Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Abstract-- A new method of determining TOU(Time Of depicted using peak load, valley load and quantity of
Use) power price is studied which is based on multi-objective power consumption, effect of implementation of DSM can
optimization of DSM and costs of power consumers. be easily studied [3]. Self-Elasticity and Cross-Elasticity
Mathematical model of this TOU power price is developed
are introduced to represent interaction between power
price and power consumption [4]-[6]. Electricity value
taking account in interests of both power supply and power
equivalent and time-of-day electricity price forecast are
consumers. Numerical simulation is made using load and
studied via theory of marginal cost [7]. Response of large
power price data of Zhejiang Province and MATLAB. From
industrial consumers is studied after TOU power price is
simulation results, it is verified that using TOU power price
carried out in some regions of Jiangsu Province. It is got
determined in this paper can accomplish the aim of that major factors of influencing effect of TOU power
maximizing social benefits which is to obtain optimal balance price are proportion of power cost and structure of power
between load shifting and reducing costs of power consumers. price [8]. Definition of power consumers’ response is
Thus peak load can be reduced to a satisfactory level to presented to reflect influence of power price to load.
relieve the situation that power supply capacity is Mathematical model of TOU power price based on DSM
insufficient. Moreover, costs of power consumers can be is developed and optimal difference between power price
reduced that will urge power consumers to adapt to TOU of peak time period and power price of valley time period
power price. is gained by numerical simulation [9]. A method of
determining power price in flat time period is put forward.
Index Terms- costs of power consumers, DSM, load It solves the problem that determination of power price in
shifting, maximizing social benefits, multi-objective flat time period is unreasonable [lo]. Determination of
optimization, numerical simulation, TOU power price TOU power price when load shifting optimized is studied
[111.
However, existing researches about DSM and TOU
I. INTRODUCTION power price don’t consider how to improve interests of
ince England carried out innovation of power market
S in 1990, innovation in power industry has become the
trend of development in the world [l]. Under power
power consumers. Specially, in paper [ l l ] when load
shifting is optimal, costs of power consumers is close to
that before TOU power price is carried out. Thus power
market circumstance, if reasonable power price to consumers will not have enough enthusiasm to adapt to
consumers is determined, consumers can be motivated to TOU power price. Objective of TOU power price will not
adjust modes of power consumption. Thus we can obtain be achieved. So a new method of determining TOU power
the goal of making load in a more stable level and price is studied which is based on multi-objective
improving the efficiency and stability of power systems. optimization of load shifting and costs of power
As one of power prices to consumers, TOU power price is consumers.
widely applied in many countries. Moreover, it is one of
important approaches of DSM [2]. 11. BASIC ASSUMPTION AND PARAMETERS
There has been an open discussion about DSM and DEFINITION
TOU power price. Inverted Load Duration Curve is For success of research, some necessary assumptions
and definition of parameters are made.
Qiuwei Wu is a Ph.D. student in Department of Elcctrical A . Basic Assumption
Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong Univcrsity, Shanghai, 200030 China
(e-mail: qiuwciwu@sina.com). Assumptions are listed as following:
Lci Wang is with the Department of Projects, Nanjing Powcr Supply, 1) Power using quantity after TOU power price is
Nanjing, 210008 China (c-mail: wljj@jscpc.com.cn).
carried out is same as that before TOU power price is
Haozhong Cheng is a professor in Dcpartmcnt of Elcctrical
Engincering, Shanghai Jiaotong Univcrsity, Shanghai, 200030 China carried out.
(e-mail: clicngIiz~~~iilinc.sh.cri). 2) Power using quantity shifted to one time period is
This work was supported by the Teaching and Research Award averagely distributed in time coordinate.
Program for Outstanding Young Tcachers in High Institutions of MOE,
China 3) Only the effect of price to consumers is taken into
0-7803-8237-4/04/$17.0002004IEEE
343
2004 EEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong
344
2004 E E E International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong
make profit from carrying out of TOU power price is: 1V. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND COMPARISON
OF SIMULATION RESULTS
mo 2 mrou (1 1)
Namely: Simulation is made using load and price data of one
region in Zhejiang province.
MO 2 Mrou (12)
Considering 1) and 2), restriction condition of A. Simulation Algorithm
mathematical model can be got: 1) Choose annual average power price as an initial
MO- M‘ I MTOUI MO value of power price of flat time period, calculate
(13)
maximum and minimum value of power price of
3) Optimizing Objective
flat time period subjecting to constrained
The optimizing objective is to maximize load shifting
condition of mathematical model.
and to reduce costs of power consumers. Thus we can
2) Choose the power price of flat time period when
improve operation efficiency and stability of power
optimal balance between load shifting and
systems. Moreover, power consumers can be motivated to
minimizing costs of power consumers is
adapt to TOU power price. So three objective functions
obtained from the range of power price of flat
are developed which are listed as followings:
time period got in 1).
Objective function 1:
3) Compute optimal difference between power
min(Lmax = max(l(t, 4, A)) (14) price of peak time period, flat time period and
Objective function 2 valley time period on power price obtained in (4)
min(max(L(t,c,A)) - min(L(t,{,A)) (15) and load after such TOU power price is carried
Objective function 3 out.
min(mT0U = Q, * (p, + 5 *A) + Qpruou B. Data Before TOU Power Price Is Carried Out
* p p + Qgou * ( P , -A)) (16) 1) Load Data Of TypicalDay
Where L(t,<,A) are loads at given 4 and A after TABLE I1
LOADDATAOF TYPICAL
DAY
TOU power price is carried out.
Objective function 1 is to make peak load minimal,
objective function 2 is to make difference between peak
load and valley load minimal, objective function 3 is to
make costs of power consumers minimal.
4) Method Of Multi-Objective Optimization
According to paper [ 111, balance optimization between
objective function 1 and objective function 2 can get
optimal load shifting. So in order to get optimal balance
between load shifting and minimizing costs of power
consumers, choose objective function 1, 2 and 3 to
implement multi-objective optimization.
There are many methods of multi-objective 2) Maximal Load, Minimum Load And Costs Of Power
optimization. Among these methods, weighting Consumers
coefficient method is simple and easy to carry out. In this Lmax= 7780MW
method, the key point is to determine weight of different Lmin=4910MW
objective functions.
mO = 6.6243 X 10’YUAN
Since mathematical model of TOU power price in this
paper is first developed, there is no relevant data and C. Simulation Results
methods of determining weights. So in optimization TOU power price and load when optimal balance
process of this paper, weights of different objective between load shifting and minimizing costs of power
functions are determined according to their effects in consumers is obtained are listed as following:
maximizing social interests. Load shifting and minimizing 5 =0.4800
costs of power consumers have same effects on
maximizing social interests. Moreover, minimizing peak A =0.3400 f t K W
load and maximizing valley load have same effects on Pf =0.6 182 YUAN/KW
load shifting. In actual numerical simulation, objective Pp=0.4550 YUANKW
functions 1, 2 and 3 are divided by their original values. Pg =0.1 150 YUAN/KW
So weight of objective functions 1, 2 and 3 are ratio of power price of peak time period to power price
respectively chosen as 0.25, 0.25 and 0.5. of valley time period=5.3757
Lmax= 6959.5MW
345
2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004)April 2004 Hong Kong
Lmin= 5898.3MW
mTOU = 6.2 136 X 107YUAN
3
z
W
4im
-3 23m
- original load
2 -- load after TOU power
price is carried out
i
U 5 $3 d .;E
Time ( Hour )
Fig. 2 Comparisonof simulation results in this paper and in paper [9]
Time ( Hour) Fig. 2 shows that TOU power price determined in this
Fig. I Comparison of load after TOU power price is camed out and paper has better effect on load shifting than that
original load determined in paper [9]. From Table 111 difference of
specific data can be got. After TOU power price
Fig. 1 shows that TOU power price based on
determined in this paper is carried out, peak load is 24.5
multi-objective optimization of DSM and costs of power
MW less than that in paper [9]; valley load is 73.3 MW
consumers has a good effect of load shifting. Considering
more than that in paper [9]. Moreover, costs of power
specific load data, after TOU power price is carried out,
consumers are 3.15 X lo5 Yuan less than that in paper [9].
peak load is 6959.5MW and is 820.5MW less than
So TOU power price determined in this paper can get
original peak load; valley load is 5898.3MW and is
better social interests that determined in paper [9].
988.3MW more than original valley load. Moreover, costs
of power consumers are 6.2136X lo7 Yuan and are 4.107 2) Comparison Of Simulation Results In This Paper
And In Paper [I 01
X lo6 Yuan less than original costs of power consumers. Comparison of simulation results in this paper and in
Thus, it is verified that TOU power price based on paper [lo] is showed in Table IV and Fig. 3.
multi-objective optimization of DSM and costs of power
consumers can obtain the goal of load shifting and TABLE IV
reducing costs of power consumers. COMPARISONOF SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation Simulation
results in this results in paper
paper [91
Peak load (MW) 6959.5 6984.1
Valley load
5898.3 5824.7
(MW)
,-- I
Costs of power
consumers 6.2 136 X lo7 6.2451 X lo7
(Yuan)
i
5?fgi :I -- simulation results
I in this paper
s 13 1E 23
Time ( Hour )
346
2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong
347
2004 E E E International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong K o n g
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
348