JmJ Marist Brothers Notre Dame of Dadiangas University

Name: Claire Joy L. Sarcaoga Schedule: T-TH 12:00- 3:00 Fungi Activity 6 Introduction:

Date: July, 26 2011 Course: BsBiology 2

Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they cant produce their own food. They are closest to animals because of its ability to absorb nutrients and not able to perform photosynthesis. Fungi are known as decomposers and most of the time they get nutrients from other organisms. They like places which are moist and warm. Fungi may grow very vast due to their mycelium and hyphae. Statement of the Problem: 1. What are the characteristics and representative species of Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes? 2. How do fungi appear under the microscope? 3. What is the life cycle of a typical fungus? Materials: 1-Compound Microscope 1-Slide and Slip Yeast suspension (Saccharomyces cereveseae) Prepared Slides: Corn Rust Methods: 1. Request for the materials needed. 2. Observe the different specimen under the microscope using the different objectives. 3. Draw the observed specimen fill in the figure 6. 4. Fill in the table 6.1. 5. Draw the life cycle of zygomycete and basidiomycete on the figure 6.2 and 6.3.

Results and Discussions: Table 6 Classification and Characteristics of Fungi. Group Characteristics Zygomycete - Vegetative mycelium that lack septa -Zygote is produce. -May reproduce sexual or asexual.

Representative Species Black bread mold

Ascomycete -Microscopic spores inside special, elongated cells or sacs. -Produces Ascospores. -May reproduce sexual or asexual.

Yeast

Basidiomycete -Produce spores that are formed outside a pedestallike structure, the basidium. -Produces Basidiospores. -May reproduce sexual or asexual.

Corn Rust

Deuteromycete -Imperfect fungi. -Unknown way of reproduction.

Molds

Kingdom fungi are a kingdom closest to plants and animals. Unlike plants they do not produce their own food; they arent capable of ingestion like animals do. They have their own way of getting their food. Fungi are using its hyphae to absorb the nutrients on its surrounding. There are different types of phylum under the kingdom fungi; they have differences from each other. Zygomycetes are fungi that are capable of producing

zygospores to reproduce. Ascomycetes are fungi that have asci where the spores reside. The basidiomycetes are fungi which are composed of basidium all over its body. Deuteromycetes are imperfect fungi, they have an unknown reproduction and most of them are causing diseases that are harmful. Some fungi are deadly and some are used for medicinal purposes. These fungi are able to live and grow as vast as a whole forest. They are known to be the biggest organism in the whole world.

Figure 6.1 S. cereveseae and corn rust under different objectives. These are the specimens that represent kingdom fungi. Fungi are known to get nutrients by absorption. They are non-photosynthetic organisms and they are not classified as animals either. These two specimens are examples of fungi. S. cereveseae is yeast also known as bakers yeast use for baking and other food related uses. It is responsible for the brewing of beer or any alcoholic drinks. It is able to multiply in a very short time, it is easily cultured. It is the most known yeast because of its usefulness for us. Corn rust can be easily recognized by the development of dark, reddish-brown pustules scattered over both the upper and lower surface of the corn leaves. It is a fungi causing disease to corns that damages the yields that may be harvest. Spores capable of infecting corn are blown northward during the growing season and become established on the corn crop. There are fungi that are helpful and useful to us and there are also some that may harm us.

Figure 6.2 Life Cycle of Black Bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer), zygomycetes. Biology Seventh edition By: Solomon et al. 2006 This figure represents a zygomycete life cycle. A fungi may reproduce sexually or asexual. Sexual reproduction takes place only between mating different mating types. After their hyphae meet and form gametangia. ` Gametangia unite and the nuclei fuse. A single zygospore develops within a thick walled, black zygoporangium. Meiosis occurs then the zygospore germinates. The merging hypha develops sporangium. Spores are released and may germinates, giving rise to new hyphae. In asexual reproduction, certain hyphae form sporangium. When released they give rise to new hyphae. The haploid generation is dominant than the diploid generation on its life cycle.

Figure 6.3 Life Cycle of typical Basidiomycete. Biology Seventh edition By: Solomon et al. 2006 This figure shows the life cycle of a typical basidiomycete. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid hyphae. It has different mating types to form a secondary mycelium composed of dikaryotic hyphae. Basidiomycetes develop microscopic club-shaped called basidia. Fruiting bodies periodically develop from secondary mycelium. Basidia form along the gills of the basidiocarps. In each basidium the n+n nuclei fuse. Meiosis occurs, producing four basidiospores. The basidiospores are released and they germinate to form primary mycelia. The process continues to flow. Hyphae of mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells. Unlike most other group asexual reproduction is less common in basidiomycetes. These kind of fungus are needing source of Nitrogen for them to multiply.

Conclusions: After performing the said activity the following conclusions were drawn: 1. That each of the clade of fungi has their own distinct characteristics from each other, such as biological importance and their ways of reproduction. 2. That the fungi appear under the microscope having different structures. 3. That a typical fungus produces sexually and asexually.