) ( :

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- :

:
Rated vol***e or vol***es
Rated full-load amps for each vol***e level
Frequency
Phase
Rated full-load speed
Insulation class and rated ambient temperature
Rated horsepower
Time rating
Locked-rotor code letter
Manufacturer's name and address
Frame size
Full-load efficiency
Power factor
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- :
:


.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----:
A 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR HAS
1 .HIGH STARTING TORQUE
2.LOW STARTING TORQUE

LOW STARTING TORQUE

.

PM 09:37 ,2010-04-18
THE RUNNING SPEED OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS
1.SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
2.LESS THAN SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
3.MORE THAN SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

LESS THAN SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----MOTOR IS EQUAL TO IF THE ACTUAL SPEED OF INDUCTION
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
1.DEVALOPE TORQUE
2.NOT DEVELOP TORQUE.

NOT DEVELOP TORQUE

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----I NDUSTRIAL DEVICES IS
COMMONLY USED A.C. MOTOR FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.1
2.COMMUTATOR MOTOR
3. PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
3. PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
.

PM 09:51 ,2010-04-18
A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS
1.SELF STARTING
2.NOT SELF STARTING
SELF STARTING
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----THE NUMBER OF POLES OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AT 60 CYCLES
RUNNING BELOW 1500 RPM WILL BE

1 .4 POLE
2.6 POLE
3.2 POLE
6 POLES
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS
1.SAME AS THAT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
2.OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
SAME AS THAT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
.

PM 09:58 ,2010-04-18
THE TORQUE IN A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS PROPORTIONAL TO
1.APPLIED VOL***E
2.SQUARE OF THE APPLIED VOL***E .V2
3.SQUARE ROOT OF APPLIED VOL***E
SQUARE OF THE APPLIED VOL***E
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STARTING OF 3 PHASE AND
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS?
.3 PHASE MOTOR IS SELF STARTING WHEREAS 1 PHASE MOTOR IS NOT
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF STARTING OF 3 PHASE
INDUCTION MOTORS?
DIRECT ON LINE)1
2) STAR / DELTA
3) REACTOR STARTING
4) AUTO TRANSFORMER

PM 07:45 ,2010-04-19
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF UNDER VOL***E ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR ?
.THE MOTOR TAKES MORE CURRENT FOR THE SAME LOAD
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----WHAT CHECKS YOU MUST CARRY OUT WHEN A MOTOR TRIPS ON
THERMAL OVERLOAD?
A) CHECK THE HEALTHINESS OF ALL THREE PHASES.
B) ENSURE ALL CONNECTION TIGHTNESS IN THE POWER CIRCUIT RIGHT
FROM CONTACTOR UP TO MOTOR TERMINAL.
C) TAKE THE WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT AND SHOULD BE
SAME FOR ALL 3 WINDINGS.
D) ROTATE THE SHAFT AND CHECK FOR JAMMING.IT SHOULD TURN
FREELY.
E) CHECK THE CONTACTOR CONTACTS AND MAKE SURE THAT THERE
IS NO PITTING ON THEM AND CONTACTS MAKE FIRMLY.
F) START THE MOTOR AND MEASURE THE CURRENTS IN ALL THE
THREE PHASES WITH A TONGUE TESTER.IT SHOULD BE WELL WITHIN
THE RATING OF THE MOTOR'S RATED CURRENT.IF THE MOTOR STILL
TRIPS ON THERMAL OVERLOAD, SURELY THE BI-****LLIC THERMAL
OVERLOAD IS TO BE CALIBRATED AND SET UP TO THE FULL LOAD
RATING OF THE MOTOR
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----IF YOU HAVE A MOTOR OF MORE THAN 100 KW CAPACITY AND YOU
ARE ASKED TO COMMISSION IT, WHAT SUGGESTIONS YOU WILL GIVE
? FOR SELECTING THE SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

IT IS NORMAL PRACTICE THAT WHENEVER THE MOTOR CAPACITY

INCREASES
BEYOND 90 KW THE USE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER IS MADE INSTEAD OF
POWER CONTACTOR DUE THE LIMITATION OF ITS DESIGN. AS REGARDS
THE PROTECTION THE USE OF THERMAL BI -****LLIC RELAY IS
AVOIDED AND USE OF MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY IS MADE WHICH
SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:
A) SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION (INSTANTANEOUS) TO BE SET TO 6 TO 8
* IN (IN=RATED CURRENT OF MOTOR).
B) BLOCKED ROTOR PROTECTION (AGAINST STALLING OF MOTOR TO
BE SET 2 *IN AND DELAYED BY THE STARTING TIME OF MOTOR).
C) NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION.
D) EARTH FAULT PROTECTION.
E) THERMAL REPLICA
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

what are the conventional ways by which the speed of a polyphase induction motor
can be changed
: Answer
For squirrel cage motor -1
. by using a stator winding which can be connected for a different no of poles . by varying the frequency: For wound rotor -2
.by cascade connection of two or more motors . by inserting vol***e in the rotor circuit by inserting resistance in the rotor circuit.

PM 07:48 ,2010-04-19

( ) :
P=T*W
P=T*K*F
T F
P
T
F
K
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- F B
:
-1 E 75
-2 B 80
-3 F 100
-4 H 125
F
B F
B
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- 100 PT ?PT100

100
.

PM 07:52 ,2010-04-19




----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
2
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
2
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
) (2 -1

2 - 2

PM 09:13 ,2010-04-19
?what are disadvan***es of low power factor
large KVA rating of equipment .1
Greater conductor size .2
large copper losses .3
poor vol***e regulation .4
Reduced handling capacity of system .5
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----Classify the power converters
Power converters can be classified into many types according to their type of
.electrical conversion
Inverter is one of these families which converts the power from DC power with DC
.)vol***e to AC power with V (Vol***e) and f (frequency

Rectifiers convert the AC power V (Vol***e) and f (frequency) to DC power level

.VDC
.Choppers are dc-dc converters, converts directly dc to dc
AC/AC Converter (Matrix Converter) converts the AC power from a vol***e or a
frequency level into another level
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
? rectifier
half wave contrrol rectifier -1
full wave contrrol rectifier -2
half wave uncontrrol rectifier -3
full wave uncontrrol rectifier -4
.

PM 09:15 ,2010-04-19

UPS
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply : Battery Backup

( )Auxiliary Supply
-- --UPS UPS
5 15 UPS
Telecommunication,Data Center,Computers UPS
Abnormal Condition UPS :
-1 :
-2 :Vol***eSag
-3 :vol***eSpike

-4 :
()T~V^2
-5 :
-6 50 : 60
-7 :)Switching Transient(
-8 :
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

)1 20.
)2
)3
)4 ()soft starter
.

PM 09:18 ,2010-04-19

10
20
:
( )1

( )2

( )3 :
()

() .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- KV -11 KW - 8740
MVA 16 KV 11/33
BUS BAR 33KV
Star /
Delta Switch
Stator Reactance or Auto Transformer Squirrel
Cage
.Wound Rotor I. M Rotor Resistance.

-
.Wound Rotor I. M Rotor Resistance.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

-


.


.

PM 07:34 ,2010-04-20
1.5
2






. Derating
single phase induction

Starting


.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.


.

PM 07:36 ,2010-04-20

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 SF 1.15
SF Service Factory
%15
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.1
}direct on line {DOL 37 .
.2
star- delta 37.
.3
soft start 500 300.
.

PM 07:38 ,2010-04-20
10 . 20

. 2
1.5
10 . 20 20
30.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- 10 .
= \
10 . 20 3
= 3\20 7
: R , S , T ,
N "380" 28= 7*4 : * .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
:
. OVER LOAD
:
" " . OVER LOAD
.

PM 07:40 ,2010-04-20

 CT PT
"CT "current transformer:

"PT "potential transformer:
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- CT

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- C.B

:
630 3600 3000 800
.SF6 , AIR BLAST C.B , OIL C.B , VACUUM
:
MINITURE 0.5 125 1
POLE
POLE .4 POLE 3 POLE 2
:
COMPACT 630 400 200 125 100 32 16
.
.

PM 07:43 ,2010-04-20
C.B
. ""

POLES 1 2 3
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- C.B full load current 10 .
1.5 full load C.B current==
10 20 . 30 full load C.B current
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- OVER LOAD
%90 full load current

 10 20 >.............. .
OVER LOAD
18=20*0.9
.

PM 07:46 ,2010-04-20
Contactor
.1
.2 poles
.3
.4 auxiliary points
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- "<V" , "> I"
"> I" :
OVER CURRENT RELAY
" "<V
UNDER VOL***E RELAY
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- BOKLYZE RELAY


alarm
trep

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

:
.1
.2
.3

 .4
.5
.6
.7

rated current %40
( )
.
rated %5
( )
.


:
PF = P/S = COS
:
P
S

.


.

-1 A.VO
Diode

.
-2
a.c chopper , autotransformer .clamp meter
-3


.


.
.


PM 03:02 ,2010-04-22


...
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- slip
power ))P=3*V*I*P.F

..... Slip of motor = Sm=R2/Xeq
slip motor
Power
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.1 (
)

By using to phase , phase to ground , interturn phase :rotor winding &Stator
..)(differential relay
Unbalance phases
Open one phase
under vol***e& Over
Over load
Flash over on rotor winding
Earth fault
Motor temperature
.2
shortcircuit & Overload
.

-1
( ) Slip energy recovery


- 2 prime mover


crawling
. squirrel cage((
1/7 Ns slip

cogging


.

PM 03:09 ,2010-04-22

Vol***e control
Frequency control
Vol***e / frequency control
Adding resistance with slip ring rotor
No of poles
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----




:
prime mover((
.
(( Damping

.
Cycloconverter
.


.


PM 03:13 ,2010-04-22
Damper winding
(( Damping

.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.
.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- :
-
P Q
OVER EXCITED UNDER EXCITED
( ).
DC -
P Q
.


50 60
.

.

BRUSHLESS

()EXCITATION

:

 .Speed Governor

.1 Same Vol***e .
.2 Same Frequency .
.3 Same Phase Sequence .
.4 Same Phase Shift .
( )
Over
Excited Qmax
.


(
) (
)
DIRECTIONAL RELAY
directional relay bus bar-generators -transformer
over current relay
relay ( )fault
)fault(
relay relay C.B
:directional relay
.1 over current relay

Instantaneous directional relay .2

bus bar
BUSBAR DIFFRENTIAL RELAY
. vol***e supervision relay
HVHRC
High Vol***e High Rupturing Capacity fuse

.

( ...)
( )
.

. ( ) .

 ( )


( ) ( )


.

.
.


.

:
soft starter .1
.2
:

.
( 50 )
.
( )Tertiary Winding
Tertiary Winding


,
.


( ) look out

?
.1
.2 ( )
.3 ( )
.4 ( )

.1
.2 open delta

( 2 1 )
.3 ..
.
4 5 6
:
.1
.2
.3
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- Open delta

( ) ()Y

ATS
()ac
alternator
ac rectifier
matching ac to dc alternator
( )
.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- Armory
Armory

Is.c
isolating
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----?What is the IP standard Protection degrees of enclosures
IP
ex. IP 543
" "5 dust
"4" "water or "liquid
" "3 mechanical impact


mechanical impact

ANSI DEVICE NUMBERS

:
NO.2 MEANS TIME DELAY
NO.21 MEANS DISTANCE
NO.25 MEANS SYNCHRONISM-CHECK
NO.27 MEANS UNDERVOL***E
NO.30 MEANS ANNUNCIATOR
NO.32 MEANS DIRECTIONAL POWER
NO.37 MEANS UNDERCURRENT OR UNDERPOWER
NO.38 MEANS BEARING
NO.40 MEANS FIELD
NO.46 MEANS REVERSE-PHASE
NO.47 MEANS PHASE-SEQUENCE VOL***E
NO.49 MEANS THERMAL
NO.50 MEANS INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
NO.51 MEANS AC TIME OVER CURRENT
NO.59 MEANS OVER VOL***E
NO.60 MEANS VOL***E BALANCE
MEANS PRESSURE (MECHANICAL PROTECTION) NO.63
NO.64 MEANS APPARATUS GROUND
NO.67 MEANS AC DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT
NO.68 MEANS BLOCKING
NO.69 MEANS PERMISSIVE
NO.74 MEANS ALARM
NO.76 MEANS DC OVER CURRENT
NO.78 MEANS OUT-OF-STEP
NO.79 MEANS AC RECLOSING
NO.81 MEANS FREQUENCY
NO.85 MEANS CARRIER OR PILOT-WIRE
NO.86 MEANS LOCK OUT
NO.87 MEANS DIFFERENTIAL
NO.94 MEANS TRIPPING
.



Hz2000
. 5-3 60-50 mA30
. 60 50
30 1000 40
. 500 13
-

 .
:
( )



.
. fibrillation
.

.
.
Let Go Current .
50 65 110
30
60.
.
.----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- :
Ir IL Io.c - Ioff - Is.c - InL-
IS.C , Io.c , Ir , IL , InL , Ioff

:
fire fitting
:

:
( )

.

PM 02:18 ,2010-04-25

()
( ) ( )
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
- -

-
-
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- connected load demand load
connect load

connect load
.
demand load
connect
load factor diffarcity factor

.
.

PM 03:14 ,2010-04-25
:
:Recovery vol***e
.
:Resitriking vol***e
.
:Transient over vol***e

.
:First phase to clear the fault
( )Phase short circuit3
.

 Resitriking vol***e .
1.5 .
:Symmetrical fault

.
:
phase fault3
phase to ground fault3
:As Symmetrical fault

.
:
Single phase to ground fault
Two phase to ground fault
Phase to phase fault
:Zero sequence impedance
( )Fault current If
( )Fault ( )Neutral point ( ,......,
).
:Source impedance

.
:Inductive type vol***e impedance

, V110
.
:Out off phase switching
, ,
Short circuit phase2
.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

.
- 1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Torr 1 / 1000000000

 36 .
- 2 Oil Circuit Breaker



.
- 3 SF6 Circuit Breaker

1100 .
SF6 .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
:
.1 single line diagram
.2 wiring diagram
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.

PM 03:16 ,2010-04-25

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.1 :

.2 :
.3 :

 .4 :


----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
:
.1
.2

.

1/ 400 5/ 400 66000
100/ 110/ 66000 100/ 11000 110/ 11000 .
.

PM 03:19 ,2010-04-25

.1

.2

.3 1
5 100 110 .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- rated burden

.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- p20 , 30 VA5
Name plate p
p 5 Accuracy class p
ALF 20
30 .
% 5 20
VA 30 .
P5 X p3 p6 CL KL
class class 0.5 class 2 20

 n .

PM 01:57 ,2010-04-26

.1 continuity
.2 1000 10
20
.3
.4
.5
% 10 % 50

.6

:
=
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
S2 , S1 K , L

In

= ( )
.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----




.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----




65 95 .



50 70
100

.

PM 02:00 ,2010-04-26
( )



2

.

.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----






.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.1 11 .

.2
.3 ( )
.4 .
.

PM 02:02 ,2010-04-26


1 1 2, 1


66.

66 ..
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- 11.

:
.1
.2

.3 ( )
.4 11.
.5 11.
.6
.7 .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- 11.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10

.11

.12


.13 .

PM 12:06 ,2010-04-28

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8 66. 11
.
.9 11.
.10 2 , 1
66. .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
.1

.2
.3
.4
.5
.6 .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
66. 220
.



.
.

PM 12:07 ,2010-04-28

.1

 .2
.3


.4
.5

.6

.7
.8
.9 .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
( , )


.

.
.

PM 12:11 ,2010-04-28
Frequency load shedding

When the load increase ------------------the frequency decrease
when the load decrease ------------------the frequency Increase
Frequency Governor

:

speed governor
stability
frailer .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----? How the vol***e affect by Reactive Power
:Answer
The vol***e affects directly with the reactive power in the power systems so if the
reactive power increased the vol***e increase and vise versa when the reactive power
.decrease the vol***e decrease

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

:



3

:


= () / 3

.
.
phase .

PM 02:05 ,2010-04-28
load bank resistor
UPS

( ) LOAD BANK RESISTOR
.
STANDBY
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

()
.
() .
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 governor
under vol***e
n f
.
air
superheated steam torque
.
:

.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
zero sequence current
.
.

PM 02:09 ,2010-04-28
BURDEN
BURDEN .
BURDEN Volt Ampere Name Plate VA15
VA30 Accuracy P205 Cl 0.5
.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----

.
( ) ,
.
:
.1
.2


.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----


.
. :
:
.
600

:
18
1733
:
. 1800

:
1831
20 ( )
:
1865
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
:
" "
ELCB .
:
" "
MCB
.
:
" "
ELCB

PM 02:12 ,2010-04-28
, electric field magnetic field
( )electric field ( )magnetic field

( )magnetic field ) electric field (
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----


90
:
V(t) = Vm cos wt
:
I(t)=Im sin wt
90
:
I(t) = -Im sin wt
(I(t) = Im cos (wt+90
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ----
short

( )open circuit

.
.

PM 02:15 ,2010-04-28




)KNEE POINT(
.

)KNEE POINT(
.
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- ---- CB & fuse

CB FUSE
CB & FUSE :
( )PROTECTION COORDINATION
----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 Faults
:Faults In Electrical Power System
Multi-phase Short Circuit "High Current will flow
a- Balanced three phase Fault
b- Single Phase - to - ground Fault
c- Double phase to ground Fault
d- Phase to phase Fault
Single Phase - to - ground Fault % 80

.
.
joints .
.

PM 10:53 ,2010-06-13
..............