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2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 H o n g Kong

Research of TOU Power Price Based on


Multi-Objective Optimization of DSM and
Costs of Power Consumers
Qiuwei Wu, Lei Wang and Haozhong Cheng

Abstract-- A new method of determining TOU(Time Of depicted using peak load, valley load and quantity of
Use) power price is studied which is based on multi-objective power consumption, effect of implementation of DSM can
optimization of DSM and costs of power consumers. be easily studied [3]. Self-Elasticity and Cross-Elasticity
Mathematical model of this TOU power price is developed
are introduced to represent interaction between power
price and power consumption [4]-[6]. Electricity value
taking account in interests of both power supply and power
equivalent and time-of-day electricity price forecast are
consumers. Numerical simulation is made using load and
studied via theory of marginal cost [7]. Response of large
power price data of Zhejiang Province and MATLAB. From
industrial consumers is studied after TOU power price is
simulation results, it is verified that using TOU power price
carried out in some regions of Jiangsu Province. It is got
determined in this paper can accomplish the aim of that major factors of influencing effect of TOU power
maximizing social benefits which is to obtain optimal balance price are proportion of power cost and structure of power
between load shifting and reducing costs of power consumers. price [8]. Definition of power consumers’ response is
Thus peak load can be reduced to a satisfactory level to presented to reflect influence of power price to load.
relieve the situation that power supply capacity is Mathematical model of TOU power price based on DSM
insufficient. Moreover, costs of power consumers can be is developed and optimal difference between power price
reduced that will urge power consumers to adapt to TOU of peak time period and power price of valley time period
power price. is gained by numerical simulation [9]. A method of
determining power price in flat time period is put forward.
Index Terms- costs of power consumers, DSM, load It solves the problem that determination of power price in
shifting, maximizing social benefits, multi-objective flat time period is unreasonable [lo]. Determination of
optimization, numerical simulation, TOU power price TOU power price when load shifting optimized is studied
[111.
However, existing researches about DSM and TOU
I. INTRODUCTION power price don’t consider how to improve interests of
ince England carried out innovation of power market
S in 1990, innovation in power industry has become the
trend of development in the world [l]. Under power
power consumers. Specially, in paper [ l l ] when load
shifting is optimal, costs of power consumers is close to
that before TOU power price is carried out. Thus power
market circumstance, if reasonable power price to consumers will not have enough enthusiasm to adapt to
consumers is determined, consumers can be motivated to TOU power price. Objective of TOU power price will not
adjust modes of power consumption. Thus we can obtain be achieved. So a new method of determining TOU power
the goal of making load in a more stable level and price is studied which is based on multi-objective
improving the efficiency and stability of power systems. optimization of load shifting and costs of power
As one of power prices to consumers, TOU power price is consumers.
widely applied in many countries. Moreover, it is one of
important approaches of DSM [2]. 11. BASIC ASSUMPTION AND PARAMETERS
There has been an open discussion about DSM and DEFINITION
TOU power price. Inverted Load Duration Curve is For success of research, some necessary assumptions
and definition of parameters are made.
Qiuwei Wu is a Ph.D. student in Department of Elcctrical A . Basic Assumption
Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong Univcrsity, Shanghai, 200030 China
(e-mail: qiuwciwu@sina.com). Assumptions are listed as following:
Lci Wang is with the Department of Projects, Nanjing Powcr Supply, 1) Power using quantity after TOU power price is
Nanjing, 210008 China (c-mail: wljj@jscpc.com.cn).
carried out is same as that before TOU power price is
Haozhong Cheng is a professor in Dcpartmcnt of Elcctrical
Engincering, Shanghai Jiaotong Univcrsity, Shanghai, 200030 China carried out.
(e-mail: clicngIiz~~~iilinc.sh.cri). 2) Power using quantity shifted to one time period is
This work was supported by the Teaching and Research Award averagely distributed in time coordinate.
Program for Outstanding Young Tcachers in High Institutions of MOE,
China 3) Only the effect of price to consumers is taken into

0-7803-8237-4/04/$17.0002004IEEE
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2004 EEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong

account, effects of other factors need to be studied in the


future.
+ +
Q = J ~ ( t ) d=t J ~ ( t ) d t J ~ ( t ) d t J ~ ( t ) d t
Based on actual implementation of DSM, generally Tr TP Tz

quantity of power consumption will increase a little or =Qf + Q p +Q, (4)


keep unchanged after DSM is carried out. So assumption Where Q i s total power consumption quantity in a day,
1) is acceptive.
Similar as in paper [9] to [ 113, assumption 2) and 3 ) are Q, is power consumption quantity in peak time period,
predigested assumption for the success of research in this
Qp is power consumption quantity in flat time period
paper and have an important effect on the final solution of
problem. Apparently, how to remove assumption 2) and 3) and Qgis power consumption quantity in valley time
is very important and needs more research in the future.
period.
B. Parameters Definition
In order to clearly depict mathematical model of TOU 111. DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF TOU
power price, parameters of time period partition, power POWER PRICE BASED ON MULTI-OBJECTIVE
prices and power consumption quantities of different time OPTIMIZATION OF DSM AND COSTS OF POWER
periods are defined here. CONSUMERS
1) Time Period Partition Definition and mathematical model of consumers'
Twenty-four hours in a day are divided into three time response is same as that in paper [9].
periods, which are subject to the following formula:
A . Mathematical Model Of TOU Power Price Based On
+ +
Tf Tp Tg = 24 (1) Multi-Objective Optimization Of DSM And Costs Of
Power Consumers
Where Tf is peak time period, Tpis flat time period and
According to overall goal of DSM, costs of power
Tg is valley time period. consumers and accountancy theory, a mathematical model
In this paper, we assume that time period partition is of TOU power price is developed.
fixed which is divided based on distribution of original 1) Power Supply Side Should Make ProJit From
load. The specific data of time period partition are showed Carrying Out Of TOU Power Price
in table I: Income of power sale before TOU power price is
carried out is:
TABLEI -
TIMEPERIOD PARTITION MO=Q*PO (6)

Peak Time Valley Time Where po is average price of power sale.


Flat Time Period
Period Period
8:OO- 12:oo- 0:oo - Income of power sale after TOU power price is carried
out is:
12:00( peak one) 18:00(flat one) 4:00(valley one)
18:OO - 22:oo- 4:OO- MTOU= Qpou * (Pp + 5 * A) + Qpruou * P p
-I-Qgrou * ( P , - A )
22:00(peak two) 24:00(flat two) 8:00(valley two) (7)
2) Power Price Of Different Time Period Where Qrrou, QpTou and QgTou are respectively
Power price of peak, flat and valley time period are power consumption quantity in peak, flat and valley time
respectively p , , p , and p g which are subject to: period after TOU power price is carried out.
Power construction investment that can be saved after
P f = P p+ < " A (2) TOU power price is carried out is M' .
Pg=Pp - A (3) So restriction condition which power supply side can
make profit from carrying out of TOU power price is:
In formula (2) and ( 3 ) , A is difference between power
price of valley time period and power price of flat time MTou 2 M O- M ' (8)
period. 5 is ratio of difference between power price of 2) Power Consumers Should Make Profit From
Carrying Out Of TOU Power Price
peak time period and power price of flat time period and Power consumers' cost of power purchase before TOU
difference between power price of valley time period and
power price is carried out is:
power price of flat time period.
3) Power Conszrmption Quantity m, = M O (9)
Load curve in a typical day is L = L ( t ) (0 5 t 5 24) , Power COnSUmerS' cost Of power purchase after TOU
power price is carried out is:
thus:
mrou = M T O U (10)
So restriction condition which power consumers can

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2004 E E E International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong

make profit from carrying out of TOU power price is: 1V. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND COMPARISON
OF SIMULATION RESULTS
mo 2 mrou (1 1)
Namely: Simulation is made using load and price data of one
region in Zhejiang province.
MO 2 Mrou (12)
Considering 1) and 2), restriction condition of A. Simulation Algorithm
mathematical model can be got: 1) Choose annual average power price as an initial
MO- M‘ I MTOUI MO value of power price of flat time period, calculate
(13)
maximum and minimum value of power price of
3) Optimizing Objective
flat time period subjecting to constrained
The optimizing objective is to maximize load shifting
condition of mathematical model.
and to reduce costs of power consumers. Thus we can
2) Choose the power price of flat time period when
improve operation efficiency and stability of power
optimal balance between load shifting and
systems. Moreover, power consumers can be motivated to
minimizing costs of power consumers is
adapt to TOU power price. So three objective functions
obtained from the range of power price of flat
are developed which are listed as followings:
time period got in 1).
Objective function 1:
3) Compute optimal difference between power
min(Lmax = max(l(t, 4, A)) (14) price of peak time period, flat time period and
Objective function 2 valley time period on power price obtained in (4)
min(max(L(t,c,A)) - min(L(t,{,A)) (15) and load after such TOU power price is carried
Objective function 3 out.
min(mT0U = Q, * (p, + 5 *A) + Qpruou B. Data Before TOU Power Price Is Carried Out
* p p + Qgou * ( P , -A)) (16) 1) Load Data Of TypicalDay
Where L(t,<,A) are loads at given 4 and A after TABLE I1
LOADDATAOF TYPICAL
DAY
TOU power price is carried out.
Objective function 1 is to make peak load minimal,
objective function 2 is to make difference between peak
load and valley load minimal, objective function 3 is to
make costs of power consumers minimal.
4) Method Of Multi-Objective Optimization
According to paper [ 111, balance optimization between
objective function 1 and objective function 2 can get
optimal load shifting. So in order to get optimal balance
between load shifting and minimizing costs of power
consumers, choose objective function 1, 2 and 3 to
implement multi-objective optimization.
There are many methods of multi-objective 2) Maximal Load, Minimum Load And Costs Of Power
optimization. Among these methods, weighting Consumers
coefficient method is simple and easy to carry out. In this Lmax= 7780MW
method, the key point is to determine weight of different Lmin=4910MW
objective functions.
mO = 6.6243 X 10’YUAN
Since mathematical model of TOU power price in this
paper is first developed, there is no relevant data and C. Simulation Results
methods of determining weights. So in optimization TOU power price and load when optimal balance
process of this paper, weights of different objective between load shifting and minimizing costs of power
functions are determined according to their effects in consumers is obtained are listed as following:
maximizing social interests. Load shifting and minimizing 5 =0.4800
costs of power consumers have same effects on
maximizing social interests. Moreover, minimizing peak A =0.3400 f t K W
load and maximizing valley load have same effects on Pf =0.6 182 YUAN/KW
load shifting. In actual numerical simulation, objective Pp=0.4550 YUANKW
functions 1, 2 and 3 are divided by their original values. Pg =0.1 150 YUAN/KW
So weight of objective functions 1, 2 and 3 are ratio of power price of peak time period to power price
respectively chosen as 0.25, 0.25 and 0.5. of valley time period=5.3757
Lmax= 6959.5MW

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2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004)April 2004 Hong Kong

Lmin= 5898.3MW
mTOU = 6.2 136 X 107YUAN

3
z
W
4im

-3 23m
- original load
2 -- load after TOU power
price is carried out
i
U 5 $3 d .;E
Time ( Hour )
Fig. 2 Comparisonof simulation results in this paper and in paper [9]

Time ( Hour) Fig. 2 shows that TOU power price determined in this
Fig. I Comparison of load after TOU power price is camed out and paper has better effect on load shifting than that
original load determined in paper [9]. From Table 111 difference of
specific data can be got. After TOU power price
Fig. 1 shows that TOU power price based on
determined in this paper is carried out, peak load is 24.5
multi-objective optimization of DSM and costs of power
MW less than that in paper [9]; valley load is 73.3 MW
consumers has a good effect of load shifting. Considering
more than that in paper [9]. Moreover, costs of power
specific load data, after TOU power price is carried out,
consumers are 3.15 X lo5 Yuan less than that in paper [9].
peak load is 6959.5MW and is 820.5MW less than
So TOU power price determined in this paper can get
original peak load; valley load is 5898.3MW and is
better social interests that determined in paper [9].
988.3MW more than original valley load. Moreover, costs
of power consumers are 6.2136X lo7 Yuan and are 4.107 2) Comparison Of Simulation Results In This Paper
And In Paper [I 01
X lo6 Yuan less than original costs of power consumers. Comparison of simulation results in this paper and in
Thus, it is verified that TOU power price based on paper [lo] is showed in Table IV and Fig. 3.
multi-objective optimization of DSM and costs of power
consumers can obtain the goal of load shifting and TABLE IV
reducing costs of power consumers. COMPARISONOF SIMULATION RESULTS

D. Comparison Of Simulation results in this paper and Simulation Simulation


existing results results in this results in paper

in this paper and existing results is made. Valley load


5898.3 5797.7
I ) Comparison Of Simulation Results In This Paper
And In Paper [9]
Comparison of simulation results in this paper and in consumers 6.2136X lo7 6.2156X lo7
paper [9] is showed in Table 111 and Fig. 2.

Simulation Simulation
results in this results in paper
paper [91
Peak load (MW) 6959.5 6984.1
Valley load
5898.3 5824.7
(MW)
,-- I

Costs of power
consumers 6.2 136 X lo7 6.2451 X lo7
(Yuan)
i
5?fgi :I -- simulation results
I in this paper
s 13 1E 23
Time ( Hour )
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2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong

Simulation Simulation 2) From comparison of simulation results, according


results in this results in paper to maximizing social interests, TOU power price
paper [111 determined in this paper is better than existing
Peak load (MW) 6959.5 6945.6 results.
Valley load 3) Actual application design of mathematical model
5898.3 5899.6 is made. However, how to realize it needs firther
(MW)
Costs of power research.
consumers 6.2136 X lo7 6.5910X lo7 4) For success of research in this paper, some
( Yuan ) assumptions are made to simplify the problem.

347
2004 E E E International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong K o n g

in Power System Control, Operation & Management (APSCOM),


Hong Kong, 2003
Qiuwei Wu, Lei Wang, Junji Wu, Yudong Tang, Yun Zou,
“Determination and Analysis of TOU (Time-Of-Use) Power Price
Based on DSM (Demand Side Managementj When Load Shifting
Optimized,” RELAY, to be published

VII. BIOGRAPHIES

Qiuwei Wu was born in Yixing City,


Jiangsu Province in P.R. China, on Sep. 26,
1977. He got his bachelor and master
degree in Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, majored in Power Systcms
and Automation. Now he is a Ph.D. student
in Shanghai Jiaotong University, majored in
Electrical Engineering.

Lei Wang was born in Lianyungang City


Jiangsu Province in P.R. China, on Nov. 6
1978. He got his bachelor degree in
Nanjing University of Science and
Technology in 2000, majored in Power
Systems and Automation. Now he is an
engineer of Nanjing Power Supply in
department of projects.

Haozhong Cheng was bom in Zhejiang


Province in P.R. China, in 1962. He got
his bachelor degree, master degree and
Ph.D. degree in Shanghai Jiaotong
University, majored in Power Systems
and Automation
His employment experience in
Shanghai Jiaotong University are listed as
following: Associate professor in 1992,
advanced visiting scholar and researcher
in Hiroshima Univcrsity in Japan,
professor and vice dean of department of
elcctnc power cngineenng from 1994 to
1996, professor, doctor advisor and dean
of department of power engineenng in
1997 and 1998, president of institute of power research, professor-and
doctor advisor after 1999, visiting professor of MIT, University of
Illinois at Urbana Champaign, University of California Bcrkley,
University of Florida, Iowa State University, Northeastern University,
University of Missouri-Rolla, vice president of research center of power
engineering and vice dean of department of electrical engineering after
2002.
He got National Natural Science Fund in 1997 and 2001. And he got
excellent teaching award of Xuchan Relay in 2001 and was awarded
Outstanding Young Teachers in High Institution of MOE in 2002.

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