Very short Answer

21. How do political parties shape public opinion?

Ans.-The three ways in which political parties shape the public opinion:
(i) They raise and highlight issues.
(ii) Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country. Many of the pressure
groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of the society.
(iii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
22. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language group develop a
sense of – collective belonging during freedom struggle of India?
Ans - People belonging to different communities, region and language groups in India develop a
sense of collective belonging by the following ways -- (i) The identity of the nation was most
often symbolised with the image of Bharat Mata. (ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote
‘VandeMaataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. (iii) Novel Anandanath was published, which
included about 'VandeMaataram'. (iv) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath
Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed it as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine
and spiritual. (v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian
folklore. (vi) Icons and symbols played an important role in unifying people and inspiring them
with a feeling of nationalism.
23. What are the two forms of modern currency?
Ans.-Modern forms of money include currency-paper notes and coins. Unlike the things that
were used as money earlier, modern currency is not made of precious metal such as gold silver
and copper. And unlike grain and cattle, they are neither of everyday use.
24.(a) Describe main features of the Alluvial Soils.-
Ans.-The three chief characteristics of the Alluvial soil are as follows:
This soil is very fertile in nature.
Alluvial soil is mainly used for the production of vegetables.
Various proportions of sand, silt, and clay in different amounts form the alluvial soil.
OR
24(b) Describe main features of the Black soils.
Ans.-It is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. 2.It is good for the growth of cotton so it
is known as black cotton soil. 3.It is rich in soil nutrients like calcium , carbonate,potash,lime and
magnesium. 4.It is found in the region of plateaus of Maharashtra , Saurashtra , Malwa,
chhattisgarh,madhyapradesh. 5.they are made up of lava flows.
Short Answer
25. Discussing the role women in the Nationalist Movement in Europe.
Ans.-1. they were present and started in the protests for equal political rights 2. They were
responsible for the foundation of newspaper after establishing their own political association 3.
Despite all this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of tehAssembly 4. When the
parliament convened at St. Paul’s Church, they were admitted only as observers to stand in the
visitors’ gallery.
26. Distinguish between organized sector and unorganized sector.
Ans.-Organised sector have terms of employment and have regular jobs while in the unorganised
sector jobs are low paid and irregular.
Organised sectors are those where government rules like Minimum Wage Act, Factories Act etc.
are followed while unorganised sectors have their own rules and regulations.
There is job security in the organised sector while unorganised sector hire and fire according to
the requirement.
Overtime, medical benefits etc. is paid in the organised sector while the unorganised sector gives
no such benefit.
Organised sector is controlled by the government or by individuals under labour laws while in
the unorganised sector a lot depends on the whims of employer.
27. Explain the types of coal on the basis of ages.
Ans.-There are two types of coal formations based on Geological age groups; they are:
Gondwana coal deposits: Gondwana are the oldest coal deposits found in India; they formed
nearly 200 Million years ago. ...
Tertiary coal deposits: These coal deposits are young compared with Gondwana; they formed
nearly 55 Million years ago.
28. Explain politics in caste.
Ans.-Caste can take the following forms in politics.
(i) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the
electorate and nominate candidates from different castes, so as to muster necessary support to
win elections.
(ii) When government are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of
different castes and tribes find a place in it.
(iii) Political parties and candidates make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some
political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
(iv) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one person one vote compelled political
leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support of different sections of
society.
29. (a) Banks and co-operative societies need to increase their lending rural areas. Explain this
statement with appropriate arguments.
Ans.-Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and do little to increase the
income of the borrowers. Hence it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their
lending particularly in the rural areas so that the dependence on informal sources of credit
reduces. While formal sector loans need to expand it is also necessary that everyone receives
these loans. At present it is the richer households who receive formal credit whereas the poor
have to depend on the informal sources. So it is important that the formal credit is distributed
more equally so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.
OR
29 (b) Why are most of the people in India still dependent on informal sector of credit for
loan?
Ans.-Most of the rural households still remain dependent on the informal sources of credit,
because
1. Banks are not present everywhere in rural India. Even when they are present, getting a loan
from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from informal sources.
2. Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank
loans. Informal lenders such as money lenders, on the other hand, know the borrowers
personally and hence are often willing to give a loan without collateral.
Section – D
Long Answer-
30. Explain the effects of print culture in the religious sphere in early modern Europe.
Ans.- Effects of print culture:
Print created possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate and
discussion. Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate
their ideas.
It was feared that there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellions and
irreligious thoughts might spread.
If that happened then authority of valuable literature would be destroyed.
In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five thesies. These criticising many of
practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
Beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.
31. (a) How the modern form of money has simplified human life? Explain with the help of
daily life example.
Ans. – Explanation:
In the olden days metal pieces were taken as money. This money could easily be corrupted for if
the shopkeeper didn't have any weighing machine he could have just said that it was of higher
amount.
Modern currency has the specific amount of the given money with the government signature. It
has simplified lives for if the old types of currency were taken than one would have to sit with a
weighing maching everyday while selling a product.
Even this form of currency helps in exchange of other currencies in all parts of the world by
giving it specific amounts
OR
31(b) Describe the journey of money as medium of Exchange.
Ans.- Medium of Exchange: Right from the beginning, money has been performing the important
function of medium of exchange in the society. Money facilitates transactions of goods and
services as a medium of exchange. Producers sell their goods to wholesalers in exchange of
money. Wholesalers, in turn, sell their goods to the retailers and the retailers sell these goods to
the consumers in exchange for money. In the same way, all sections of society sell their services
in exchange for money and with that money, buy goods and services which they need. Money,
working as a medium of exchange, has eliminated inconvenience which was faced in barter
transactions.
32. Explain the cropping pattern in India.
Ans.- Three cropping seasons in India - Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.
Explanation :
Rabi season : Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in
summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and
mustard. These crops are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and north - western
parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar
Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops. Availability of
precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in the success
of these crops.
Kharif season :Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the
country and these are harvested in September - October. Important crops grown during this
season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur(arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and
soyabean.
Zaid season : In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during the
summer months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops produced during 'zaid' are
watermelon, muskmelon, cumumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

33. Why has federalism succeeded in India? Which were the policies adopted by India that
ensured this success? Explain.
Ans.- Federalism has succeeded in India due to the nature of democratic policies in our country.
The policies adopted by India to ensure this success: i Linguistic States: After independence the
boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. The creation of
linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. ii Language
Policy: The second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. The Indian constitution
did not give the status of national language to any one of the language. iii Centre-State Relations:
Restructuring the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been
strengthened in practice. iv Decentralization of Power: Power in India has been decentralized to
the local government. The local government includes Panchayats in villages and municipalities in
urban areas.