GSD 3241 Theories of Landscape as Urbanism

Harvard University Graduate School of Design Fall 2010
Distribution of urban regions across North America linked by terrestrial transportation and water systems. Source: NASA - United States Geological Survey, 2008.
Landscape as Urbanism, Landscape as Infrastructure

Practices, Projects, Paradigms
Instructor: Pierre Blanger, Associate Professor, Harvard Graduate School of Design Schedule: Fridays, 2-5pm Room: Gund 109 Responding to contemporary ecological pressures and decaying infrastructures, this course brings together a series of influential thinkers and researchers from the design commons across North America to discuss different methods, models and measures of large scale, long range design for the 21st century. Organized around a sequence of weekly topics and readings, guest presentations focus on the future of the region that - with the predominance of landscape ecology and the revival of geography worldwide are challenging the laissez-faire dogma of neo-liberalist economics, Fordist forms of civil engineering, and Euclidean planning policies that marked the past century. Foregrounding the nascent reciprocity between ecology, economy and energy in contemporary public works, the first part of the course opens a horizon on pressing issues facing cities today to recast the infrastructural and geopolitical role of landscape as base operating system for future urbanism. From Geddes to Gottmann, Mackaye to Mumford, Olmsted to Odum, the second part of the course re-examines a series of influential plans, projects, and practitioners to trace a cross-section through the history of urbanization in North America and to chart the trajectory of an emergent regional paradigm. Drawing from an array of pressing urban challenges around the world, the course concludes with student-led presentations of mapping projects that focus on transboundary urban regions throughout the world; regions where, according to the United Nations, more than 70% of the world population will be living by the year 2030. Foreshadowing the preeminence of ecology for future cities and infrastructures, the motive of the course is to construct a clear and contemporary discourse as the field of landscape becomes the locus of intellectual, ecological and economic change of significance, globally.
The course is an advanced offering from the Department of Landscape Architecture and is open to graduate students in the disciplines of landscape architecture, urban design, planning, public policy, architecture and civil engineering.
GSD 3241 Theories of Landscape as Urbanism, Landscape as Infrastructure
COURSE OVERVIEW Topics, Assignments, Guest Speakers at a Glance

Week Date Topic
Sep. 3
Preface The Field of Landscape Introduction The Urban Bomb, The Infrastructure Boom The Landscape of Urbanization Term Project Introduction: Topics, Schedules & Deliverables *Guest: Charles Waldheim (HU), 'Urbanism as Ecology, Ecology as Urbanism' Redefining Infrastructure: Soft Systems & Constructed Ecologies Assignment 1 Q&A *Guest: Chris Reed (STOSS), 'Public Works Practices' Landscape, Energy, Urbanism Assignment 1 Hand-In *Guest: Rania Ghosn (BU), 'Landscapes of Energy' Logistical Landscapes Assignment 1 - Group Meetings *Guest: Alan Berger (MIT),'Systemic Design' Urbanization & Disurbanization Assignment 2 - Introduction *Guest: Rafi Segal (HU), 'Urbanism without Density' Post-Euclidean Planning, and Rezoning of the North American Landscape Assignment 2 Hand-In *Guest: Jerold Kayden (HU), 'Planning after Carbon' Landscape, Urban Accumulation, and the Ascent of Civil Engineering Assignment 2 - Group Meetings *Guest: Gary Hilderbrand, 'Frederick Law Olmsted: The Planning of Urbanism & Infrastructure' Landscape, Acceleration, & Speed Assignment 3 - Introduction *Guest: Alexander D'Hoogue (MIT),'The New Monumentality' Decentralization of the Urban Landscape Assignment 3 Hand-In *Guest: Robert Bruegmann (UIC), 'The Sustainability of Sprawl' Urban Agrarianism, & Globalization of the Food Chain Assignment 3 - Group Meetings *Guest: Kate Orff (CU), 'Metropolitan Ecologies' Climate Capitalism & Contingency Planning *Guest: Frdric Laserre (UL), 'Water Wars' Assignment 4 - Introduction Thanksgiving, No Class Conclusion Regionalization: Ecology, Economy & Energy in the 21st century Assignment 4 Hand-in & Presentations
Sep.10
Sep.17
Sep.24
Oct.1
Oct.8
Oct.15
Oct.22
Oct.29
10
Nov.5
11
Nov.12
12
Nov.19
13
Nov.26
14
Dec.3
SCHEDULE Lectures, Readings, Term Projects

Week 1 Date Sep. 3 Topics, Guest Speakers & Readings Preface The Field of Landscape Blanger, Pierre. Landscape as Infrastructure in Landscape Journal 28 (Spring 2009): 79-95. Dal Co, Francesco. From Parks to the Region: Progressive Ideology and the Reform of the American City in The American City: From the Civil War and the New Deal, edited by Giorgio Cucci, Francesco Dal Co, Mario Manieri-Elia and Manfredo Tafuri (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979): 143-292. Mumford, Lewis. The Renewal of the Landscape in The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts of America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover Publications, 1931): 75-106. Introduction The Urban Bomb, The Infrastructure Boom Blanger, Pierre. "Redefining Infrastructure" in Ecological Urbanism edited by Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty (Baden, Sweden: Lars Mller Publishers, 2010): 332349. Melosi, Martin. "Pure and Plentiful: from Protosystems to Modern Water Works", Subterranean Networks: Wastewater Systems as Works in Progress" in The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2000): 50-68. Wirth, Louis. "Urbanism as a Way of Life" is Cities and Society, edited by Paul K. Hatt and Albert J. Reiss, Jr. (Glencoe Ill.: Free Press, 1957): 62-62. 2 Sep.10 The Landscape of Urbanization Waldheim, Charles. Landscape as Urbanism in The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 35-54. Frampton, Kenneth. Towards an Urban Landscape, Columbia Documents of Architecture and Theory, Volume 4 (1995): 83-93. Koolhaas, Rem. Whatever Happened to Urbanism? in S, M, L, XL (New York: Monacelli Press, 1995): 958-971. Term Project Introduction: Topics, Schedules & Deliverables *Guest: Charles Waldheim (HU), 'Urbanism as Ecology, Ecology as Urbanism' 3 Sep.17 Redefining Infrastructure: Soft Systems & Constructed Ecologies Reed, Chris. "The Agency of Ecology" in Ecological Urbanism edited by Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty (Baden, Switzerland: Lars Mller Publishers, 2010): 324329. Forman, Richard T. T. "Urban Region Planning" in Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City (Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 2008): 45-50. Branzi, Andrea. "The Hybrid Metropolis" in Learning from Milan: Design and the Second Modernity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988): 20-24. Assignment 1 Q&A *Guest: Chris Reed (STOSS), 'Public Works Practices'
Sep.24
Landscape, Energy, Urbanism Gohsn, Rania. "Energy as Spatial Project" in Landscapes of Energy - New Geographies Journal 02 (2009): 7-10. Brennan, Teresa. "Energetics" in Exhausting Modernity: Grounds for a New Economy (New York: Routledge, 2000): 41-54. Ausubel, Jesse H. "The Liberation of the Environment: Technological Development and Global Environmental Change" in Daedalus Vol.125 No.3 (Summer 1996): 1-17. Assignment 1 Hand-In *Guest: Rania Ghosn (BU), 'Landscapes of Energy'
Oct.1
Logistical Landscapes Waldheim, Charles and Alan Berger. "Logistics Landscape" in Landscape Journal Vol.27 No.2 (2008): 219-246. Blanger, Pierre. Landscapes of Disassembly in Topos 60 (October, 2007): 83-91. Schumacher, Patrik and Christian Rogner. After Ford in Stalking Detroit, edited by Georgia Daskalakis, Charles Waldheim and Jason Young (Actar, Barcelona, 2001): 4856. Assignment 1 - Group Meetings *Guest: Alan Berger (MIT),'Systemic Design'
Oct.8
Urbanization & Disurbanization Segal, Rafi. "Urbanism Without Density" in Architectural Design AD, Volume 78, No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 2008): 6-11. Berger, Alan. "The Production of Waste Landscape" and "Post-Fordism: Waste Landscape through Accumulation" in Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 46-52, 53-75. Davis, Mike. "The Urban Climateric" and "the Prevalence of Slums" in Planet of Slums (New York: Verso, 2006): 1-19, 20-50. Assignment 2 - Introduction *Guest: Rafi Segal (HU), 'Urbanism without Density'
Oct.15
Post-Euclidean Planning, and Rezoning of the North American Landscape Forman, Richard T. T. "Urban Region Planning" in Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City (Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 2008): 45-50. Easterling, Keller. Partition: Watershed & Wayside in Organization Space: Landscapes, Highways and Houses in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999): 54-66. Boyer, M. Christine. "The Rise of the Planning Mentality" in Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983): 59-82 Assignment 2 Hand-In *Guest: Jerold Kayden (HU), 'Planning after Carbon
Oct.22
Landscape, Accumulation, and the Ascent of Civil Engineering Picon, Antoine. "Engineers and Engineering History: Problems and Perspectives", History and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 4, (December 2004): 421436. Grigg, Neil S. et al. "Civil Engineering: History, Heritage, and Future" in Civil Engineering Practice in the Twenty-First Century: Knowledge and Skills for Design and Management (Reston VA: ASCE Press, 2001): 13-44. Koolhaas, Rem. Bigness or the Problem of Large in S,M,L,XL (New York: Monacelli Press, 1995): 494-517. Assignment 2 - Group Meetings *Guest: Gary Hilderbrand, 'Frederick Law Olmsted: The Planning of Urbanism & Infrastructure'
Oct.29
Landscape, Acceleration, & Speed Varnelis, Kazys . Invisible City: Telecommunications in The Infrastructural City: Networked Ecologies in Los Angeles (Barcelona; New York: Actar, 2008): 118-129. Blanger, Pierre. Underground Landscape: The Urbanism & Infrastructure of Torontos Downtown Pedestrian Network, Journal of Underground Space and Tunnelling (forthcoming, Elsevier Publications, 2006): 272-292. Wall, Alex. Programming the Urban Surface in Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, edited by James Corner (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999): 233-250. Assignment 3 - Introduction *Guest: Alexander D'Hoogue (MIT),'The New Monumentality'
10
Nov.5
Decentralization of the Urban Landscape Bruegmann, Robert. "Defining Sprawl" and "Early Sprawl" in Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005): 17-20, 21-32. Blanger, Pierre. Underground Landscape: The Urbanism & Infrastructure of Torontos Downtown Pedestrian Network, Journal of Underground Space and Tunnelling (forthcoming, Elsevier Publications, 2006): 272-292. Harvey, David. "Flexible Accumulation through Urbanization, Reflections on PostModernism in the American City" in Post-Fordism: A Reader edited by Ash Amin (Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994): 361-386. Olmsted, Frederick Law. Expanding Cities: Random Versus Organized Growth (1868) in Civilizing American Cities: Writings on City Landscapes edited by S.B. Sutton (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971): 21-99. Assignment 3 Hand-In *Guest: Robert Bruegmann (UIC), 'The Sustainability of Sprawl'
11
Nov.12
Urban Agrarianism, and Globalization of the Food Chain Rice, Andrew. "Agro-Imperialism? in NY Times Magazine (Nov. 2, 2009): 46-51. Blanger, Pierre and Angela Iarocci. Foodshed: The Global Infrastructure of the Ontario Food Terminal (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007): 116-138. Branzi, Andrea. Agronica in Weak & Diffuse Modernity: The World of Projects at the Beginning of the 21st century (Milan: Skira, 2006): 132-146. Assignment 3 - Group Meetings
12
Nov.19
Climate Capitalism & Contingency Planning Lister, Nina-Marie. "Complexity, Uncertainty, and Managing for Sustainability" in The Ecosystem Approach" edited by David Waltner-Toews, James J. Kay and Nina-Marie E. Lister (New York , Columbia University Press, 2008): 83-108. Kleme, Vit. "Risk Analysis: The Unbearable Cleverness of Bluffing" in Risk, Reliability, Uncertainty, and Robustness of Water Resource Systems edited by Jnos Bogrdi and Zbigniew Kundzewicz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002): 22-29. Beck, Ulrich. "Environment, Knowledge, and Indeterminacy: Beyond Modernist Ecology?" in Risk, Environment & Modernity edited by Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Brian Wynne (London, Sage Publications, 1996): 27-43. *Guest: Frdric Lasserre (UL), 'Water Wars' Assignment 4 - Introduction
13 14
Nov.26 Dec.3
Thanksgiving Conclusion Regionalization: Ecology, Economy & Energy in the 21st century Blanger, Pierre. "Regionalization: Probing the Urban Future of the Great Lakes Region", JOLA Journal of Landscape Architecture, Fall 2010): 37-48. Wolff, Jane. Redefining Landscape in The Tennessee Valley Authority: Design and Persuasion edited by Tim Culvahouse (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007): 52-63. Odum, Howard W. & Harry Estill Moore. "The Rise & Incidence of American Regionalism" in American Regionalism: A Cultural-Historical Approach to National Integration (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1938): 3-34. Assignment 4 Hand-in & Presentations
See Course Reader for additional references and list of primary sources.
COURSE OBJECTIVES This course provides an examination of paradigms, practices and projects resulting from the rise of regional thought in North America and the indisputable principles of landscape ecology as the denominator for contemporary st urbanization in the 21 century. Through lectures, readings and discussions, the content of the course first provides a cross-section of contemporary views in landscape practice and second, provides a historical survey of major planning paradigms during the past two centuries. The course concludes with a series of student-led presentations focusing on the mapping of transboundary watershed regions throughout the world in zones of geopolitical conflict, ecological stress and demographic pressure. The course has six underlying objectives: 1. Survey historic models of planning relative to the contemporary urban landscape. 2. Sponsor synergistic thinking between planning, design and engineering in the process of urbanization. 3. Investigate the inseparability between the urban infrastructures of waste, water, food, transport and energy at the scale of the region. 4. Generate original cartographic information as an instrument of spatial, analytical and cultural relevance. 5. Identify and index a series of watershed regions of global, geopolitical significance. 6. Reposition landscape as an operating system for contemporary urban economies. EVALUATION Students are asked to actively participate in the content and delivery of the course through readings and in-class discussions. In addition to the weekly lectures, evaluation for this course will be carried out on the basis of a term project that will be developed in two parts. The breakdown for evaluation is as follows: Term Project - Assignment 1: 20% Term Project - Assignment 2: 15% Term Project - Assignment 3: 10% Term Project - Assignment 4: 10% Term Project - Final Presentation: 25% InClass Participation: 20% Specific objectives and details for the term project are provided below. Indication of performance and growth in the class through participation, progress, initiative, and leadership in weekly classes and student-led discussions. Evaluation will be carried out in accordance with the University Grading Practices Policy. LATE WORK All assignments are due at the specified time and date. Late work is not acceptable (except in the case of documented illness or special circumstances) and will be penalized ten (10) grade points for each late day. In the case of illness (a doctors certificate) or other special circumstance (a letter), notification should be given to the instructors and the Program Office as soon as possible and before the deadline in question. Late work submitted after the final day of classes is not acceptable without prior written permission from the Programme Director.
Water diversions and future inter-basin projects across North America.Source: Adapted from Frdric Lasserre, 2005.
21st Century Infrastructures Term Project

The term project for this course involves a descriptive and expository mapping project of contemporary urban watershed regions around the world currently undergoing significant transformation as a result of resource mining, population pressure and geopolitical conflict. Using an explicit visual and geographic format, the project exposes and interprets a series of concurrent conflicting events, at the scale of the region, within the area of a designated watershed. To accomplish this objective, the project is divided in two separate and cumulative assignments produced in groups of two students. The first assignment involves the selection of a specific region and respective set of infrastructural topics yielding a chronicle of current events in the format of a visual timeline. The second assignment involves the mapping and diagramming of those research findings, using a combination of geographic information systems and imaging software to understand the evolution, the geographic scale and the dynamics of a specific region with an emphasis on the spatial impact of specific events and conflicts. The term mapping project will be presented in the final two weeks of the course, and then collected in a single document at the end of the term. The group projects will be evaluated on three primary criteria: depth of research (40%), originality of information (20%), and visual quality and coherence of maps (40%). The case studies will be conducted in student groups, scheduled for three interim hand-ins and reviewed at the end of the term. Drawing from a range of regional and global infrastructures, the sites and subjects for the term project will be provided in the second week of the course schedule. For Fall 2010, the main research topic for the term project will involve 'Water Wars'.
COURSE READER The following list of references provide a comprehensive list of source references on urbanism and infrastructure drawing from an array of cross-disciplinary practitioners, scholars and researchers. The list is organized according to a series of 15 subjects, or fields, developed with a series of 10 primary sources and references. For portability and paper reduction, the reader will be provided in Week 3 of the course, in the format of a digital cd-format containing pdf files of texts listed below. Urbanization & Disurbanization Ouroussoff, Nicolai. "The Silent Radicals", New York Times, Arts Section, July 20, 2007 Waldheim, Charles. Landscape as Urbanism in The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 35-54. Welter, Volker M. "The Region-City: A Step toward Conurbations and the World City" in Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002): 70-75. Frampton, Kenneth. Towards an Urban Landscape, Columbia Documents of Architecture and Theory, Volume 4 (1995): 83-93. Koolhaas, Rem. Whatever Happened to Urbanism? in S, M, L, XL (New York: Monacelli Press, 1995): 958-971. Hough, Michael. The Urban Landscape: The Hidden Frontier, Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology Landscape Preservation, Volume 15, No. 4 (1983): 9-14. Reps, John William. "European Planning on the Eve of American Colonization" in Making of Urban America: a History of City Planning in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965): 1-25. Wirth, Louis. "Urbanism as a Way of Life" is Cities and Society, edited by Paul K. Hatt and Albert J. Reiss, Jr. (Glencoe Ill.: Free Press, 1957): 62-62. Geddes, Patrick. "The Evolution of Cities" in Cities in Evolution: an introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics (London: Williams and Norgate, 1915): 1-24. Olmsted, Frederick Law. Expanding Cities: Random Versus Organized Growth (1868) in Civilizing American Cities: Writings on City Landscapes edited by S.B. Sutton (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971): 21-99. Decentralization of the Urban Landscape Segal, Rafi. "Urbanism Without Density" in Architectural Design AD, Volume 78, No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 2008): 6-11. Berger, Alan. "The Production of Waste Landscape" and "Post-Fordism: Waste Landscape through Accumulation" in Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 46-52, 53-75. Davis, Mike. "The Urban Climateric" and "the Prevalence of Slums" in Planet of Slums (New York: Verso, 2006): 119, 20-50. Bruegmann, Robert. "Defining Sprawl" and "Early Sprawl" in Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005): 17-20, 21-32. Sieverts, Thomas. "The Living Space of the Majority of Mankind: an Anonymous Space with no Visual Quality" in Cities without Cities (London; New York: Spon Press, 2003): 1-47. Harvey, David. "Flexible Accumulation through Urbanization, Reflections on Post-Modernism in the American City" in Post-Fordism: A Reader edited by Ash Amin (Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994): 361-386. Thomas, Gary Scott. "Micropolitan America" in American Demographics 20 (1 May 1989): 1-2. Gottman, Jean. Megalopolis (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961): 3-22. Wright, Frank Lloyd. Decentralization in The Living City (New York: Horizon Press, 1958): 77-105. Gruen, Victor. "Dynamic Planning for Retail Areas", Harvard Business Review (Nov.-Dec. 1954): 53-62.
GSD 3241 Theories of Landscape as Urbanism, Landscape as Infrastructure 9
Urbanization & The Ascent of Civil Engineering Blanger, Pierre. "Redefining Infrastructure" in Ecological Urbanism edited by Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty (Baden, Sweden: Lars Mller Publishers, 2010): 332-349. Meyboom, AnnaLisa. "Infrastructure as Practice" in Journal for Architectural Education Vol.62 No.4 (May 2009): 7281. Petroski, Henry. "Things Small and Large" in Success through Failure: the paradox of design (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006): 97-115. Jones, Peter. "Cultivating the Art of the Impossible" in Ove Arup: Master Builder of the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006): 282-301. Picon, Antoine. "Engineers and Engineering History: Problems and Perspectives", History and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 4, (December 2004): 421436. Grigg, Neil S. et al. "Civil Engineering: History, Heritage, and Future" in Civil Engineering Practice in the Twenty-First Century: Knowledge and Skills for Design and Management (Reston VA: ASCE Press, 2001): 13-44. Koolhaas, Rem. Bigness or the Problem of Large in S,M,L,XL (New York: Monacelli Press, 1995): 494-517. Choate, Pat and Susan Walter. "Declining Facilities/Declining Investments" in America in Ruins: The Decaying Infrastructure. (Durham: Duke Press Paperbacks, 1983): 1-29. Beers, Henry P. A History of the U.S. Topographical Engineers, 1813-1863, Military Engineering 34 (June, 1942): 287-91 and (July, 1942): 348-52. Whatever Happened to Planning? Zoning, after Euclid Wolf, Michael A. "On the Road to Zoning" in The Zoning of America: Euclid vs. Ambler (Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 2008): 17-31. Light, Jennifer S. "Introduction and "Planning for the Atomic Age" in From Warfare and Welfare: Defense Intellectuals and Urban Problems in Cold War America (Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 2003): 131. Davidson, Joel. "Building for War, Preparing for Peace: World War II and the Military-Industrial Complex" in World War II and the American Dream: How Wartime Building Changed a Nation edited by Donald Albrecht (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995): 184-229. Nelson, Robert H. "Zoning Myth and Practice - from Euclid into the Future" in Zoning and the American Dream, edited by Jerold Kayden and Charles M. Haar (Chicago, Ill.: Planners Press, 1989): 299-318. Boyer, M. Christine. "The Rise of the Planning Mentality" in Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983): 59-82. Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Planning System in Economics and the Public Purpose (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1973): 96-190. Choay, Franoise. "The Modern City: Planning in the 19th Century" in Planning and Cities, edited by George R. Collins (London: Studio Vista, 1969): 121-125. Wilhem, Sidney W. "Introduction" in Urban Zoning and Land Use Theory (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962): 1-11. Wiener, Norbert. How US Cities Can Prepare for Atomic War, Time Magazine (Life Publications), (Dec. 18 1950): 77-86. Hilberseimer, Ludwig. "Cities and Defense (c.1945)" in In the Shadow of Mies: Ludwig Hilberseimer: Architect, Educator and Urban Planner by Richard Pommer, David Spaeth and Kevin Harrington with selected writings by
Ludwig Hilberseimer (Chicago, Ill.: Published by the Art Institute of Chicago in Association with Rizzoli International Publications, 1988): 89-93. Ecological Emergence: Reversion & Subversion Reed, Chris. "The Agency of Ecology" in Ecological Urbanism edited by Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty (Baden, Switzerland: Lars Mller Publishers, 2010): 324-329. Del Tredici, Peter. Brave New Ecology, Landscape Architecture 96 (February, 2006): 46-52. Kangas, Patrick. "Designing New Ecosystems" and "Principles of Ecological Engineering" in Ecological Engineering: Principles and Practice (Boca Raton, FA: CRC Press, 2004): 13-24. Nordhaus, Ted and Michael Shellenberger. The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a PostEnvironmental World, The Break Through Institute, posted October 4, 2004 to http://thebreakthrough.org/PDF/Death_of_Environmentalism.pdf Mol, Arthur P.J. "The Environmental Transformation of the Modern Order" in Modernity and Technology edited by Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey and Andrew Feenberg (Cambridge, MIT Press, 2003): 303-325. Forman, Richard T.T. The Emergence of Landscape Ecology in Landscape Ecology edited by Richard T.T. Forman and Michel Godron (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986): 3-31. Odum, Howard T. "Cities and Regions" in Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1983): 532-553. McHale, John. "Dimensions of Change", "An Ecological Overview" in The Future of the Future (New York: Braziller, 1969): 57-74. McHarg, Ian. "An Ecological Method for Landscape Architecture", Landscape Architecture 57 (January 1967): 105107. Sears, Paul B. "Ecology - A Subversive Subject", Bioscience 14 No.7 (1964): 11-13.. Landscape as Infrastructure Blanger, Pierre. Landscape as Infrastructure in Landscape Journal 28 (Spring 2009): 79-95. Edwards, Paul N. "Infrastructure & Modernity: Force, Time and Social Organization in the History of Sociotechnical Systems" in Modernity and Technology edited by Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey and Andrew Feenberg (Cambridge, MIT Press, 2003): 185-226. Allen, Stan. "Infrastructural Urbanism" in Points + Lines: Diagrams for the City (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999): 46-89. Corner, James. "Eidetic Operations & New Landscapes" in Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, edited by James Corner (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999): 153-170. Frampton, Kenneth. "Megaform as Urban Landscape", 1999 Raoul Wallenberg Lecture (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1999): 1-42. Corner, James. Measures of Land and Measures of Control in Taking Measures Across the American Landscape (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996): 41-96. Banham, Reyner. "Antecedents, Analogies, and Mgastructures trouves" in Megastructures: Urban Futures of the Recent Past (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976): 13-32. Jackson, John Brinkerhoff. The Public Landscape (1966) in Landscapes: Selected Writings by J.B. Jackson edited by Ervin H. Zube (Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1970): 153-160. Lynch, Kevin. Earthwork & Utilities in Site Planning (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962): 157-188.
Ely, Richard T., and George S. Wehrwein. Land Economics (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1940): 1-23, 50-73. Mumford, Lewis. The Renewal of the Landscape in The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts of America, 18651895 (New York: Dover Publications, 1931): 75-106. Landscape of Speed I Blanger, Pierre. Synthetic Surfaces in The Landscape Urbanism Reader, edited by Charles Waldheim (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 239-265. Schnapp, Jeffrey T. "Three Pieces of Asphalt" in Grey Room 11 (Spring, 2003): 5-21. McPhee, John. Fleet of One: Eighty thousand Pounds of Dangerous Goods in The New Yorker, Annals of Transport Section, (February 17 & 24, 2003): 148-162. Gregotti, Vittorio. The Road: Layout and Built Object in Casabella No.553-554 (January-February 1989): 2-5, 118. Virilio, Paul. The Dromocratic Revolution in Speed & Politics: An Essay on Dromology, translated by Mark Polizzotti (New York: Autonomedia Press, 1986): 1-34. Mumford, Lewis. "Landscape and townscape" and "the Highway and the City" in the Highway and the City (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981): 233-256. Frampton, Kenneth. The Generic Street as a Continuous Built Form in On Streets, edited by Stanford Anderson (Cambridge: The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, MIT Press, 1978): 308-336. Newton, Norman T. Parkways and Their Offpsring in Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971): 596-619. Ritter, Paul. "History of Traffic Segregation" in Planning for Man and Motor (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964): 314330. Jellicoe, Sir Geoffrey Segregation of Traffic in Motopia: Evolution of the Urban Landscape (New York: Praeger, 1961): 117-140. Olmsted, Frederick Law. "History of Streets." A paper read to the Brookline Club, 1888. Typescript, Frederick Law Olmsted Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Landscape of Speed II NY Times, "A Plan for Broadband", OP-ED Section (Sunday, March 21, 2010): 1. Wu, Tim. Bandwidth Is the New Black Gold, Time Magazine (Thursday, Mar. 11, 2010) Schnapp, Jeffrey T. "Fast (Slow) Modern" in Speed Limits (Montreal, QC: CCA, 2009): 26-37. Varnelis, Kazys . Invisible City: Telecommunications in The Infrastructural City: Networked Ecologies in Los Angeles (Barcelona; New York: Actar, 2008): 118-129. Blanger, Pierre. Underground Landscape: The Urbanism & Infrastructure of Torontos Downtown Pedestrian Network, Journal of Underground Space and Tunnelling (forthcoming, Elsevier Publications, 2006) Alonzo, Eric. "De la place-carrefour a l'changeur, instrumentalisation du systme giratoire" and "Le reseau des giratoires, vers unenouvelle organisation des territoires urbains, in Du rond-point au giratoire (Paris : Parenthses, 2005) :84-100, 127-33. Wall, Alex. Programming the Urban Surface in Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, edited by James Corner (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999): 233-250. Schmandt, Jurgen, Frederick Williams, Robert H. Wilson and Sharon Strover, editors. Introduction" in The New Urban Infrastructure: Cities and Telecommunications (New York: Praeger, 1990): 1-6. McCluskey, Jim. "Networks" in Road Form and Townscape (London: Architectural Press, 1979): 12-38
Giedion, Siegfried. Movement in Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to an Anonymous History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969): 14-31. Logistics & Industrialization Waldheim, Charles and Alan Berger. "Logistics Landscape" in Landscape Journal Vol.27 No.2 (2008): 219-246. Blanger, Pierre. Landscapes of Disassembly in Topos 60 (October, 2007): 83-91. Schumacher, Patrik and Christian Rogner. After Ford in Stalking Detroit, edited by Georgia Daskalakis, Charles Waldheim and Jason Young (Actar, Barcelona, 2001): 48-56. Nash, Gary B. "The Social Evolution of Pre-Industrial American Cities, 1700-1820" in The Making of Urban America, edited by Raymond A. Mohl (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1997): 15-36. Dandaneau, Steven P. "Introduction: Ideology and Dependent Deindustrialization" in A Town Abandoned: Flint, Michigan Confronts Deindustrialization (Albany State University of New York Press, 1994): xix-xxviii. Garreau, Joel. The Foundry in The Nine Nations of North America (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1981): 48-97. Conway, McKinley. "Emergence of the Park Concept and Proliferation of Units" and "Types of Parks" in Industrial Park Growth: an Environmental Success Story (Atlanta: Conway Publications, 1979 ):5-20, 45-62. Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Nature of Industrial Planning in The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967): 25-41. Reps, John William. "The Towns that Companies Built" in Making of Urban America: a History of City Planning in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965): 414-448. Mumford, Lewis. "Paleotechnic Paradise: Coketown" in The City in History (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1961): 446-481. Landscape of Surplus & Accumulation Blanger, Pierre. Airspace: The Ecologies and Economies of Landfilling in Michigan and Ontario in Trash, edited by John Knechtel (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006): 132-155. Engler, Mira. "Contemplating Waste: Theories and Constructs" in Designing America's Waste Landscapes (Baltimore: J. Hopkins University Press, 2004): 1-41. Berger, Alan. "The Altered Western Landscape" in Reclaiming the American West (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press): 15-55. Kirkwood, Niall. Manufactured Sites: Integrating Technology and Design in Reclaimed Landscapes in Manufactured Sites: Re-Thinking the Post-Industrial Landscape edited by Niall Kirkwood (London: SPON Press, 2001): 3-11. Miller, Benjamin. "Prologue: Garbage" in Fat of the Land: Garbage in New York - The Last Two Hundred Years (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2000): 1-16. Hawken, Paul. The Creation of Waste in The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability (New York: Harper Collins, 1993): 37-55. Frsoch, Robert A. and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos. Strategies for Manufacturing, Scientific American 1989 Special Issue Managing Planet Earth: 94-102. Ford, Henry. Learning from Waste in Today and Tomorrow (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1926): 89-98. Landscape, after Carbon Gohsn, Rania. "Energy as Spatial Project" in Landscapes of Energy - New Geographies Journal 02 (2009): 7-10.
Friedmann, S. Julio and Thomas Homer-Dixon. Out of the Energy Box, Foreign Affairs, Volume 83, No. 6 (November/December 2004): 72-83. Pasqualetti, Martin J. A Landscape of Power in Wind Power in View: Energy Landscape in a Crowded World edited by Paul Gipe (San Diego: Academic Press, 2002): 3-18. Jakob, Michael. Conversation with Paul Virilio", "Architecture and Energy or the History of an Invisible Presence in 2G International Architecture Review, No. 18 (2001): 4-32. Brennan, Teresa. "Energetics" in Exhausting Modernity: Grounds for a New Economy (New York: Routledge, 2000): 41-54. Ausubel, Jesse H. "The Liberation of the Environment: Technological Development and Global Environmental Change", Daedalus Vol.125 No.3 (Summer 1996): 1-17. Dozier, Jeff and William Marsh. Energy Processes on the Earths Surface in Landscape: An Introduction to Physical Geography (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1981): 1-20. llich, Ivan. Energy and Equity (London: Calder and Boyars Ltd., 1974): 1-29. Odum, Howard T. "Energy, Ecology, Economics", Mother Earth News (May 1974): 1-10. Mumford, Lewis. Power & Mobility in Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1934): 235239. Public Water Works & Hydrological Systems Mathur, Anuradha and Dilip Da Cunha. "Monsoon in an Estuary" and "Estuary in a Monsoon" in SOAK: Mumbai in an Estuary (New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 2009), 3-9, 185-187. De Meulder, Brian and Kelly Shannon. Water and the City: the Great Stink and Clean Urbanism in Water urbanisms edited by De Meulder, V. d'Auria, J. Gosseye and K. Shannon (Amsterdam: SUN, 2008): 5-9. Picon, Antoine. Constructing Landscape by Engineering Water Landscape Architecture in Mutation: Essays on Urban Landscapes. (Institute for Landscape Architecture, ETH Zurich: Gta Verlag, Zurich 2005), 99-114. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. "The Battle for Public Development and Remaking the Tennessee Valley in The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003): 319-334. Wolff, Jane. "A Brief History of the Delta" in Delta Primer: A Field Guide to the California Delta (San Francisco: William Stout Publishers, 2003): 37-45. Gandy, Matthew. "Water, Space, and Power" in Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City (cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002): 19-75. Melosi, Martin. "Pure and Plentiful: from Protosystems to Modern Water Works", Subterranean Networks: Wastewater Systems as Works in Progress" in The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2000): 50-68. Rogers, Peter. "Water Resources and Public Policy" in America's Water: Federal Roles and Responsibilities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993): 1-24. Leuba, Clarence. "The Tennessee Valley Authority: Accomplishments & Disappointments" in A Road to Creativity: Arthur Morgan - Engineer, Educator, Administrator (North Quincy, MA: The Christopher Publishing House, 1971): 163-202. Illich, Ivan. The Dirt of Cities in H20 & The Waters of Forgetfulness (London: Maryon Boyars Publishers, 1986): pp.45-76.
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Harvard University Graduate School of Design Fall 2010

Landscape as Urbanism, Landscape as Infrastructure