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STRUCTURES and FUNCTIONS Of Our GOVERNMENT The Executive Branch- President of the Philippines.

The President controls all the executive department, bureaus and offices. The Presidents Term of Office6 years; election every 2nd Monday of May; Official Place of The President- Malacaang Palace -nominates the head of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or nava; captain and other officers but the president seeks the consent of the Commission on Appointment. The President and the Cabinet - Office of the Press Secretary - Dept. of Agrarian Reform - Dept. of agriculture - Dept of Budget and Management - Dept of Education - Dept of Energy - Dept of Environment and Natural Resources - Dept of Finance - Dept of Foreign Affairs - Dept of Health - Dept of Interior and Local Government - Dept of Justice - Dept of Labor and Employment - Dept of National Defense - Department of Public Works and Highways - Dept of Science and Technology - Dept of Social Welfare and Development - Dept of Trade and Industry - Dept of transportation and Communication The President and the Armed Forces President- commander in chief of all armed forces of the Philippines - She can place the country under martial law for a period not exceeding 60 days. - Section 18 of Article VII- A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ.

The president should submit a report in person or in writing to the congress within 48 hours from the proclamation of martial law. The President and the Power to Grant Amnesty - power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons to those who have been convicted by the courts, amnesty ( the act of pardoning) The President and Foreign Loans - may contract or guarantee loans on behalf of the country. However, this needs prior concurrence of the Monetary Board (MB), the policy making body of the Central Bank of the Philippines. The President and the Countrys Policies on Treaties\ - No treaty or international agreement is valid and effective unless concurred in by at least 2/3 of the members of the Senate. The President and the National Budget - the president submits to Congress, within 30 days from the opening of every regular session, a budget of the countrys proposed expenditures and the sources of these expenditures financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures. This will be the basis of the general appropriation act( official annual budget of the country) LEGISLATIVE BRANCH #1 Unicameralism- have only one legislative chamber; Disadvantages: - control government spending and the elimination of redundant work done by both chambers. - Double checks and balances that a bicameral affords, forcing a greater level of consensus on legislative issues. - Urban areas with large populations have more influence than sparsely populated rural ones. BICAMERAL- consisting of 2 chambers of the legislative branch ( Upper House and Lower house of the House of Representatives-Philippines) ADVANTAGES: - to check hasty and ill- considered legislation, - training ground for future leaders - provides a representation for both regional and national interests - less susceptible to bribery and control of big interest groups or lobbyists DISADVANTAGES:

no assurance of better considered and better deliberated legislation produces duplication of efforts and serious deadlocks in the enactment of important measures all things being equal, it is more expensive to maintain than a unicameral. The excessive costs of senatorial elections have made it possible for only wealthy individuals to make it to the Senate.

FUNCTIONS OF LAWS - defines the rights and duties of the citizens - imposes taxes - appropriates funds - defines crimes and provides for their punishments - creates and abolishes government offices - determines jurisdiction and function of created government offices - regulates human conduct and the use of properly for the promotion of the common good CLASSIFICATION OF POWER OF CONGRESS - general legislative power - Specific power ( to impeach; impose taxes; declare the existence of a state of war) - Implied powers( indirect) SESSIONS OF CONGRESS -Regular- Congress shall convene once every year on the 4th Monday of July for its regular session until 30 days before opening of its next regular session - Special- takes place when the President class congress to a session, during the time that it is in recess, for any important legislation - Executive- secret meeting; or closed session if the issue involves national security OFFICERS OF CONGRESS - Senate President and Speaker of the House of Representatives ( administrative heads and presiding officers of their respective chambers OTHER FUNCTIONS: - preside over their sessions - preserve order and decorum

ROLE -

decide all questions of order sign acts, resolutions, orders and warrants issue subpoenas appoint personnel and discipline them OF CONGRESS IN BUDGET APPROPRIATION a udget is the financial program of the national government for a designated calendar year, consisting of estimated revenues and expenditures previous calendar is used as basis The budget of expenditures and sources of financing which the President has to prepare and submit to Congress is intended as a guide for the Congress to amount of appropriations and determine specific governmental activities for which public funds should be spent. Appropriate public funds for the maintenance of the govt. and public needs Congress as direct rep0resentative of the people Legislative check upon the disbursing power government funds may be misused.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Judicial Power- power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the State and private persons or between individual litigants in cases properly brought before the judicial tribunals Organization of Courts 1. Regular- courts of Appeals, Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court 2. Special- the Sandiganbayan; Courts of Tax Appelas IMPORTANCE: 1. Confidence in the certain and even administration of justice 2. preservation of the government 3. respect for law and order

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