Explain the role of the following organs in the digestive system The mouth and salivary glands There

are 3 main functions of the mouth, they are to breathe, eat and talk. The function of the mouth and its associated structures is to form a receptacle for food, to begin mechanical digestion through chewing (mastication), to swallow food, and to form words in speech. It can also assist the respiratory system in the passage of air. http://www.innerbody.com/image_digeov/dige28-new.html The Oesophagus The Oesophagus is about 25 cms long and allows the food you swallow to get to your stomach. When you swallow, the muscles along the length of the oesophagus tighten and relax in a wave downwards and the food is moved into the stomach. This all happens in a few seconds. The oesophagus has 2 sphincters. A sphincter is a narrowing caused by contracted (tightened) muscles. These muscles remain contracted until the body sends a message for the muscles to relax. When the muscles of the sphincter relax, this then allows things to pass.

One sphincter is at the top of the oesophagus. The other is where the oesophagus meets the stomach this is known as the gastro-oesophageal junction. The lower sphincter controls the movement of food into the stomach and prevents stomach acid from going up into the oesophagus (gastrooesophageal reflux). The lining of the oesophagus is very different to that of the stomach and stomach acid will cause it to become inflamed and sore if reflux does occur. This soreness is the pain felt by those with heartburn. http://www.eatatease.com/oesophagus.html The Stomach The stomach is a sack made of muscle and, when it's empty, it has a volume of only 50ml but this can expand to hold up to 1.5 litres or more after a meal. The walls of the stomach are made of three different layers of muscle that allow it to churn food around and make sure it's mixed with the stomach's acidic digestive juices. The presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach prevents the action of salivary amylase and helps to kill bacteria that might be present. The stomach also produces the enzyme pepsin, which breaks down proteins (mostly found in meat, fish, eggs and dairy products). http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_living/nutrition/healthy_digesti ve.shtml The Pancreas The pancreas is a small flat organ (about 18-25 cm long) that is located behind the stomach and sits close to the duodenum. It is the source of powerful digestive enzymes required to chemically break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The pancreas also secretes another substance to help neutralize stomach acid. http://gesa.org.au/digestive-system/pancreas.cfm The Liver The liver is a very large organ weighing up to 3 kg in adult humans. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps to break down fats. Bile produced in the liver is transferred to the gallbladder where it is stored until needed for digestion. Once food, medicines, liquids, etc that you consume are digested in the small intestine and absorbed by the walls of the small intestine, these products of digestion (nutrients and other molecules) are then transferred to the liver for further processing.

http://gesa.org.au/digestive-system/liver.cfm The large Intestine This is one of the most metabolically active organs in the body. It measures about 1.5 metres and contains over 400 different species of bacteria that break down and utilise the undigested residues of our food, mostly dietary fibres. As the watery contents move along the large intestine, water is absorbed and the final product - faeces - is formed, which is stored in the rectum before excretion from the body. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_living/nutrition/healthy_digesti ve.shtml The small Intestine Prebiotics are mainly indigestible carbohydrates called oligosaccharides. On reaching the large intestine, they selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms already in the colon, such as bifid bacteria and lactobacilli. About 3ml of chyme is squirted into the small intestine at short intervals as the pyloric sphincter opens. This is known as the intestinal phase and causes the secretion of many hormones, which all aid the digestive process. The sphincter is designed to open partially so that large particles are kept in the stomach for further mixing and breaking down. Digestion and absorption of fats, protein and carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine. Three important organs are involved: 1. The gall bladder provides bile salts that help to make fats easier to absorb. 2. The pancreas provides bicarbonate to neutralise the acidic chyme from the stomach, and also produces further digestive enzymes. 3. The intestinal wall contains cells that make up the wall of the small intestine. These cells help to neutralise the acid and also produce enzymes to digest food. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_living/nutrition/healthy_digesti ve.shtml The Colon At the end of the small intestine, the material then enters the large intestine, or colon, which is also a long tube. Its main job is to remove water from the waste products as they pass through and recycle this water back to your body. After traveling through this area, the waste is held at the end of the colon in the rectum. It will then leave your body through the anus as stool when you

have a bowel movement. The firmness of the stool will depend on how long it has been in your colon. If the stool moves through quickly, it will be more watery. But if it moves through too slowly, you can become constipated. This is because the longer stool stays in the colon, the more water is removed from it. http://digestive-system.emedtv.com/colon/colon.html The rectum The nervous system triggers the urge to pass stools. Many people feel this urge upon waking in the mornings. Others may feel it soon after eating a meal (e.g., just after eating breakfast or lunch) - it may be the digestive system's way of removing stored wastes before starting the process of digestion all over again. http://gesa.org.au/digestive-system/anus.cfm The Bladder Urine, made in your kidneys, is transported to your bladder via two narrow tubes known as ureters. As your bladder fills up with urine it stretches. An adult bladder can usually hold about a pint of fluid comfortably. It can hold more, but as it gets fuller it can be painful. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/bladder/bladder.shtml The Gaul bladder The Gaul bladder is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder

Explain the role of the following food sources Food Source Carbohydrate s Role Examples of Food type bananas Carbohydrates are basically barley sugar and starch. They break beans down into glucose molecules in brown rice the body in digestion. When used chickpeas as energy (glucose), lentils carbohydrates become fuel for nuts your muscles and brain. If your oats body does not have any use for parsnips the glucose, it is converted into potatoes glycogen and stored it in the liver root vegetables

and muscles as an energy reserve. Your body can store about a half a day's supply of glycogen. If your body has more glucose than it can use as energy, or convert to glycogen for storage, the excess is converted to fat. Fats Fat acts as a layer of fat in the body, it is vital to have it because fat is a layer under our skin that keeps us warm, not only does it keep us arm but it also can be used as energy

sweet corn wholegrain cereals wholemeal breads wholemeal cereals wholemeal flour wholemeal pasta yams cooking oils, oily salad dressings or mayonnaise, cream, chocolate, crisps, biscuits, pastries, cake, puddings, ice- cream, rich sauces and fatty gravies, sweets and sugar.

Proteins

Proteins are very important molecules in our cells. They are involved in virtually all cell functions. Each protein within the body has a specific role. Some proteins are involved in structural support, while others are involved in bodily movement, or in defense against germs.

Meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs

Evaluate your own diet

Carbohydrates - 20%

Fats - 40%

Proteins - 40%

How healthy is your diet? I think that I should eat less fatty foods and eat more carbohydrate foods. Carry on eating these foods in way that it is balanced out, I tend to eat a lot of meat, fish and eggs for protein. For fat foods I tend to eat a lot of different range of fat foods.

Does your sport demand any specific diet requirements, if so what physiological changes does this cause? Carbohydrates and proteins are the main food sources that footballers need; they mainly eat vegetables, pasta, bread, meat and fish. They need to eat less dairy product foods and sugary foods, to keep a healthy balanced diet. More carbohydrates then protein foods and try to keep out fatty foods.