Phase Diagrams

Phase diagram equilibrium (annealing) Phase diagram consists of temperature, composition, and phases One-two-one phase diagram: Nickel-Copper (Ni-Cu) Liquidus line, solidus line, tie line, lever rule A tie line is a horizontal line, extends across the twophase region and terminate at the phase boundary lines on either side. Binary eutectic phase diagram: Lead-Tin (Pb-Sn) Solvus line: the solid solubility limit line separating the and + phase regions Hypo-eutectic composition, eutectic composition, and hyper-eutectic composition Iron-iron carbide (Fe-Fe3C) phase diagram: Fe-C Allotropic transformation- -Fe, -Fe, -Fe Ferrite (-Fe) -- BCC solid solution, maximum 0.0218%C Austenite (-Fe) FCC solid solution 912oC 1394oC maximum 2.11%C (1674oF- 2541oF) -ferrite (-Fe) BCC solid solution 1394oC-1538oC maximum 0.09%C (2541oF-2800oF) Cementite (Fe3C) intermetallic compound, contains 6.67%C, is extremely hard and brittle Pearliteferrite + cementite Eutectoid temperature 727oC, eutectoid point 0.77%C Hypo-eutectoid composition, hyper-eutectoid composition Cast Irons: 2.11-4.5%C, ~3.5%Si Types of cast irons: Gray cast irons: graphite in flakes, low strength and low ductility, good damping resistance (vibration) used for machine tool bases and structures

Ductile cast irons (nodular cast irons): spheroidal graphite particle, somewhat ductile and shock resistance. White cast irons: massive amounts of cementite (no graphite), hard and brittle, good wear resistance. Malleable cast irons: heat treatment of white cast irons. Forming clusters of graphitesimilar to ductile cast irons. Improved ductility, strength, and shock resistance. Compacted graphite cast irons: short, thick, interconnected graphite flakes, the properties lie between gray cast irons and ductile cast irons. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, a.k.a. isothermal transformation (IT) diagrams Dynamic cooling Different structures: Spheroidites (spherical particles) 700oC several hours Bainites (ferrite + cementite) 250-500oC, upper bainitesfeathery plates; lower bainites dark needles Martensites: below 250oC, lath shape Hardenability: The capability of an alloy to be hardened by heat treatment, measured by the depth of hardness Jominy test: a round 100 mm long and 25mm in diameter test bar is end-quenched with a water stream at 24oC (hardness measurements along its length should be performed) Heat treatment of nonferrous metals: Solution treatment, precipitation hardening, case hardening

ANSI-SAE designations for steels

ANSI: American Iron and Steel Institute SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers 10XX carbon steel 11XX Resulfurized carbon steel 12XX Rephosphorized and resulfurized carbon steel 13XX Manganese steel (manganes 1.75%) 41XX Chromium-molybdenum steels 43XX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels (nickel 1.83%) 44XX Molybdenum steels (molybdenum 0.53%) 50XX Chromium steels (chromium 0.40%) 51XX Chromium steels (chromium 0.80, 0.88, 0.93, 0.95%) 51XXX Chromium steels (chromium 1.03%) 52XXX Chromium steels (chromium 1.45%) . Types of stainless steels: Austenitic (200-300 series): are hardened by cold working Ferritic (400 series): are hardened by cold working not heat treatable, up to 27% chromium. Martensitic (400 and 500 series): heat treated, no nickel Precipitation hardening (PH): many elements, high strength at elevated temperature Duplex structure: a mixture of austenite and ferrite. Types of tool steels: High speed: M, T Cold work: D, A, O Mold steels: P Water hardening:W

Hot work: H Shock resisting: S Special purpose: L, F