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Book Vedic Maths
Book Vedic Maths
EDUCATION
Presents
VEDIC
MATHEMATICS
Prepare for your future with guided
after-school lessons!
- By Shalin Bhagat -
Preface
The Sanskrit word Veda is derived from the root Vid, meaning to know without limit. The
word Veda covers all Veda-sakhas known to humanity. The Veda is a repository of all
knowledge, fathomless, ever revealing as it is delved deeper.
According to him, there has been considerable literature on Mathematics in the Veda-
sakhas. Unfortunately most of it has been lost to humanity as of now. This is evident
from the fact that while, by the time of Patanjali, about 25 centuries ago, 1131 Veda-
sakhas were known to the Vedic scholars, only about ten Veda-sakhas are presently in
the knowledge of the Vedic scholars in the country.
The Sutras apply to and cover almost every branch of Mathematics. They apply even to
complex problems involving a large number of mathematical operations. Application of
the Sutras saves a lot of time and effort in solving the problems, compared to the formal
methods presently in vogue. Though the solutions appear like magic, the application of
the Sutras is perfectly logical and rational. The computation made on the computers
follows, in a way, the principles underlying the Sutras. The Sutras provide not only
methods of calculation, but also ways of thinking for their application.
Application of the Sutras improves the computational skills of the learners in a wide
area of problems, ensuring both speed and accuracy, strictly based on rational and
logical reasoning. The knowledge of such methods enables the teachers to be more
resourceful to mould the students and improve their talent and creativity. Application of
the Sutras to specific problems involves rational thinking, which, in the process, helps
improve intuition that is the bottom - line of the mastery of the mathematical geniuses of
the past and the present such as Aryabhatta, Bhaskaracharya, Srinivasa Ramanujan,
etc.
Many such difficulties in learning Mathematics enter into a long list if prepared by an
experienced teacher of Mathematics. Volumes have been written on the diagnosis of
'learning difficulties' related to Mathematics and remedial techniques. Learning
Mathematics is an unpleasant experience to some students mainly because it involves
mental exercise.
Of late, a few teachers and scholars have revived interest in Vedic Mathematics which
was developed, as a system derived from Vedic principles, by Swami Bharati Krishna
Tirthaji in the early decades of the 20th century.
Dr. Narinder Puri of the Roorke University prepared teaching materials based on Vedic
Mathematics during 1986 - 89. A few of his opinions are stated hereunder:
i) Mathematics, derived from the Veda, provides one line, mental and superfast
methods along with quick cross checking systems.
ii) Vedic Mathematics converts a tedious subject into a playful and blissful one which
students learn with smiles.
iii) Vedic Mathematics offers a new and entirely different approach to the study of
Mathematics based on pattern recognition. It allows for constant expression of a
student's creativity, and is found to be easier to learn.
iv) In this system, for any problem, there is always one general technique applicable to
all cases and also a number of special pattern problems. The element of choice and
flexibility at each stage keeps the mind lively and alert to develop clarity of thought and
intuition, and thereby a holistic development of the human brain automatically takes
place.
v) Vedic Mathematics with its special features has the inbuilt potential to solve the
psychological problem of Mathematics - anxiety.
Prof. R.C. Gupta (1994) says 'the system has great educational value because the
Sutras contain techniques for performing some elementary mathematical operations in
simple ways, and results are obtained quickly'.
Prof. J.N. Kapur says 'Vedic Mathematics can be used to remove mathphobia, and can
be taught to (school) children as enrichment material along with other high speed
methods'.
Dr. Michael Weinless, Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at the M.I.U, Iowa
says thus: 'Vedic Mathematics is easier to learn, faster to use and less prone to error
than conventional methods. Furthermore, the techniques of Vedic Mathematics not only
enable the students to solve specific mathematical problems; they also develop
creativity, logical thinking and intuition.'
Keeping the above observations in view, let us enter Vedic Mathematics as given by Sri
Bharati Krishna Tirthaji (1884 - 1960), Sankaracharya of Govardhana Math, Puri.
Entering into the methods and procedures, one can realize the importance and
applicability of the different formulae (Sutras) and methods.
SIXTEEN SUTRAS
3. ऊ व- तय याम् 11. सम ः
(Urdhva-Tiryagbyham) (Vyashtisamanstih)
(Sankalana-vyavakalanabhyam) (Gunitasamuchyah)
(Puranapuranabyham) (Gunakasamuchyah)
1. आनु ये ण 8. अ ययोदशके ऽ प
2. श यते शे ष सं ः 9. अ ययोरे व
(Sisyate-Sesasmjnah) (Antyayoreva)
(Urdhva-Tiryagbyham) (Samuchayagunitah)
(Vestanam) (Vilokanam)
In the text, the words Sutra, aphorism, formula are used synonymously. So are also the
words Upa-sutra, Sub-sutra, Sub-formula, corollary used.
Now we shall have the literal meaning, contextual meaning, process, different methods
of application along with examples for the Sutras. Explanation, methods, further short-
cuts, algebraic proof, etc follow. What follows relates to a single formula or a group of
formulae related to the methods of Vedic Mathematics.
Here the number is 25. We have to find out the square of the
number. For the number 25, the last digit is 5 and the 'previous'
digit is 2. Hence, 'one more than the previous one', that is, 2+1=3.
The Sutra, in this context, gives the procedure'to multiply the
previous digit 2 by one more than itself, that is, by 3'.
2
Thus 25 = 2 X 3 / 25 = 625.
In the same way,
35 2 = 3 X (3+1) /25 = 3 X 4/ 25 = 1225;
65 2 = 6 X 7 / 25 = 4225;
95 2 = 9 X 10 / 25 = 9025;
105 2 = 10 X 11/25 = 11025;
135 2 = 13 X 14/25 = 18225;
i) The right hand most digit of the multiplicand, the first number (14)
i.e.,4 is multiplied by the right hand most digit of the multiplier, the
second number (12)i.e., 2. The product 4 X 2 = 8 forms the right hand
most part of the answer.
ii) Now, diagonally multiply the first digit of the multiplicand (14) i.e.,
4 and second digit of the multiplier (12)i.e., 1 (answer 4 X 1=4); then
multiply the second digit of the multiplicand i.e.,1 and first digit of
the multiplier i.e., 2 (answer 1 X 2 = 2); add these two i.e.,4 + 2 = 6. It
gives the next, i.e., second digit of the answer. Hence second digit of
the answer is 6.
iii) Now, multiply the second digit of the multiplicand i.e., 1 and
second digit of the multiplieri.e., 1 vertically, i.e., 1 X 1 = 1. It gives the
left hand most part of the answer.
1 4
1 2
The symbols are operated from right to left .
1 4 1 4 1 4
1 2 1 2 1 2
: 4 X 2 2 + 4 : 8 1 X 1: 6 : 8
Now in the same process, answer can be written as
2 3 4 1 2 4
1 3 4 1 1 2
2 : 6 + 3 : 9 16 : 4 + 4 : 1 2 : 4 + 4 : 8
Ans = 299 Ans = 1681 Ans = 288
Step (i) : 2 X 4 = 8
Thus 32 X 24 = 768
3 2
2 4
The symbols are operated from right to left .
3 2 3 2 3 2
2 4 2 4 2 4
: 2 X 4 12 + 4 : 8 3 X 2 + 1 : 6 : 8
Now in the same process, answer can be written as
2 8 6 7 8 5
2 8 4 3 3 4
4+3:16+16+6:4 24+4:18+28+2:1 24+4:15+32+2:0
Ans = 784 Ans = 2881 Ans = 2890
32 26 22 32 14 33 36 37 28
___
X 35 X___
36 ___
X 32 ___
X 38 ___
X 18 ___
X 35 ___
X 37 ___
X 31 X___
24
38 39 21 22 13 11 12 16 17
___
X 36 ___
X 31 ___
X 26 ___
X 28 ___
X 17 ___
X 19 ___
X 18 ___
X 14 ___
X 13
18 21 23 24 25 26 43 22 41
___
X 12 ___
X 29 ___
X 27 ___
X 28 ___
X 39 ___
X 24 ___
X 34 ___
X 19 ___
X 49
42 43 14 46 45 51 58 53 54
___
X 48 ___
X 47 ___
X 18 ___
X 44 ___
X 48 ___
X 59 ___
X 52 ___
X 57 ___
X 58
48 47 18 44 48 59 52 57 58
___
X 14 ___
X 15 ___
X 12 ___
X 15 ___
X 28 ___
X 36 ___
X 26 ___
X 38 ___
X 41
36 31 26 28 17 19 18 14 13
___
X 32 ___
X 26 ___
X 22 X___
32 ___
X 14 X___ ___
33 X 36 X___ ___
37 X 28
94 54 64 68 53 64 88 67 68
___
X 62 ___
X 42 ___
X 72 ___
X 74 ___
X 95 ___
X 78 ___
X 71 X___
74 ___
X 48
42 43 64 32 84 46 38 97 57
___
X 64 ___
X 54 ___
X 17 ___
X 64 ___
X 33 ___
X 84 ___
X 67 ___
X 81 ___
X 39
75 57 44 32 78 98 76 57 77
___
X 57 ___
X 63 ___
X 64 ___
X 74 ___
X 37 ___
X 16 ___
X 99 ___
X 32 ___
X 56
Example : 172 X 42
1 7 2 1 7 2 1 7 2 1 7 2
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
:2X2 14+8:4 2+28+2:2:4 4+3:024
Now in the same process, answer can be written as
2 1 8 3 4 6 2 4 8 4 6 9
X 2 7 X 5 4 X 4 9 X 4 5
5886 18684 12152 21105
So answer is 8951,
Steps:
34
(i) Since 8 > 4, a dot is put on its left i.e.1
-18
(ii) Purak of 8 i.e. 2 is added to the upper digit i.e.
2 + 4 = 6.
43 36 54 35 63 75
- 24 - 29 - 38 -17 - 44 - 57
19 07 16 18 19 18
- 266
(iii) 7 > 2 ; Purak of 7 i.e. 3 ; 3 + 2 = 5.
a dot is put on its left.
(iv) 4 - 3 = 1
5843
(i) Since 6 > 3, a dot is put on its left.
(ii) Purak of 6 i.e. 4 is added to the upper digit
i.e. 4 + 3 = 7.
2247 (v) 5 - 3 = 2
Thus answer is 2247.
Answer is 16 / 9 = 169.
Ex .: 162
Answer is 256.
11 = 121 16 = 256
12 = 144 17 = 289
13 = 169 18 = 324
14 = 196 19 = 361
15 = 225 20 = 400
Ex .: 242
Answer is 576.
Ex .: 272
Answer is 729.
Ex .: 37 2
Answer is 1369.
Ex .: 442
Answer is 1936.
Ex .: 592
Answer is 3481.
Ex .: 74 2
Answer is 5476.
Ex .: 862
Answer is 7396.
Ex .: 99 2
Answer is 9801.