
2
/sec
16.5m
h1
h2
h3
Dense Sand
Sand
Robot
24
2. Estimate the necessary times to obtain a settlement corresponding to 50 % and 90 %
of consolidation.

- For 50 %
We have: CV = 8.10
-8
m
2
/sec
It is the open layer:
12
6
2 2
H
h m = = =
By the equation (VI.35):
2 2
50 50
50
50
V V
V
V
T h T h
C t
t C

= =
On page 106 chapter VI:
50
0.197
V
T =

( )
2
4
50 8
0.197 6
8865 10 1026 9
8 10
t s days h

= = =

So if SC = 512 mm t50 = 1026 days 9 h

- For 90 %
By the equation (VI.36):
2 2
90 90
90
90
V V
V
V
T h T h
C t
t C

= =
On page 106 chapter VI:
90
0.848
V
T =
( )
2
5
90 8
0.848 6
3816 10 4416 16
8 10
t s days h

= = =

So if SC = 512 mm t90 = 4416 days 16 h
Robot
25
Exercise VII.1










Determine the cohesion and the angle of friction of the soil, with respect to total stress.

Solution

Determine the cohesion and the angle of friction of the soil, with respect to total stress.























By the upper curve we get: C = 57 , = 22

Undrained shear box tests were carried out on a series of soil samples with the following
results:
Test No. Total Normal Stress (kPa)
Total Shear Stress ar
failure (kPa)
1 100 98
2 200 139
3 300 180
4 400 222
100 200 300 400
98
139
180
222

(kPa)
(kPa)
C=57
=22?

o
Robot
26
Exercise VII.2

Determine the internal friction angles at peak and residual states from the following direct
shear test data. The shear box is 64mm square in plan.

Vertical load (kg) Shear force at peak (N) Shear force at residual (N)
50 399.8 228.7
100 801.9 457.4
150 1214.0 686.1

Solution

Determine the internal friction angles at peak and residual states.


Vertical load (N) Shear force at peak (N) Shear force at residual (N)
490.5 399.8 228.7
981.0 801.9 457.4
1471.5 1214.0 686.1



























So The internal friction angles at peak = 39
o

The internal friction angles at residual = 25
o



Peak & Residual shear force (N)
Vertical load (N)
Internal friction angle at peak
39
o

25
o

Internal friction angle at residual
Robot
27
Exercise VII.3

The table below was recorded the results of an undrained shear box test carried out on a set
of undisturbed soil samples. The dimension of shear box in plan is 60mm square. Determine the
strength parameter of the soil in terms of total stress.

Solution


Normal load (kN) 0.2 0.4 0.8
Strain () , (%) Shearing force (N)
0 0 0 0
1 21 33 45
2 46 72 101
3 70 110 158
4 89 139 203
5 107 164 248
6 121 180 276
7 131 192 304
8 136 201 330
9 138 210 351
10 137 217 370
11 136 224 391
12 - 230 402
13 - 234 410
14 - 237 414
15 - 236 416
16 - - 417
17 - - 417
18 - - 415
Shear Strain (%)
Shear Force (N)
417 N
237 N
138 N
Normal Force 0.8 (kN)
Normal Force 0.4 (kN)
Normal Force 0.2 (kN)

Determine the strength parameter of the soil in terms of total stress.

Robot
28
Exercise VII.4

The results of an unconfined compression test were recorded and listed in the tables below.
Based on this data, plot stress-strain relationship of the soil sample and determine its undrained
cohesion.
General Data

Soil Description: CL Mass of Tare: 19.11g
Sample Number: 09 Mass of Tare &moist sample: 68.75g
Moist mass of specimen: 20.41g Mass of Tare &dry sample: 60.48g
Specimen length: 70mm Moisture Content: 20%
Specimen diameter: 35mm Sample Area (mm
2
): 961.625

Test Data
Axial Displacement
(mm)
Piston force (N)
Axial Displacement
(mm)
Piston force (N)
0 0 6.25 229
0.5 50 7 229
1 90.5 7.5 228
1.5 113.5 8 225
2 136 8.5 225
3 181.5 9.25 225
3.5 191 10 225
4.25 206 10.5 225
5 218 - -

Solution

Plot stress-strain relationship of the soil sample and determine its undrained cohesion.

A = 961.625 mm
2
= 9.616x10
-4
m
2

o
l
L

= ,
1
o
l
A
A

,
P
A
=
Piston
Force(kN)
Axial
Strain (l)
Cross
Section Area
Normal
Stress(kPa)
Piston
Force(kN)
Axial
Strain (l)
Cross
Section Area
Normal
Stress(kPa)
0 0 0.00096163 0 0.229 0.082143 0.00104768 218.577
0.05 0.007143 0.00096854 51.624 0.229 0.089286 0.0010559 216.876
0.0905 0.014286 0.00097556 92.767 0.229 0.1 0.00106847 214.325
0.1135 0.021429 0.00098268 115.500 0.228 0.107143 0.00107702 211.695
0.136 0.028571 0.00098991 137.386 0.225 0.114286 0.00108571 207.238
0.1815 0.042857 0.00100468 180.654 0.225 0.121429 0.00109453 205.567
0.191 0.05 0.00101224 188.691 0.225 0.132143 0.00110805 203.060
0.206 0.060714 0.00102378 201.214 0.225 0.142857 0.00112190 200.553
0.218 0.071429 0.00103560 210.507 0.225 0.15 0.00113132 198.882

2 max
218.577
109.289 /
2 2
u
C kN m

= = =
Robot
29
Robot
30
Exercise VII.5
The following results were obtained from a series of unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests
carried out on undisturbed samples of a compacted soil.

Cell Pressure (kPa) Additional axial load at failure (N)
200 342
400 388
600 465

Each sample, originally 76mm long and 38mm in diameter, experienced a vertical
deformation of 5.1mm. Draw the failure envelope and determine the coulomb equation for the shear
strength of the soil in terms of total stresses.

Solution

Draw the failure envelope and determine the coulomb equation for the shear strength of the soil in
terms of total stresses.


5.1
0.0671
76
o
l
L

= = = , ( ) 5.1 , 76
o
mm L mm = =

( )
2
3 2
0.038
4
1.215 10
1 1 0.0671
o
l
A
A m

= = =

, ( ) 38 D mm =
Deviater stress
1 3
N
A
= =
1 3
N
A
= +











Cell Pressure ,
3
,(kN/m
2
) Additional axial (N) Normal Stress ,
1
, (kPa)
200 342 481
400 388 719
600 465 983
200 300 800 100 400 500 600 700 900 1000
100
200
300
()
()
7?
By the Mohr Circle:

100
u
C kPa = , 7
o
u
=
Colomb equation is: tan 100 tan 7
o
u u
C = + = +
100 0.123 = +
Robot
31
Exercise VII.6

A sample of clay was subjected to an unconsolidated undrained triaxial test with a cell
pressure of 100kN/m
2
and the additional axial stresses necessary to cause failure was found to be
188 kN/m
2
, assuming u = 0. Determine the value of additional axial stress that would require
causing failure of a further sample of the soil if it was tested undrained with a cell pressure of 200
kN/m
2
.

Solution

Determine the value of additional axial stress that would require causing failure of a further sample
of the soil if it was tested undrained with a cell pressure of 200 kN/m
2
.


3
100kPa =


1 3 1
188 288 kPa kPa = =

If
3
200kPa =


1 3 1
188 388 kPa kPa = =

Additional axial stress = 188 kPa
388 200
94
2
u
C kPa

= =
200 300 100 400 500
100
200
300
()
Cu = 94kPa
Robot
32
Exercise VII.7
A Series of drained triaxial tests were performed on a soil. Each test was continued until
failure and the effective principle stresses for the tests were in table below.

Test No.
'
3
(kPa)
'
1
(kPa)
1 200 570
2 300 875
3 400 1162

Plot the relevant Mohr stress circles and hence determine the strength envelope of the soil
with respect to effective stress.


Solution

Mohr Circle:

























By the Mohr Circle we get the strength envelop: 29
o
=

200 300 800 100 400 500 600 700 900 1000 1100 1200
100
200
300
()
()
29?
Robot
33
Exercise VII.8

A vane, used to test a deposit of soft alluvial clay, required a torque of 67.5 Nm. The
dimensions of the vane were: D = 75 mm , H = 150 mm , determine a value for the undrained shear
strength of the clay.

Solution

Determine a value for the undrained shear strength of the clay

We have: T = 67.5 Nm = 0.0675 kN.m
D = 75 mm = 0.075 m
H = 150 mm = 0.15 m

By the formula (VII.11):
2
2 6
u
T
C
H D
D
=
| |
+
|
\



( )
2
2
0.0675
43.67 /
0.15 0.075
3.14 0.075
2 6
u
C kN m = =
| |
+
|
\




So: 43.67 44
u
C kPa kPa =

Robot
34
Exercise VII.9

A granular soil was subjected to standard penetration tests (SPT) at depth of 3m. Ground
water level occurred at a depth of 1.5m below the surface of the soil which was saturated and had
a unit weight of 19kPa. The borehole was 100mm, the Donut hammer was used with the rod length
of 3.5m, and the standard sampler was used. The average N count was 15. Determine the
normalized corrected SPT blows count, (N1)60.

Solution

Determine the normalized corrected SPT blow count, (N1)60

By the formula: (VII.17) :
1 60 60
( )
N
N C N =
We have:
2
19 /
sat
kN m = , Pa = 100 kN/m
2

Borehole (CB) = 100mm 1.0
B
C =
Rod length (CR) = 3.5m 0.75
R
C =
Donut hammer 0.5
E
C =
Standard Sampler 1.0
S
C =
The average N = Nm = 15
By the formula: (VII.16) :
60 m E B S R
N N C C C C =
15 1 1 1 0.75 11.25 = =
By the formula: (VII.18) :
'
n
a
N
vo
P
C

| |
=
|
\
, n = 0.5 (sand)

'
(19 1.5) (19 10)1.5 42
vo
kPa = + =


0.5
100
42
N
C
| |
= =
|
\
1.54

So
1
( )60 1.54 11.25 17 N = = blows
Robot
35
Exercise VIII.1

A returning wall has a vertical backfill and is 4m. The upper surface of the backfill soil is
horizontal. The unit weight of the backfill soil is
3
19 / kN m = and its angle of friction is of 35
o
.
Determine the active force exerted on the wall and its point of application.















Solution
Determine the active force exerted on the wall and its point of application


1 sin ' 1 sin35
0.271
1 sin ' 1 sin35
o
a o
K

= = =
+ +
,
( )
' 35
o
=
At z = 1.5m
' 2
19 4 76 /
v
h kN m = = =

' ' 2
76 0.271 20.596 /
h v a
k kN m = = =
So ( )
1
4 76 41.19 /
2
a
F m kPa kN m = =
And its point is:
4
1.33
3 3
h
d m = = =





















3
19 /
' 35
o
kN m

=
=

4m
Diagram of active earth force
Robot
36
Exercise VIII.2

From the given data in the below figure:
- Draw the diagram of lateral active earth pressure.
- Determine the total active force Fa ,and its point of application.



















Solution
Draw the diagram of lateral active earth pressure
We have: Sand:
3
19 / kN m = , ' 33
o
=


1
1 sin ' 1 sin33
0.295
1 sin ' 1 sin33
o
a o
k

= = =
+ +

Gravel:
3
21 / kN m = , ' 39
o
=


2
1 sin ' 1 sin39
0.228
1 sin ' 1 sin39
o
a o
k

= = =
+ +


At z = 0m
'
0
v
kPa =
At Interface:
z = 1.5m
'
1
19 1.5 28.5
v sand
h kPa = = =

1
' '
28.5 0.295 8.408
h v a
k kPa = = = (sand)
z = 1.5m
2
' '
28.5 0.228 6.498
h v a
k kPa = = = (gravel)
z = 5.5m ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'
1 2
19 1.5 21 10 4 72.5
v sand gravel w
h h kPa = + = + =

2
' '
72.5 0.228 16.53
h v a
k kPa = = =
The pore water pressure: 4 10 4 40
w
u kPa = = =
Total lateral earth pressure:
'
16.53 40 56.530
a h
u kPa = + = + =





h1 = 1.5m
3
: 19 /
' 25
o
Sand kN m

=
=

h2 = 4m
3
: 21 /
' 39
o
Gravel kN m

=
=

3
: 21 /
' 39
o
Gravel kN m

=
=

3
10 /
w
kN m =
Robot
37



















Determine the total active force Fa ,and its point of application
( )
1
1
1.5 8.408 6.306
2
a
F kN = =
1
1.5
4 4.5
2
d m = + =
( )
2
4 6.498 25.992
a
F kN = =
2
4
2
2
d m = =
( )
3
1
4 50.032 100.064
2
a
F kN = =
3
4
1.33
3
d m = =


1 2 3
6.306 25.992 100.064 132.362
a a a a
F F F F kN = + + = + + =


( )
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
6.306 4.5 25.992 2 100.064 1.33
132.362
a a a
a
F d F d F d
d
F
+ +
+ +
= =

1.61m =

So The total active force: 132.362
a
F kN =
Its point: 1.61 d m =
















Fa = 132.362 kN
Fa1 = 6.306 kN
Fa3 = 100.064 kN
1.61 m
Robot
38
Exercise VIII.3

A retaining wall has a vertical back and is 8m. A backfill consist of a cohesive soil with upper
surface is horizontal (figure). Determine the active force and its point of application.


















Solution
Determine the active force and its point of application
We have: 18 , ' 10 , ' 26 , 8
o
kPa c kPa h m = = = =


1 sin 26
0.39
1 sin 26
o
a o
k

= =
+

2 ' 2(10) 0.39 12.49
a
c k = =
The depth of tensile crack:
2 ' 2 10
1.78
18 0.39
c
a
c
z m
k

= = =
( )
1
1
12.49 1.78 11.116
2
a
F kN = =
1
2
1.78 (8 1.78) 7.407
3
d m = + =
And
'
18 8 144
v
h kPa = = =
' '
144 0.39 56.16
h v a
k kPa = = =
( )
2
1
6.22 56.16 174.658
2
a
F kN = =
2
6.22
2.07
3
d m = =
So the total active force:
1 2
11.116 174.658 163.542
a a a
F F F kN = + = + =

( )
( )
1 2
1 2
11.116 7.407 174.658 2.07
1.707
163.542
a a
a
F d F d
d m
F
+
+
= = =

- Diagram









8m
3
2
18 /
' 10 /
' 25
o
kN m
c kN m

=
=
=

1
a
F
2
a
F
a
F
Robot
39

Exercise VIII.4

From the given data in the below figure, determine the active force and its point of
application.
















Solution

Determine the active force and its point of application

We have:
3
20 / kN m = , ' 36 , 20
o o
= =


2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
cos cos cos ' cos 20 cos 20 cos 36
0.325
cos cos cos ' cos 20 cos 20 cos 36
o o o
a
o o o
k



= = =
+ +


At z = 10m
'
cos 20 10 cos 20 187.939
o
v
h kPa = = =

( )
' '
187.939 0.325 61.1
h v a
a
k kPa = = =












( )
1
61.1 10 305.5
2
a
F kN = =

10
3.33
3
d m = =

So 305.5 / , 3.33
a
F kN m d m = =

3
: 20 /
' 35
o
Sand kN m

=
=

10m
20
o
=
Fa = 305.5 kN
3.33 m
= 20?
Robot
40

Exercise VIII.5

For the retaining wall shown in the below figure, H = 8.22 m ,
3
18 / kN m = , ' 20
o
= ,
2
' 14 / c kN m = and 10
o
= . Calculate the Rankine active force, Fa per unit length of the wall and the
location of the resultant force after the occurrence of the tensile crack.





















Solution
We have:
3
10 , 18 / , ' 20 , 8.22 , ' 14
o o
kN m h m c kPa = = = = =


2 2
2 2
cos10 cos 10 cos 20
0.539
cos10 cos 10 cos 20
o o o
a
o o o
k

= =
+


And
2 ' 2 14
2.12
18 0.539
c
a
c
z m
k

= = = (Depth of Tensile Crack)

2 ' 2 14 0.539 20.557
a
c k kPa = =


'
cos 18 8.22cos10 145.712
o
v
h kPa = = =


' '
145.712 0.539 78.539
h v a
k kPa = = =

Total Active earth pressure:
' '
( )
2 ' 78.539 20.557 57.982
h a h
c ka kPa = = =

Total Active Force: ( )
1
57.982 8.22 2.12 176.845
2
a
F kN = =

Its point:
6.1
2
3
d m = =

3
2
18 /
' 14 /
' 20
o
kN m
c kN m

=
=
=

8.22m
10
o
=
Robot
41


- Diagram of total active force:









a
F
6m
2m
20
o
=
( )
'
h
a

Robot
42
Exercise VIII.6

Determine the active force due to a solid mass of non-cohesion soil with upper surface
inclined of 20
o
= to the horizontal. All characteristics are specified in the figure.














Solution

Determine the active force due to a solid mass of non-cohesion soil
We have:
- Sand:
2
20 , 20 / , ' 30
o o
kN m = = =

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
cos cos cos ' cos 20 cos 20 cos 30
0.441
cos cos cos ' cos 20 cos 20 cos 30
o o o
a
o o o
k



= = =
+ +

- Gravel:
2
20 , 23 / , ' 40
o o
kN m = = =

2 2
2 2
cos 20 cos 20 cos 40
0.266
cos 20 cos 20 cos 40
o o o
a
o o o
k

= =
+


At z = 5m
' 2
cos 20 5 cos 20 93.97 /
o
v sand
h kN m = = =

1
' ' 2
93.97 0.44 41.44 /
h v a
k kN m = = =
At z = 5m
2
' ' 2
93.97 0.266 25 /
h v a
k kN m = = = (Interface)
At z = 10m
'
1 2
cos cos 93.97 (23 5 cos 20 )
o
v sand gravel
h h = + = +

2
202.035 / kN m =

( )
2
' ' 2
202.035 0.266 53.74 /
h v a
a
k kN m = = =

Active force: ( )
1
1
5 41.44 103.60
2
a
F kN = =
1
5
5 6.67
3
d m = + =
( )
2
5 25 125
a
F kN = =
2
5
2.5
2
d m = =
( )
3
1
5 28.74 71.85
2
a
F kN = =
3
5
1.67
3
d m = =

Total force
1 2 3
103.35 125 71.85 300.20
a a a a
F F F F kN = + + = + + =

( )
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
103.60 6.67 125 5 71.85 1.67
3.74
300.20
a a a
a
F d F d F d
d m
F
+ +
+ +
= = =
20
o
=

20
o
=

Sand:
3
20 /
' 30
o
kN m

=
=

Gravel:
3
23 /
' 40
o
kN m

=
=

5m
5m
Robot
43


- Diagram of total active force:













1
a
F
3
a
F 2
a
F
a
F
20
o
=
10m
3.74m
53.74kPa
25kPa
41.44kPa
Robot
44
Exercise VIII.7

Determine the active force, which is being exerted on the wall illustrated below, where is its
point of application?



















Solution

We have:
2
20 , 20 / , ' 30
o o
kN m = = =

2
5 , 100 / , 30 , 20
o o o
q kN m H = = = =

- The coefficient of lateral active earth pressure corresponds to the value of giving the
maximum of active force:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
cos '
sin ' sin '
cos .cos 1
cos cos
ac
k

=
(

+ + (
+
(


( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
cos 30 5
0.4728
sin 30 20 sin 30 20
cos 5 .cos 5 20 1
cos 5 20 cos 5 20
o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o o

= =
(

(
+ +
(
+



- The coefficient of lateral active earth pressure:

( )
( )
cos 0.4728 cos5
0.4876
cos cos 20 5
o
ac
q
o o
k
k



= = =


- The total active force:

2
2
1
2
1
20 10 0.4728 0.4876 100 10 960.20
2
ac ac q
F H k k q H
kN
= +
= + =

3
20 /
' 30
o
kN m

=
=

3
20 /
' 30
o
kN m

=
=

20
o
=
20
o
=
H

H=10m
5
o
=
q=100kPa
Robot
45
( )
1
1
'( ) , '( )
2
1
94.56 10 472.6
2
a a a ac
F h H h H k
kN
= =
= =


2
100 10 0.4876 487.60
a q
F q H k
kN
=
= =



( ) ( ) 472.6 5 487.6 3.33
4.15
960.2
d m
+
= =

So 960.4 , 4.15
a
F kN d m = =
















5m
3.33m
4.15m
'
( ) 94.56
h a ac
H k kPa = =
1
a
F
2
a
F
ac
F
Robot
46
Exercise VIII.8

The cross section of a cantilever retaining wall is shown in the figure. Check the factor of
safety with respect to overturning, sliding, bearing capacity.

















Solution

Check the factor of safety with respect to overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity

Check the factor of safety with respect to overturning
- The safety of coefficient of lateral active earth pressure:

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
cos cos cos ' cos10 cos 10 cos 30
0.355
cos cos cos ' cos10 cos 10 cos 30
o o o
a
o o o
k



= = =
+ +


- The Rankine active force per unit length of wall:

From the figure: 0.7 6 2.6 tan10 7.16
o
H m = + + =

2 2
1 ( )
1 1
cos 18 (7.16) cos10 0.355 161.30 /
2 2
o
a a
F H k kN m

= = =
cos 161.30 cos10 158.85 /
o
h a
F F kN m = = =
sin 161.30 sin10 28 /
o
v a
F F kN m = = =
- Table of section to determine the total resisting moment:
Section
No.
Area (m
2
)
Weight per unit length
(kN/m
2
)
Moment arm from A
Resisting moment (Mr)
(kN.m/m)
1 0.5 x 6 = 3 3 x 24 = 72
0.7+0.2+0.5/2 =
1.15
72 x 1.15 = 82.8
2 (0.7-0.5)x6x0.5 = 0.6 0.6 x 24 = 14.4 0.7+(0.2x2)/3 = 0.83 14.4 x 0.83 = 11.952
3
0.7 x (0.7+0.7+2.6) =
2.8
2.8 x 24 = 67.2 (0.7x2+2.6)/2 = 2 67.2 x 2 = 134.4
4 2.6 x 6 = 15.6 15.6 x 18 = 280.8 (0.7x2)+2.6/2 = 2.7 280.8 x 2.7 = 758.16
5
2.6 x 0.46 x 0.5 =
0.598
0.598 x 18 = 10.764 1.4+(2.6x2)/3 = 3.13 10.764 x 3.13 = 33.7
Vertical force: Fv = 28 4 28 x 4 = 112
Total
v
W F v + = = 473.16 1133.07
10
o


1
2
3
4
5
3
1
' 2
1
'
1
3
18 /
0 /
30
24 /
o
concrete
kN m
c kN m
kN m

=
=
=
=

6m
0.7m
2.6m
1.5m
0.7m
A
0.5m
3 ' 2 '
2 2 2
19 / , 30 / , 28
o
kN m c kN m = = =

Robot
47

- Driving moment can determine by:

7.16
158.85 379.122 . /
3 3
d h
H
M F kN m m = = =

- Factor of safety against overturning the following table can now be prepared for
determine the resisting moment.


1133.07
3 1.5
379.122
r
over
d
M
F ok
M
= = >

Check the factor of safety with respect to sliding

- Factor of safety against sliding can be determined by:


( ) tan '
1.5
v
s
h
W F
F
F
+
=

473.16 tan 28
1.58 1.5
158.85
o
s
F ok

= = >
Check the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure

- Eccentricity:
4 1133.07 379.122
0.4066
2 2 433.16
r d
x
M M B
e m
v

= = =

4
0.666
6 6
x
B
e m < = =
- Therefore:
2
max
6 473.16 6 0.4066
1 1 190.44 /
4 4
v e
kN m
B B

| | | |
= + = + =
| |
\ \


2
min
6 473.16 6 0.4066
1 1 46.15 /
4 4
v e
kN m
B B

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \

















- The ultimate bearing capacity of soil can be determined from equations (V.III.35):
0.5 '
u q q q x c c c c
q DN d i e N S d i B N S d i

= + +
D= 1.5 m , ' 2 4 2 0.4066 3.187
x
B B e m = = =
2
190.44 / kN m

2
46.15 / kN m

Robot
48


( )
tan ' 2 3.14 tan28 2
'
tan 45 2.72 tan 59 14.72
2
o
o o
q
N e



| |
= + = =
|
\


( ) ( ) 1 cot ' 14.72 1 cot 28 25.80
o
c q
N N = = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 tan 1.4 ' 14.72 1 tan 1.4 28 11.19
o
q
N N

= = =
Since the length of the wall (L) is normally much more the width of footing (B):
1
q c
S S S

= = =

' 1
1 0.1 tan 45 1 0.1 tan59 1.078
2 ' 3.187
o o
q
D
d d
B

| |
= = + + = + =
|
\


( )
' 1
1 0.2 tan 45 1 0.2 tan 58 1.157
2 ' 3.187
o o
c
D
d
B
| |
= + + = + =
|
\


2
158.85
1 , tan 0.33572 18.558
90 47.316
o h
q c o
F
i i
v

| |
= = = = = =
|

\

2
18.558
1 0.63
90
o
q c o
i i
| |
= = =
|
\

0.114 i

=

( ) ( )
( )
17 1.5 14.72 1.078 0.63 0.4066 25.80 1 1.157 0.63
0.5 17 3.187 11.19 1 1.078 0.114 890.72
u
q
kPa
= +
+ =



( ) 890.72 18 1.5
287.40
3
u net
all
q D
q kPa
F


= = =
And,
max min
3 3 190.44 846.15
154.37 287.40 !
4 4
net
all
q kPa ok
+ +
= = < =























Robot
49
Exercise IX.1
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing with
dimension and soil parameter shown in the below figure.













Solution

Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing

We have:
3
18 / , ' 4 kN m c kPa = =

For ' 30
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 19.13 , 22.46 , 37.16
q c
N N N

= = =

So for the strip footing we consider by the equation (IX.1):


2 1
0.5 '
u q c
q B N D N c N

= + +

0.5 18 3 19.13 18 1.5 22.46 4 37.16 1271.57
u
q kPa = + + =


So The ultimate bearing capacity (
u
q ) is 1271.57 kPa
D=1.5m
B=3m
3
18 /
' 4
' 30
o
kN m
c kPa

=
=
=

Robot
50
Exercise IX.2
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing with
dimension and soil parameter shown in the below figure.












Solution

Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing

We have:
3 3 3
17 / , 19 / , 10 /
sat w
kN m kN m kN m = = =

For ' 36
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 54.36 , 47.16 , 63.53
q c
N N N

= = =

So for the strip footing we consider by the equation (IX.1):

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.5 1 1 '
u sat w sat w q c
q B N D N c N

= + + + (



( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.5 19 10 2 54.36 17 1 19 10 1.5 1 47.16 0 63.53
u
q = + + + (



1503.18kPa =


So The ultimate bearing capacity (
u
q ) is 1503.18 kPa

D=1.5m
B=2m
1m 3
3
3
17 /
19 /
10 /
' 36
sat
w
o
kN m
kN m
kN m

=
=
=
=

Robot
51
Exercise IX.3
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing with
dimension and soil parameter shown in the below figure.













Solution

Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing

We have:
3 3 3
18 / , 20 / , 10 /
sat w
kN m kN m kN m = = =

For ' 38
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 78.61 , 61.55 , 77.50
q c
N N N

= = =

So for the strip footing we consider by the equation (IX.1):

2 1
0.5 '
u q c
q B N D N c N

= + +

But d<B
2 av
: ( )
'
2 2
1
av
d B d
B
( = +



( ) ( )
3
1
18 1 20 10 2 1 14 /
2
kN m = + = (



( ) 0.5 14 2 78.61 18 1.5 61.55 0 77.50 2762.39
u
q kPa = + + =


So The ultimate bearing capacity (
u
q ) is 2762.39 kPa
D=1.5m
B=2m
1m
3
3
3
18 /
20 /
10 /
' 38
sat
w
o
kN m
kN m
kN m

=
=
=
=

Robot
52
Exercise IX.4
Compute the ultimate & net allowable bearing capacity (
u
q and
net
all
q ) using the Terzaghi
equation of square footing in the below figure.













Solution

Compute the ultimate & net allowable bearing capacity (
u
q and
net
all
q )

For the square footing we consider by the equation (IX.2):


2 1
0.4 1.3 '
u q c
q B N D N c N

= + +

For ' 20
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 3.64 , 7.44 , 17.69
q c
N N N

= = =

0.4 20 3 3.64 18 2 7.44 1.3 15 17.69 700.155
u
q kPa = + + =

So we determine the net allowable bearing capacity by equation (IX.19):


( )
1
700.155 15 2
223.385
3
net u
all
S
q D
q kPa
F

= = =

So The ultimate bearing capacity (
u
q ) is 700.155 kPa
The net allowable bearing capacity ( )
net
all
q is 223.385 kPa

D=2m
L=B=3m
3
1
18 /
Fill Material
kN m =

3 ' '
2 2 2
: 20 / , 15 , 20
o
Natural soil under footing kN m c kPa = = =
Robot
53
Exercise IX.5
What is the ultimate and net allowable bearing capacity (
u
q and
net
all
q ) of the mate
foundation in the below figure.


















Solution

Compute the ultimate & net allowable bearing capacity (
u
q and
net
all
q )

For ' 0
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 0.00 , 1.00 , 5.7
q c
N N N

= = =

For the mat foundation we consider the ultimate bearing capacity by the equation (IX.4):


2 1
1 0.2 1 0.3 '
2
u q c
B B B
q N D N c N
L L

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \



20 20 20
1 0.2 16 0 16 4 1 1 0.3 30 5.7 260.65
40 2 40
u
q kPa
| | | |
= + + + =
| |
\ \


So we determine the net allowable bearing capacity by equation (IX.19):


( )
1
260.65 16 4
65.55
3
net u
all
S
q D
q kPa
F

= = =

The ultimate bearing capacity (
u
q ) is 260.65 kPa
The net allowable bearing capacity ( )
net
all
q is 65.55 kPa

B x L = 20 x 40 m?
D=4m
3
:
16 /
30
0
u
o
u
Clay
kN m
c kPa

=
=
=

So
Robot
54
Exercise IX.6
By supposing the factor of safety 3
s
F = , determine the dimensions of the below mat
foundation .



















Solution

Determine the dimensions of the below mat foundation

We know that: Q = 15000kN
The net allowable bearing capacity:
net
all
Q Q
q
S B B
= =

And the ultimate bearing capacity by equation (IX.14):
1
net
u all S
q q F D = +
So we get:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
2 2
1.5 3 1.5
15000 45000
3 18 1.5 20 10 1.5 42
u S sat w
Q
q F
S
B B
= + + (

= + + = +

The ultimate bearing capacity of mate foundation by equation (IX.9):

2 1
1 0.2 1 0.3 '
2
u q c
B B B
q N D N c N
L L

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0.2 18 10 0 18 1.5 20 10 1.5 1 0.3 40 5.7
2
B B B
B B
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ \


2
45000
42 338.4
B
+ =
45000
12.32
338.4 42
B m = =

So The dimension of footing is B=12.32 m
B x B
D=3m
Q=15000kN
1.5m
3
1
3
:
18 /
20 /
sat
Sand
kN m
kN m

=
=

3
: 18 / , 40 , 0
o
u u
Clay kN m c kPa = = =
Robot
55
Exercise IX.7
A rectangular footing of 3x1.5m is shown in the below figure. Determine the net allowable
load with can be supported by this foundation.























Solution

Determine the net allowable load with can be supported by this foundation

The effective dimension of footing can be determined by:

' 2 1.5 2(0.1) 1.3
B
B B e m = = =

' 2 3 2(0.2) 2.6
L
L L e m = = =

The ultimate bearing capacity is given by (IX.9):


2 1
' ' '
1 0.2 1 0.3 '
' 2 '
u q c
B B B
q N D N c N
L L

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \


For ' 30
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 19.13 , 22.46 , 37.16
q c
N N N

= = =


1.3 1.3 1.3
1 0.2 18 19.13 18 2 22.46 1 0.3 0 37.16
2.6 2 2.6
u
q
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \

1010kPa =
The net allowable bearing capacity is:
1
1010 18 2
324
3
net u
all
S
q D
q kPa
F

= = =
0.1m
2m
3m
1.5m
0.1m
Q
0.2m
3
18 /
' 30 , ' 0
o
kN m
c

=
= =

Robot
56
Exercise IX.8
Verify the dimension of the footing shown in the below figure, whether it is adequate or not.
The factor of safety is taken as 3.















Solution
Verify the dimension of the footing

The eccentricities in both directions are:


270
0.15
1780
B
B
M
e m
Q
= = =


160
0.09
1780
L
L
M
e m
Q
= = =

Therefore the effective dimension of the footing can be estimated:

' 1.8 2(0.15) 1.5 B m = =

' 1.8 2(0.09) 1.62 L m = =

The net allowable bearing capacity is given by:


( )
2 1
' ' '
1 0.2 1 1 0.3
' 2 '
q c
net
all
s
B B B
N D N c N
L L
q
F

| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
=

For ' 30
o
= by table IX.2 we get: 19.13 , 22.46 , 37.16
q c
N N N

= = =


( )
1.5 1.5 1.5
1 0.2 18 19.13 18 1.8 22.46 1 1 0.3 95 37.16
1.62 2 1.62
3
net
all
q
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
=

954kPa =

Subsequently, 954(1.5 1.62) 2318 1780 !!!
net
all
Q kN Q kN ok = = > =

D=1.8m
1.8m x 1.8m
Q=1780 kN
MB=270 kN.m
ML=160 kN.m
3
:
18 /
95
30
o
Silty Clayed Sand
kN m
c kPa

=
=
=

Robot
57
Exercise IX.9
Check the factor of safety in the clay layer of the below figure.

















Solution

Check the factor of safety in the clay layer

By the figure we get:
1
2.5
1.5 1.66 3.5
1.5
h
B
< = = <

' 1.5 2.5 4 B B h m = + = + =

' 3 2.5 5.5 L L h m = + = + =

So a repartition load can be determined by:
1800
' 81.81
' ' 4 5.5
Q kN
q kPa
B L m m
= = =



The net allowable bearing capacity:
1 1 net u u
all S net
S all
q D q D
q F
F q

= =

But
( )
1 2 1
' ' '
1 0.2 1 1 0.3
' 2 '
u q c
B B B
q D N D N c N
L L

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \


For ' 0
o
= (the clay layer): by table IX.2 we get: 0.00 , 1.00 , 5.7
q c
N N N

= = =

( )
1
4 4 4
1 0.2 22 0 20 1 1 1 1 0.3 35 5.7
5.5 2 5.5
u
q D
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \

243.027kPa =

In brief that '
net
all
q q
1
243.027
2.97 !!!
' 81.81
u
S
q D
F ok
q

= = =

S0 2.97 !
S
F ok =

3
3
:
20 /
22 /
40
sat
o
Sandy gravel
kN m
kN m

=
=
=

D=1m
1.5m x 3m
Q=1800 kN
, 35 , 0
o
u u
Clay c kPa = =
2.5m
Robot
58
Exercise IX.10

A strip footing is located near a slope. The site investigation and laboratory test provide the
following results:
Slope 20
o
=
Cohesion less soil with the frictional angle ' 40
o
=
Unit weight of the soil
3
18 / kN m =
What is the ultimate bearing capacity of this footing in regard to its width if:
b/B = 0.5 and D/B = 1
b/B = 1 and D/B = 0
In both cases the effect of ground water is neglected.


Solution

The bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation in these cases can be determined from
equation (IX.18):

2
2
u cq q
B
q c N N

= +
Since 0 c = , the above equation can be written as:
2
2
u q
B
q N =
- Determine of bearing capacity factor ,
q
N

:
. for 0.5 ; 1 ; 20 ' 40
o o
b D
and
B B
= = = =
The chart of figure IX.13 give 135
q
N

=
. for 1 ; 0 ; 20 ' 40
o o
b D
and
B B
= = = =
The chart of figure IX.13 give 50
q
N

=
Therefore: . for 0.5 ; 1
b D
B B
= =

2
18 135 (1215 )
2 2
u q
B B
q N B kPa

= = =
. for 1 ; 0
b D
B B
= =

2
18 50 (450 )
2 2
u q
B B
q N B kPa

= = =


Robot
59
Exercise IX.11
Consider a rectangular foundation that is located on a sand layer extending to a great
depth. The necessary data is given in below figure, estimate the elastic or immediate settlement
assuming that the foundation is rigid.















Solution

Estimate the elastic or immediate settlement assuming that the foundation is rigid

The immediate settlement for foundation by the equation (IX.23):
2
1
i p
s q B I
E

=

We have: E = 14000 kPa , 0.30 = , B= 1m , L = 2m , D= 1.5m
q = 100 kPa

It is the rigid foundation by table (IX.3):
2
2 1.18
1
p
L
I
B
= = =

2
1 0.30
100 1 1.18 0.00767 7.67
14000
i
s m mm

= = =

So The immediate settlement ( ) 7.67
i
s mm =


















D=1.5m
1m x 2m
q = 100 kPa
:
14000
0.30
Sand
E kPa

=
=

Robot
60
Exercise X.1
Estimate the maximum allowable static load on a driven pile, 200mm X 200mm, shown in the
below figure. The unit weight of concrete pile is 24 kN/m
3
.






















Solution
- The ultimate base bearing capacity in sand layer:
Equation (X.7):
' *
'
b v q
q N =
From figure (X.8): for ' 38
o
= 15
cr
D
B
=
For the given problem:
1
5
0.2
D
B
= =
Since in this case: 5 0.5 7.5
cr
D D
B B
= =
So
*
q
N become
'
q
N
For ' 38
o
= , the chart of figure X.9 gives
*
129
q
N = and the chart of figure X.10 gives
*
226
q
N =
Therefore the value of
'
q
N derive from the two values of
*
q
N are:

1
*
5
129 86
0.5 15
0.5
q q
cr
D
B
N N
D
B
= = =

1
*
5
226 150.67
0.5 15
0.5
q q
cr
D
B
N N
D
B
= = =

And: ( ) ( ) ( )
'
17 4 17.5 10 6 18 10 1 121
v
kPa = + + =
Then substituting equation X.7:
1
121 86 10406
b
q kPa = =

2
121 150.67 18231
b
q kPa = =
0 m
-4 m
-10 m
-11 m
Loose Sand
clay
Dense sand

3
1
'
1
17 /
28
o
kN m

=
=

3
2
'
2
17.5 /
40
0
u
o
kN m
S kPa

=
=
=

3
3
'
3
18 /
38
o
kN m

=
=

Robot
61
And:
1 1
*
0.5 tan ' 0.5 100 86 tan38 3359.53
o
l a q b
q P N kPa q = = = <

2 2
*
0.5 tan ' 0.5 100 150.67 tan38 5885.82
o
l a q b
q P N kPa q = = = <

So the ultimate base bearing capacity is: ( )
1
0.2 0.2 3359.53 134.38
b
Q kN = =
( )
1
0.2 0.2 5885.82 235.43
b
Q kN = =

- The ultimate base bearing capacity in sand layer:
. In loose sand layer:

The skin friction increase linearly up to a depth D and constant there after:

' 15 15 0.2 3 D B m = = =

Equation (X.11):
'
tan
s v
f K =
Driven pile: ( ) ( )
1.4 1.4 1 sin ' 1.4 1 sin 28 0.743
o
o
K K = = = =

3
'
4
=
3
tan tan 28 0.384
4
o

| |
= =
|
\

Thus, Z between 0 and 3m:
1
0.743 17 0.384 4.85 ,
s
f z z kPa = =
Z at or below 3m:
2
0.743 17 3 0.384 14.55
s
f kPa = =

. In clay layer:

Equation (X.13):
2 s u
f S =


'
40
0.442 1
6
17 4 (17.5 10)
2
u
vo
S

= = <
+

Equation (X.16):
0.5
0.5
'
40
0.5 0.5 0.752
90.50
u
vo
S

| |
| |
= = =
| |
\
\

So
2
0.752 40 30.08
s
f kPa = =

. In dense sand layer:

The skin friction also increases from linearly up to a depth D and constant there after:
' 15 15 0.2 3 D B m = = =

Equation (X.11):
'
tan
s v
f K =
Driven pile: ( ) ( )
1.4 1.4 1 sin ' 1.4 1 sin38 0.538
o
o
K K = = = =

3
'
4
=
3
tan tan 38 0.543
4
o

| |
= =
|
\

At the top of dense sand layer:
( ) ( )
2
0.538 17 4 17.5 10 6 0.543 33
s
f kPa = + = (


At a depth of 1m from the top of the dense sand layer:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0.538 17 4 17.5 10 6 18 10 1 0.543 35.35
s
f kPa = + + = (



Robot
62




















Since the pile perimeter is constant throughout the depth the total skin friction force can be
computed by multiplying the skin friction distribution shown in the above figure by the perimeter of
0.8m therefore,
( ) 0.8 0.5 3 14.55 1 14.55 1 1 30.08 6 1 0.5 33 35.35 1
S
Q = + + + + (


200.68kN =

Therefore, the allowable load can be obtained by equation X.2:


1
134.38 200.68
106.31
3 3
b s
all
b s
Q Q
Q kN
F F
= + = + =


2
235.43 200.68
(24 0.04 11) 136.44
3 3
b s
all p
b s
Q Q
Q w kN
F F
= + = + =




















14.55 kPa
30 kPa
33 kPa
35.35 kPa
Loose sand
Clay
Dense sand
0 m
-4 m
-10 m
-11 m
-3 m
Robot
63
Exercise X.2
Determine the maximum load that can be carried by a driven pile in the below figure.





















Solution

- Determine the maximum allowable load that can be carried by a driven pile:
b s
all p
s s
Q Q
Q W
F F
= + , (X.2)
- We supposed the unit weight of concrete is
3
24 / kN m :

( )
2
2
24 0.25 10
(24 10) 11.775
4 4
p
B
W kN

= = =
- Determine the point load or base bearing capacity of pile:
*
b c u
q N S = , (X.9)

The bearing capacity factor
*
6.5
c
N = at 25
u
S kPa =

6.5 25 162.5
b
q kPa = =


( )
2
0.25
162.5 7.973
4
b b b
Q q A kN

= = =

- Determine the shaft capacity of pile by equation (X.10):
s s s
Q f A =

At the sand layer (0m to 7m):

The critical depth: ' 15 15 0.25 3.75 D B m = = =

Unit skin friction resistance by equation (X.11):
'
tan
s v
f K =

The coefficient of lateral earth pressure: ( ) ( )
1.4 1 sin ' 1.4 1 sin 22 0.876
o
K = = =

-2 m
-7 m
-10 m
Sand
clay

3
( )
16.5 /
d sand
kN m =
3
( )
'
2
17.5 /
22
sat sand
o
kN m

=
=

3
( )
17.5 /
25
sat clay
u
kN m
S kPa
=
=

???
all
Q
25 B cm =
Circular pile
0 m
Robot
64
The frictional angle (soil &pile):
3 3
tan tan ' tan 22 0.296
4 4
o

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \


Z between 0 and 2m: ( ) 0.876 16.5 0.296 4.278 ,
s
f z z kPa = =
Z at 2m: ( ) 0.876 16.5 2 0.296 8.557
s
f kPa = =

Z at 3.75m or greater than D=3.75m:

( ) ( ) 0.876 16.5 2 17.5 10 1.75 0.296 11.960
s
f kPa = + = (



At the clay layer (7m to 10m):

Unit skin friction resistance by equation (X.13):
s u
f S =

The effective strees: ( ) ( ) ( )
'
3
16.5 2 17.5 10 5 17.5 10 81.75
2
v
kPa = + + =
Equation (X.16):
0.5
0.5
'
25
0.5 0.5 0.904
81.75
u
vo
S

| |
| |
= = =
| |
\
\

0.904 25 22.604
s
f kPa = =




















The skin friction load of pile

( ) 0.785 0.5 8.557 2 1 0.5 8.557 11.960 1.75 11.960 3.25 1 22.604 3 1
s
Q = + + + + (



104.55kN =

Therefore, the allowable load can be obtained by equation X.2:


7.973 104.55
11.775 25.73
3 3
b s
all p
b s
Q Q
Q W kN
F F
= + = + =
Sand
Clay
8.557 kPa
11.960 kPa
22.604 kPa
-3.75 m
-7 m
-10 m
-2 m
Robot
65
Exercise X.3
Based on the given in the below figure, determine the total drag force (total force of
negative skin friction).





















Solution

Clay fill over granular soil:
Determine total drag force by equation (X.27):
' 2
tan
2
o f f
n
p K H
Q

=

And we have: 3.14 0.30 0.942 p d m = = =

1 sin ' 1 sin30 0.5
o
o
K = = =


' 3
16 /
f
kN m =


'
3
f
H m =

( ) ( )
tan tan 0.6 ' tan 0.6 30 0.325
o
= = =


2
0.942 0.5 16 3 0.325
11.02
2
n
Q kN

= =










Dense Sand
0.30 d m =
Circular pile
Fill materials:
3
16 /
' 30 , 0.6 '
f
o
kN m

=
= =

3
f
H m =
D
Robot
66
Exercise X.4
Based on the given in the below figure, determine the total drag force (total force of
negative skin friction). Assumed the acceleration of gravity
2
10 / . g m s =




















Solution

We have: 3.14 0.30 0.942 p d m = = =

1 sin ' 1 sin 25 0.577
o
o
K = = =

' 3
17.5 /
f
kN m = ,
'
3
f
H m = , 20 D m =

( ) ( )
tan tan 0.6 ' tan 0.6 25 0.268
o
= = =

Determine the neutral depth by equation (X.28):


( )
' '
2
2 ' '
f f f f f
NSF f
NSF
D H D H H
H H
H


| |
= +
|
|
\


( ) 20 3
20 3 17.5 3 2 17.5
3
2 7 7
NSF
H

| |
= +
|
\



17 17 52.5 105
2 7 7
NSF
H
| |
= +
|
\



272
15
NSF
H
=
2
15 272 0
NSF NSF
H H + =
2 2
4 15 4 ( 272) 1 1313 b ac = = =


15 1313
10.618
2 2 1
NSF
b
H m
a
+ +
= = =

Clay:

3
17 / ,
' 25 , 0.6 '
sat
o
kN m

=
= =

0.30 d m =
Circular pile
Fill materials:
3
17.5 /
f
kN m =
3
f
H m =
20 D m =
z
NSF
H
Neutral plane
Robot
67

Granular soils fill over clay:

Determine total drag force by equation (X.30):

( ) ( )
' 2
1
tan ' tan
2
n o f f NSF NSF o
Q p K H H H p K = +

( ) ( )
2
1
0.942 0.577 17.5 3 0.268 10.618 10.618 0.942 0.577 7 0.268
2
= +

81.201 57.480 138.681kN = + =










































Robot
68
Exercise X.5
A fully embedded precast, prestressed concrete pile is 12m long and driven into a
homogenous layer of sand (c = 0). The pile is square in cross section, with sides measuring 305mm.
The dry unit weight of sand ( )
d
is
3
16 / kN m , and the average effective soil friction angle is
' 35
o
= . The allowable working load is 338kN. If 240kN is contributed by the frictional resistance
and 98kN is from the point load, determine the elastic settlement of the pile. Use
6 2
21 10 /
p
E kN m = ,
2
30000 /
s
E kN m = and 0.3.
s
=

Solution
Determine the elastic settlement of the pile

- Elastic settlement of the pile (X.32):
( )
(1)
wb ws
e
p p
Q Q
S L
A E
+
=

The point load: 98
wb
Q kN = , The frictional resistance: 240
ws
Q kN =

Area of cross section
2
0.305 0.305 0.093025
p
A m = = , (B=30.5 cm)

Modulus of elasticity of pile
6 2
21 10 /
p
E kN m = , 0.6 =


( )
(1) 6
98 0.6 240
12 0.001487 1.487
0.093025 21 10
e
S m mm
+
= = =


- Settlement of the pile caused by point load (X.33):
( )
2
(2)
1
wb
e s wb
s
q B
S I
E

=
0.3
s
= , 0.85
wb
I =

Modulus of elasticity of soil below the pile tip 30000
s
E kPa =


98
1053.48
0.093025
wb
wb
p
Q
q kPa
A
= = =


( )
2
(2)
1053.48 0.305
1 0.3 0.85 0.00828 8.28
30000
e
S m mm

= = =

- Settlement of the pile caused by the shaft around the pile (X.35):

( )
2
(3)
1
ws
e s ws
s
Q B
S I
p D E

| |
=
|

\

And:
12
2 0.35 2 0.35 4.195
0.305
ws
D
I
B
= + = + = , (X.36)

The perimeter of pile = 0.305 4 1.22m =


( )
2
(3)
240 0.305
1 0.3 4.195 0.000636 0.636
1.22 12 30000
e
S m mm
| |
= = =
|

\


Total settlement 1.487 8.28 0.636 10.40mm = + + =
Robot
69
Exercise X.6
Using a factor of safety equal to 3, determine the allowable bearing capacity of pile group
in the below figure.


























Solution
- Option 1

From equation (X.39) and (X.41):
( ) ( )
*
( ) ( ) g u u b c u b u
Q Q m n A N S S p D
(
= = +


In which:
2
0.30 0.30 0.09 , 4 0.30 1.20
b
A m p m = = = =
11 D D m = = and
2
( )
80 /
u b u u
S S C kN m = = =

From equation (X.9):
2 *
50 / , 8
u c
S kN m N = = and
2
100 /
u
S kN m
*
9
c
N =
by interpolation these value we get
*
8.60
c
N = and
2
80 /
u
S kN m =

The average values of the effective overburden stress is
'
vo
:

' 2
11
19 104.504 /
2
vo
kN m = =
It follow that:
'
80
0.766 1
104.50
u
vo
S

= = < , so
0.5
80
0.5 0.57
104.50

| |
= =
|
\

Therefore,

( ) ( ) 4 3 0.09 8.60 80 0.57 80 1.2 11 7966
u
Q kN = + = (



B
g
L
g
Soil data:

Homogenous saturated
clay:

2
3
80 / ,
19 /
u
C kN m
kN m
=
=


Groundwater table is
located at a depth 15 m
below the ground surface.
Given:

4, 3, 300
1200 , 11
m n B mm
S mm D m
= = =
= =

Robot
70
Group efficiency (Equation X.40):
( ) ( ) 1 1
1
90
n m m n
m n

+
=



( ) ( ) 3 1 4 4 1 3
0.3
1 arctan 0.78
1.2 90 4 3
+
= =



Hence,
( )
0.78 7966 6213.48
g u u
Q Q kN = = =

And
( )
( )
6213.48
2071
3
g u
g all
s
Q
Q kN
F
= = =

- Option 2

From option 1 , 7966
u
Q kN =

Again from equation (X.42), the ultimate black capacity is:


( ) ( )
*
( )
2
u g g u b c g g u
Q L B S N L B S D = + +

In which: ( ) ( )
0.3
1 2 4 1 1.2 2 3.9
2 2
g
B
L m S m = + = + =
( ) ( )
0.3
1 2 3 1 1.2 2 2.7
2 2
g
B
B n S m = + = + =

So,
3.9
1.44
2.7
g
g
L
B
= = and
11
4.07
2.7
g
D
B
= =
From figure (X.17):
*
8.60
c
N =
Therefore, the black capacity:
( ) ( ) 13.9 2.7 80 8.6 2 3.9 2.7 80 11 18860.64
u
Q kN = + + =

Hence:
( )
7966 18860.64
g u
Q kN kN = <

And:
( )
( )
7966
2655
3
g u
g u
s
Q
Q kN
F

= = =















Robot
71
Exercise X.7
Determine the consolidation settlement of the piles in the below figure. All clays are normally
consolidated.


































Solution

Determine the consolidation settlement of the piles

The consolidation settlement (X.49):
'
'
lg
1
zf
c
e
o zo
C
S H
e

| |
=
|
|
+
\

- At clay 1 layer:
( ) ( ) ( )
' 2
7
17 2.5 18 10 7 18 10 126.5 /
2
zo
kN m = + + =
The effective stress at the middle of layer:
( )( )
'
g i g i
Q
B Z L Z
=
+ +
,
7
3.5
2
i
Z m
| |
= =
|
\


( ) ( )
2
2000
43.592 /
2.7 3.5 3.9 3.5
kN m = =
+ +


1
0.3 126.5 43.592
7 lg 0.015 150
1 0.8 126.5
e
S m mm
+ | |
= = =
|
+
\

L
g
= 3.9 m
z
Clay 2:
3
18.5 /
0.7 , 0.2
sat
o c
kN m
e C
=
= =

Clay 3:
3
19 /
0.75 , 0.25
sat
o c
kN m
e C
=
= =

Clay 1:

3
18 /
0.8 , 0.3
sat
o c
kN m
e C
=
= =

Sand:

3
17 /
sat
kN m =
GWT
Rock
2 m
3 m
14 m
2.5 m
1 m
7 m
7 m
Block width, 2.7
g
B m =
2000
g
Q kN =
Robot
72

- At clay 2 layer:
( ) ( ) ( )
' 2
3
17 2.5 18 10 14 18.5 10 167.25 /
2
zo
kN m = + + =
The effective stress at the middle of layer:
( )( )
'
g i g i
Q
B Z L Z
=
+ +
,
3
7 8.5
2
i
Z m
| |
= + =
|
\


( )( )
2
2000
14.40 /
2.7 8.5 3.9 8.5
kN m = =
+ +


2
0.2 167.25 14.40
3 lg 0.01266 12.66
1 0.7 167.25
e
S m mm
+ | |
= = =
|
+
\



- At clay 3 layer:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' 2
2
17 2.5 18 10 14 18.5 10 3 19 10 189 /
2
zo
kN m = + + + =
The effective stress at the middle of layer:
( )( )
'
g i g i
Q
B Z L Z
=
+ +
,
2
10 11
2
i
Z m
| |
= + =
|
\



( ) ( )
2
2000
9.80 /
2.7 11 3.9 11
kN m = =
+ +


3
0.25 189 9.80
2 lg 0.00627 6.27
1 0.75 189
e
S m mm
+ | |
= = =
|
+
\


So the total consolidation settlement of clay 150 12.66 6.27 168.9mm = + + =