VFPi User Guide 2002A

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Table of Contents - VFPi User Guide 2002A Table of Contents - VFPi User Guide 2002A....................................... ................................................................................ .. iii List of Figures ..... .......................................................... ................................................................................ ....................... vi List of Tables ...... .......................................................... ................................................................................ ......................viii Chapter 1 - New Developments New Facilities in 2000A ........................................................ ................................................................................ ..............1-1 Chapter 2 - Overview Introduction......... .......................................................... ................................................................................ .....................2-1 Features ............. ......................................................... ................................................................................ ......................2-3 Vertical flow performance tables................................................ ................................................................................ .......2-10 Chapter 3 - Getting Started Chapter 4 - Tutorials Introduction......... .......................................................... ................................................................................ .....................4-1 Available Tutorials ............................................................ ................................................................................ ..................4-2 Calculating a VFP table ........................................................ ................................................................................ ..............4-4 Flow performance along deviated tubing.......................................... ................................................................................ 4-12 Inflow Performance Relationships and 3D Visualization .......................... .........................................................................4-30 Matching measured pressure data ................................................ ................................................................................ ...4-37 Manipulating VFP tables......................................................... ................................................................................ ..........4-41 Compositional Fluids & Calculated Fluid Temperatures............................

........................................................................4-49 Creating a VFP table to model choke pressure loss............................... ...........................................................................4-57 Appendix A - Configuring VFPi Appendix B - Calculating Pressure Traverse Length step selection........................................................... ................................................................................ .............. B-1 The pressure gradient calculation............................................... ................................................................................ ....... B-3 Artificial lift .......... ..................................................... ................................................................................ ......................... B-6 The multi-phase flow correlations............................................... ................................................................................ ....... B-7 Appendix C - Black Oil Correlations Introduction......... .......................................................... ................................................................................ .................... C-1 Oil formation volume factor & solution gas-oil ratio ........................... ................................................................................ . C-2 Oil viscosity......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ ..................... C-4 Gas formation volume factor..................................................... ................................................................................ ......... C-5 Gas viscosity ...... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ................... C-6 Water formation volume factor................................................... ................................................................................ ........ C-7 Water viscosity ... ............................................................ ................................................................................ .................. C-8 Oil-gas interfacial tension .................................................... ................................................................................ ..............C-9 Water-gas interfacial tension .................................................. ................................................................................ ......... C-10 Local volumetric flow rates .................................................... ................................................................................ .......... C-11 Local phase densities .......................................................... ................................................................................ ............ C-12 Emulsion viscosity ............................................................. ................................................................................

..............C-13 References ......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ................. C-14 Appendix D - Correlation Tuning Introduction......... .......................................................... ................................................................................ .................... D-1 iii

Measured data.... .............................................................. ................................................................................ ................D-2 Calculating the tuning factors.................................................. ................................................................................ ...........D-4 Appendix E -Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ ..................... E-1 Density................ ........................................................ ................................................................................ ...................... E-2 Volumetric flow rate ........................................................... ................................................................................ ................ E-3 Viscosity.............. ........................................................ ................................................................................ ...................... E-4 Oil-gas interfacial tension..................................................... ................................................................................ .............. E-5 Water properties . ............................................................. ................................................................................ ................. E-6 References ........ ............................................................ ................................................................................ .................. E-7 Appendix F - Wellstream Compositions Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ ..................... F-1 User specification ............................................................. ................................................................................ ................. F-2 Wellstreams from a depletion experiment......................................... ................................................................................ . F-3 Pressure dependent wellstream compositions ..................................... .............................................................................. F -6 References ......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ................... F-9 Appendix G - Heat Transfer Calculation Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ .....................G-1 Enthalpy balance equation & its solution ....................................... ................................................................................

.....G-2 Overall heat transfer coefficient .............................................. ................................................................................ ...........G-5 References ......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ...................G-6 Appendix H - Matching Observed Data Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ .....................H-1 Observed data .... ............................................................. ................................................................................ .................H-2 Multi-phase flow correlation fitting factors.................................... ................................................................................ ......H-3 Regression technique ........................................................... ................................................................................ .............H-5 References ......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ...................H-6 Appendix I - Command Language Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ ...................... I-1 Using the command language ..................................................... ................................................................................ ....... I-2 Commands & keywords............................................................. ................................................................................ ......... I-4 Example command script.......................................................... ................................................................................ .......... I-5 Appendix J - Production Table Format Appendix K - Injection Table Format Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ ..................... K-1 Appendix L - VIP Well Hydraulics Table Introduction ......... ......................................................... ................................................................................ ..................... L-1 Black oil fluid tables ......................................................... ................................................................................

.................. L-2 Compositional fluid tables...................................................... ................................................................................ ............ L-3 Appendix M - Keywords Structure of keyword file ...................................................... ................................................................................ ............. M-1 General keywords................................................................ ................................................................................ ............. M-3 VFP table calculation keywords.................................................. ................................................................................ ...... M-5 Well keywords..... ............................................................. ................................................................................ ................ M-7 Tubing keywords. ............................................................... ................................................................................ .............. M-8 iv

Black oil fluid keywords........................................................ ................................................................................ ............M-15 Compositional fluid keywords ................................................... ................................................................................ .......M-19 Calculation control keywords.................................................... ................................................................................ .......M-24 Measured Pressure Data keywords................................................. ................................................................................ M-28 Appendix N -Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Disclaimer........... .......................................................... ................................................................................ .................... N-1 Introduction......... .......................................................... ................................................................................ .................... N-2 Model description .............................................................. ................................................................................ ................ N-3 Model behavior ... ............................................................. ................................................................................ ................. N-5 Conclusion.......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ................... N-7 References ......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ................... N-8 Appendix O - Sachdeva Choke Model Introduction......... .......................................................... ................................................................................ ....................O-1 Model description .............................................................. ................................................................................ ................O-2 Model behavior... .............................................................. ................................................................................ ................O-5 References ......... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ...................O-8 Appendix P - History New Developments for 99A release ............................................... ................................................................................ ... P-1 New Developments for 98A release ............................................... ................................................................................

... P-2 New Developments for 97A release ............................................... ................................................................................ ... P-4 Index v

List of Figures Chapter 1 - New Developments Chapter 2 - Overview Figure 2.1 VFPi in action!...................................................... ................................................................................ . 2-2 Chapter 3 - Getting Started Chapter 4 - Tutorials Figure 4.1 Tubing module showing a simple, vertical length of tubing............ ........................................................ 4-5 Figure 4.2 BHP vs. Flow panel................................................... ............................................................................ 4-9 Figure 4.3 VFP Curves module showing BHP vs. Oil ............................... ............................................................ 4-10 Figure 4.4 VFP Table Data panel................................................. ......................................................................... 4-11 Figure 4.5 Tubing module showing a deviated well ............................... ............................................................... 4-13 Figure 4.6 Tubing module showing a deviated well with a pump.................... ...................................................... 4-16 Figure 4.7 Tubing module showing a deviated well with a gas lift injector....... ..................................................... 4-17 Figure 4.8 Tubing module showing a deviated well with a compressor ............. ................................................... 4-19 Figure 4.9 Detailed Pressure Traverse module showing the effect of a pump on the pressure profile................. 4-21 Figure 4.10 Data Tree window ................................................... ............................................................................ 4-2 2 Figure 4.11 BHP vs. Flow panel.................................................. ........................................................................... 4-23 Figure 4.12 VFP Curves module showing BHP versus flow rate ..................... ...................................................... 4-24 Figure 4.13 VFP Curves module showing BHP versus flow rate for 2 different tubin g diameters .......................... 4-25 Figure 4.14 VFP Curves module showing BHP versus flow rate for 3 different tubin g diameters .......................... 4-26 Figure 4.15 Using reservoir pressures in place of BHP .......................... ................................................................ 4-27 Figure 4.16 THP vs.Flow panel................................................... ........................................................................... 4-28 Figure 4.17 THP vs. Oil flow rate curves........................................ ......................................................................... 4-29 Figure 4.18 BHP vs. Flow panel.................................................. ........................................................................... 4-32 Figure 4.19 VFP Curves module showing BHP vs. Oil for 3 different values of THP. ............................................. 4-33 Figure 4.20 Linear IPR panel ...................................................

.............................................................................. 4 -34 Figure 4.21 VFP Curves showing Flow vs. BHP..................................... ................................................................ 4-34 Figure 4.22 3D VFP Curve Viewer................................................. ........................................................................ 4-36 Figure 4.23 Match Control Panel ................................................ ............................................................................ 4-3 9 Figure 4.24 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP ............................................... 4-42 Figure 4.25 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP ............................................... 4-43 Figure 4.26 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP ............................................... 4-44 Figure 4.27 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP ............................................... 4-45 Figure 4.28 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP ............................................... 4-47 Figure 4.29 The File Browser ................................................... ............................................................................. 450 Figure 4.30 Wellstream compositions panel ...................................... ..................................................................... 4-50 Figure 4.31 VFP Table Data panel................................................ .......................................................................... 4-51 Figure 4.32 Temperature Data panel ............................................. ......................................................................... 4-53 Figure 4.33 The Tubing module showing a casing cross-section ................... ........................................................ 4-54 Figure 4.34 Temperature profiles for both the fluid & the surrounding environmen t............................................... 4-56 Figure 4.35 Bean parameters panel............................................... ......................................................................... 4-58 vi

Figure 4.36 Tabular:BHP vs. Flow panel ......................................... ........................................................................4-63 Figure 4.37 VFP curves module .................................................. ............................................................................4-64 Figure 4.38 BHP vs. ALQ panel................................................... ...........................................................................4-65 Figure 4.39 VFP curves module .................................................. ............................................................................4-66 Appendix A - Configuring VFPi Appendix B - Calculating Pressure Traverse Appendix C - Black Oil Correlations Figure C.1 Variation in viscosity of emulsions of crude oil & brine (after Woelf lin)................................................ C-13 Appendix D - Correlation Tuning Appendix E -Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Appendix F - Wellstream Compositions Figure F.1 Pressure variations in phase mean molecular weight during reservoir d epletion.................................. F-7 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix G H I J K L M N - Heat Transfer Calculation - Matching Observed Data - Command Language - Production Table Format - Injection Table Format - VIP Well Hydraulics Table - Keywords -Petalas & Aziz Flow Model

Figure N.1 Flow Pattern Map Air/water system at atmospheric conditions, 00 incli nation....................................... N-5 Figure N.2 Fractional pressure gradient- Air/water system at atmospheric conditi ons, 00 inclination.....................N-6 Figure N.3 Volume fraction liquid- Air/water system at atmospheric conditions, 0 0 inclination ............................... N-6 Appendix O - Sachdeva Choke Model Figure O.1 Critical & sub-critical choke behavior............................... ......................................................................O-5 Figure O.2 Choke solutions ..................................................... ...............................................................................O -7 Appendix P - History vii

List of Tables Chapter 1 - New Developments Chapter 2 - Overview Table 2.1 Choice of variables .................................................. ............................................................................ 2-1 1 Chapter 3 - Getting Started Chapter 4 - Tutorials Table 4.1 Tubing Section Data .................................................. ............................................................................ 4-5 Table 4.2 Temp vs. Length panel ................................................ .......................................................................... 4-6 Table 4.3 Oil tab of PVT data panel............................................. .......................................................................... 4-7 Table 4.4 Gas tab of PVT data panel............................................. ........................................................................ 4-7 Table 4.5 Water tab of PVT data panel........................................... ....................................................................... 4-7 Table 4.6 Tubing Section Data .................................................. .......................................................................... 4-13 Table 4.7 Temp vs. Length panel ................................................ ........................................................................ 4-14 Table 4.8 Pump Table panel...................................................... ......................................................................... 4-15 Table 4.9 Comp Table 1 panel.................................................... ........................................................................ 4-18 Table 4.10 Tubing Section Data panel............................................ ....................................................................... 4-30 Table 4.11 Temp vs. Length panel ............................................... ......................................................................... 4-31 Table 4.12 Example pressure measurements ....................................... ................................................................ 4-38 Table 4.13 COMPOS: Casing Table................................................. ..................................................................... 4-53 Table 4.14 Detailed Traverse Data panel ........................................ ...................................................................... 4-55 Table 4.15 BEAN SEGMENT: Tubing Section Data.................................... .......................................................... 4-58 Table 4.16 Temp vs. Length panel ............................................... ......................................................................... 4-59 Table 4.17 Oil tab of PVT data panel............................................ ......................................................................... 4-60 Table 4.18 Gas tab of PVT data panel............................................ ....................................................................... 4-60 Table 4.19 Water tab of PVT data panel.......................................... ...................................................................... 4-60 Table 4.20 VFP Table Data panel................................................. ......................................................................... 4-61 viii

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

A B C D E F G H I J K L

- Configuring VFPi - Calculating Pressure Traverse - Black Oil Correlations - Correlation Tuning -Compositional Fluid Property Calculations - Wellstream Compositions - Heat Transfer Calculation - Matching Observed Data - Command Language - Production Table Format - Injection Table Format - VIP Well Hydraulics Table

Table L.1 Combinations of black oil fluid tables supported by VIP .............. ...........................................................L-2 Table L.2 Units used by ECLIPSE & VIP for black oil fluid tables ............... ...........................................................L-2 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix ix M N O P - Keywords -Petalas & Aziz Flow Model - Sachdeva Choke Model - History

x x

Chapter 1 Chapter 1 New Developments New Facilities in 2000A Multiple IPRs More than one IPR may now be drawn on a set of BHP vs. flow VFP curves, with the calculated intersection points between each IPR and VFP curve shown in a table. The choice of Linear, Vogel s or Fetkovich s IPR remains as previous releases. Linear IPR incorporated within VFP curve plotting Reservoir pressures may now be used in place of BHP values when plotting calcula ted VFP curves by the use of a linear IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship). So, for example, reservoir pressure may be plotted against flow rate for a family of cur ves with differing THP values formed from a series of top-to-bottom pressure travers es. Similarly, THP may be plotted against flow rate for a family curves with differi ng reservoir pressures formed form a series of bottom-to-top pressure traverses. ZCRITVIS and VCRITVIS compatibility VFPi is now able to read the ZCRITVIS and VCRITVIS keywords generated by PVTi, which supply critical compressibility factor and volume data that is specificall y used in the viscosity calculation. The standard critical compressibility factors and volumes continue to be used in the phase equilibrium type calculations and will also be used in the viscosity calculation if the optional ZCRITVIS or VCRITVIS keyword data is absent. New Developments 1-1

Option to not save VFP tables within a Project file This option may be used to stop unnecessarily large project files from being cre ated when a very large number of VFP tables are created that are immediately written out to external .VFP files (see the General Options panel under the Options menu). 1-2 New Developments

Overview Chapter 2 Introduction VFPi is the graphical, interactive successor to the Vertical Flow Performance pr ogram, VFP. Through a series of graphical modules, control and data panels, it allows y ou to study all aspects of pressure traverse calculations along wells and pipelines fo r black oil and compositional fluids. You can also generate and examine production and injection vertical flow performance tables for input into the ECLIPSE and VIP simulators. VFPi is able to perform pressure traverses using data from more than one well wi thin a single session of the program. This multiple-well data is controlled from the data tree window, with each well represented as a node connected to the root of a tree-lik e structure. This feature allows you easily compare pressures losses between diffe ring wells and also offers greater flexibility when analyzing and designing wells and pipelines. VFPi is backwards-compatible with VFP, in that it can read a VFP keyword data fi le and so set up all the elements involved in a pressure traverse calculation. You may then graphically examine the fluid properties of the wellstream as well as the tubing string through which it flows. You can perform single pressure traverse calculations to study the variation of pressure, gas velocity, temperature etc. along the length of th e tubing. You can also perform a series of pressure traverse calculations and so form VFP curves. Complete flexibility is afforded in plotting these curves either as a family in a 2D graph or as a surface in a 3D graph. As well as creating VFP tables, VFPi can read in and plot cross-sections from ex isting tables. This facility enables you to make graphical comparisons between differen t VFP tables and between calculated curves and table cross-sections. Again the cross-s ections may be plotted in 2D or 3D. The 2D cross-sections can be graphically edited and the changes then applied to the VFP table itself. You may superimpose well IPRs on 2 D curves and cross-sections to provide an estimate of flow rates at a given set of conditions. VFPi offers you the choice of seven multi-phase flow correlations to calculate t

he pressure traverse: Overview Introduction 2-1

Aziz, Govier & Fogarasi Orkiszewski Hagedorn & Brown Beggs & Brill Mukherjee & Brill Gray Petalas & Aziz Different correlations may be used for different sections of tubing, enabling VF Pi to handle horizontal and undulating pipelines as well as vertical well bores and ri sers. The calculation can include the effects of gas lift, a down-hole pump, a gas com pressor and a surface choke. Further features of VFPi include an enthalpy equation to calculate the temperatu re variation of the fluid along the tubing, with the outlet temperature available a s a calculated quantity in VFP curves and VFP tables. There is also a facility to ma tch calculated pressures with measured data by tuning a family of fitting factors that alter the pressure gradients calculated by the multi-phase flow correlations. The current state of the data entered and generated within VFPi may be saved in a data keyword file. The data may then be retrieved and the VFPi session continued at another time. Figure 2.1 VFPi in action! 2-2 Overview Introduction

Features Data storage This facility allows you to save the current state of all data entered into VFPi to an external file using data keywords (see Appendix M). You may thus continue an interrupted VFPi session by loading this file back into the program. This file w ill also store any VFP tables currently held within the program. Note that only one data "snapshot" can be stored per file. The keyword file stores the positions of all the panels that you opened during a VFPi session. If you continue this session from this file, any panels opened which ha d previously been displayed are positioned where you last left them. Because the data is stored using ASCIIkeywords, the file is portable between all machines able to run VFPi. A keyword file named RECOVER.DAT is automatically created when VFPi periodically saves the current data state of your session. In the event of a program crash, V FPi may be restarted and your session continued from the last auto save point by loading the RECOVER.DATfile as a normal keyword file. Note that the RECOVER.DAT file is deleted when a VFPi session is ended normally. Data tree For VFPi to perform a pressure traverse calculation in a particular well or pipe line, the program requires information about the PVT properties of the flowing fluid, the tubing through which this fluid flows, and some control data such as the choice of mult i-phase flow correlation. Measured pressure data may also be available which can be used to tune the pressure traverse calculation. All this data is managed in the hierarch ical well data tree window and is grouped together as belonging to a particular well. VFPi is able to use data from more than one well within a single session of the program, with each well represented as a node connected to a root in the data tree window. Each well node may have up to four child nodes which represent Tubing, Fluid, Calculation Control and Measured Pressure data (if available). Double-click on a child node to open up the appropriate graphical module or panel to allow inspection or alteration of its data. Data for a well may be entered by hand or read in from a keyword file, thus maintaining compatibility with the batch VFP program and the fluid keyword data

generated by the GeoQuest PVTi program. As well as reading complete keyword data files, a file may also be scanned for keywords relevant only to a particular nod e type (tubing, black oil fluid or compositional fluid). All other keywords in this fil e will be ignored. If any appropriate keywords are found, this data then replaces that cur rently in VFPi. A use of this feature might be the storage of a pump performance keywor d in a separate file which can be read into Tubing nodes as and when the pump is requ ired. The data in each node may be reported to an external file either separately or o n a wellbywell basis. Overview Features 2-3

When performing pressure traverse calculations for a VFP table, VFP curve displa y, etc., the tubing, fluid, calculation control and measured pressure data are take n from the currently-selected nodes of the well hierarchy tree. Children from different wells may be selected and thus (for example) the effects of differing fluids flowing t hrough the same tubing can be quickly investigated. New wells can be created in the hie rarchy tree by copying some or all of the data from an existing well. This allows versi oning within VFPi. Each node has an associated right mouse button popup menu which allows copying, deleting, renaming, etc. Also a summary of the data can be displayed together wi th an area for the user to enter notes about the node. Node types are Tubing, Fluids, Calculation Control and Measured Pressures. Their respective functions and features in the tree are outlined below. Tubing The tubing string is defined by supplying true vertical depths, roughnesses and diameters at various lengths along the tubing. Both tubing and annular flow can be modelled, with the different flow geometries specified in different sections of the same tubing if necessary. The tubing trajectory, which may be vertical, deviated, hor izontal or undulating, can be plotted as a graph of true vertical depth against horizont al deviation. Any tubing devices currently specified (gas lift, pump, compressor, b ean, and local pressure drop) are shown on this plot. Gas lift can be modelled, with a single entry valve. You can specify whether or not the injected gas is allowed to dissolve in under-saturated oil in the well bore, for pressure traverse calculations in black oil mode. A pump can be located at a given position in the tubing. You must supply a pump performance table (pump head vs. flow rate) for each pump rating value; these tables may be inspected graphically. The pump cuts off when the volume fraction of gas exceeds a specified limit. A compressor can be located at a given position in a gas pipeline. You must supp ly a compressor performance table (compression ratio vs. flow rate) for each compressor power value; these tables may be inspected graphically. A bean, or surface choke, can be included in the tubing to regulate the flow rat e of the well. Two choke models are available in VFPi: the Gilbert model and the Sach deva

model. The Gilbert model assumes critical flow through the choke where upstream pressure is independent of the downstream pressure. The Sachdeva choke model is able to accommodate both critical and sub-critical two-phase flow through a restriction. Subcritical flow occurs for low flow rates or large choke diameters when the fluid velocity through the restriction is less than the sonic velocity and thus the upstream pr essure is dependent on the downstream pressure. See "Sachdeva Choke Model" on page O-1 for more information. A local pressure drop as a function of flow rate or mixture velocity can be incl uded at any number of locations down the tubing. Using data supplied in this section, the fluid temperature may be calculated in one of three ways: from a fixed fluid temperature-depth profile table from a linear fluid temperature-depth profile with a fixed inlet temperature and an outlet temperature taken from a temperature vs. flow rate table 2-4 Overview Features

from an enthalpy equation solved during the traverse which takes into account heat exchange with the surrounding environment and the Joule-Thomson effect. The fixed environmental temperature-depth profile must be supplied together with an overall heat transfer coefficient between the tubing fluid and this environment. The transfer coefficient may be entered directly as a function of tubing length, or it can be internally calculated from a casing and annulus tabl e or a series of concentric rings (of given thickness and thermal conductivity) which separate the fluid in the tubing from the surrounding environment. The casing table data may be plotted as an along-hole vs. across-hole schematic of the casing/annulus/rock. Black oil fluids When VFPi is in black oil mode, the fluid properties can be supplied as function s of pressure and temperature via input data tables, or they can be calculated from b uilt-in correlations. A third option is a table/correlation hybrid, wherein a single dat a table is provided for the pressure look-up, and the temperature dependence of the built-i n correlation is used to convert values from the table temperature to the fluid temperature. The built-in correlations for oil PVT properties can be tuned to ma tch data measured at bubble point, separator and reservoir conditions. In its black oil mode, VFPi is able to take account of oil drop-out and re-vapor ization of a condensate gas, if the appropriate wet gas PVT data are supplied. This calc ulation is analogous to the treatment of solution gas dissolved in oil, and follows the black oil model employed by ECLIPSE 100. The fluid properties from both tables and correlations may be examined graphical ly. In the case of oil and wet gas, plotting supervisor panels allow you to build up bo th saturated and undersaturated curves. The water-in-oil type emulsion viscosity may be calculated either using a flow weighted average of the individual oil and water viscosities or using the curves from the work of Woelflin. See "Black Oil Correlations" on page C-1 for more informat ion. Compositional fluids The bulk properties of the fluid can be obtained using a compositional treatment as an alternative to the black oil model. This compositional option is based on a cubi c equation of state calculation for the phase equilibrium of the wellstream fluid, with Peng-Robinson, Redlich-Kwong and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations implemented. Thus given the temperature, pressure, composition and overall flow of the fluid, the

phase densities, viscosities, volume flow rates and interphase surface tension c an be found. These hydrocarbon properties (together with those for water) are then pas sed into the existing multiphase flow correlations to find the pressure drop along t he tubing in a pressure traverse calculation. When VFPi is in compositional mode, the composition of the wellstream fluid is required for each pressure traverse calculation. You may enter directly a set of wellstream fluid compositions. Alternatively, you may perform one of three built -in depletion experiment simulations to estimate the likely reservoir phase composit ions as the reservoir depletes to its abandonment pressure. You may then form a set o f wellstream fluid compositions by picking likely wellstreams from a graphical dis play of the simulation results. A third alternative is to let VFPi determine the well stream composition from the depletion experiment simulation during the pressure travers e using the current BHP value. Overview Features 2-5

The component properties required for the compositional treatment of the fluid m ay either initially be entered manually, or read from keywords that are compatible with ECLIPSE 300 and the PVTi program. The data may be subsequently saved in a keyword file. Calculation control Seven multi-phase flow correlations are available to calculate the pressure trav erse: Aziz, Govier & Fogarasi Orkiszewski Hagedorn & Brown Beggs & Brill Mukherjee & Brill Gray Petalas & Aziz Different correlations may be used for different sections of tubing. The pressure gradients calculated using the multi-phase flow correlations may be altered using fitting factors in order to improve the predictions of VFPi. These factors may be altered manually, or calculated for a best fit to observed data using the Matching Pressure facility. VFPi is able to check for flow velocities that may lead to tubing erosion or exc eed the local sonic velocity of the two-phase fluid. VFPi may be instructed to ignore the acceleration pressure head during pressure traverse calculations. This is useful when preparing VFP tables for the ECLIPSE 200 Multi-segment Well Model, which calculates its own acceleration pressure loss to include the acceleration of fluid entering the well bore through the perforation s. Measured pressures This node allows you to specify a number of observed tubing pressures at particu lar tubing lengths together with the flowing conditions at the time of measurement. Calculations Units system VFPi is able to work in either field or metric units system. Detailed pressure traverse Individual pressure traverses may be examined in detail by plotting calculated v alues (pressure by default) at each step along the tubing against tubing length. You m ay

overlay plots within the graphical display and so, for example, examine how the pressure profile along the tubing is affected by changing the GOR value, or the roughness of the pipe wall, or selecting different multi-phase fluid flow correl ations for the traverse calculation. You may plot other traverse results apart from pressur e against tubing length, and so, for example, study fluid density and velocity pro files. 2-6 Overview Features

If the fluid temperature is calculated by solving an enthalpy equation during th e pressure traverse, this section allows you to compare the fluid temperature with the surrounding environment temperature along the length of the tubing. You may generate a formatted file containing the detailed output of a traverse, which is similar to a .DET file created by VFP. VFP curves Within this module you may graphically examine VFP curves which have been formed from a series of pressure traverse calculations or cross-sections taken from a V FP table. VFPi can hold multiple VFP tables, and so you can graphically compare flow performance between different tables as well as between table cross-sections and calculated curves. You may also estimate well rates by imposing one or more of e ither a linear IPR, Vogel s IPR or Fetkovich s IPR on calculated curves or table cross-sec tions of BHP vs. flow rate. A supervisor panel controls the calculation of a series of pressure traverses wh ich are plotted in the module main graph. By default, calculated BHP values are plotted against supplied flow values. However you can change this to, for example, calcu lated THP values plotted against supplied gas fraction values. Alternatively if VFPi i s calculating the fluid temperature by solving an enthalpy equation during the pre ssure traverse, you may plot outlet temperature in place of BHP or THP. You can also p lot a family of VFP curves and so, for example, examine how BHP vs. oil rate curves ar e affected by a range of GOR values at a given value of the THP and WOR. A linear IPR may be incorporated into the pressure traverse calculation so that BHP may be replaced by a reservoir pressure either as a supplied value in a curve formed fr om a series of bottom-to-top traverses, or as a calculated value in a curve formed fr om a series of top-to-bottom traverses. Another supervisor panel allows you to plot cross-sections from VFP tables which have been already read in, or calculated by VFPi. By default, tabular BHP values are plotted against tabular flow values. The same flexibility in plotting calculated VFP curves is available for plotting VFP table cross-sections. So, for example, you could examine how BHP vs. gas rate cross-sections are affected by a range of OGR value s at a given value of the THP and WGR in a gas production table. You are allowed to graphically alter the BHP values of a table cross-section and then apply these c

hanges back to the underlying VFP table. Up to five different graphs of calculated curves and/or table cross-sections can be independently generated and simultaneously displayed in separate areas of this graphical module. This feature further enhances the ability to analyse all aspec ts of generated curves and VFP tables. A family of VFP curves and/or table cross-sections may be viewed as a surface in a 3D viewer, which has extensive facilities for zooming, rotating and probing one or more 3D surfaces. VFP tables VFPi can internally store both production VFP tables and injection VFP tables, t ogether with any user notes written about them. These tables can originate from external files, or they may have been created in this current session, or they may have been loa ded from a previous session. VFP tables may be written to an external file as a data keyword in a format suitable for the ECLIPSE or VIP simulators. Overview Features 2-7

VFPi is able to extract multiple VFP tables from an external file by scanning fo r and interpreting the keywords VFPPROD and VFPINJ. All other data in the file is igno red. Production VFP tables can be checked for pairs of BHP vs. Flow curves with diffe rent THP values which cross (these curves having the same water fraction, gas fractio n and ALQ values). Such crossing curves will cause problems in ECLIPSE when wells operate in that region of the table. Production VFP tables may also be stabilized. This transformation replaces the unstable low flow section of any J shaped curves in the table with a horizontal li ne at the minimum BHP value from the lowest flow value to the flow value at the minimu m BHP. Please note that the unstable low flow region in VFP tables is physically r ealistic and this option should be used with caution as it will give misleading results f rom the ECLIPSE well model. VFP tables may be further altered by a facility to replace pressure values at 1.0 e10 (indicating choked, abandoned or failed traverses) with a value of your choice. VFP tables generated when the program is in compositional mode are suitable for use by the compositional ECLIPSE 300 simulator; they are not compatible with the ECLIPSE 100/200 black oil simulator. Matching pressures One of the main areas of uncertainty in pressure traverse calculations lies in t he multiphase flow correlations which supply the hydrostatic, friction loss and acceleration pressure gradients given the local flowing conditions. In an attempt to lessen this uncertainty when pressure data from flowing wells i s available, the pressure matching module allows you to perform a series of pressu re traverse calculations which automatically tune or regress "fitting factors" with in these multi-phase flow correlations to achieve a best fit to the set of supplied press ure measurements. Command language The command language allows VFPi to perform a series of tasks as dictated by a command script file entered by the user. During playback of this file, the progr am is effectively running in a batch mode; it expects and allows no user interaction. The anticipated role of this feature is to enable you to create multiple, large VFP tables. With VFPi running in its normal interactive mode, you would have to wait for the

completion of VFP table calculation before entering the data for the next table, etc. Using the command language, however, the data for all the tables could be set up in advance and VFPi may be left running the command script for as long as required. Help system The on-line help system is an integral part of the VFPi program. As well as expl aining the role and features of every major section in the program, it also provides a detailed description of the function of each individual panel. Throughout the help pages, appropriate links are provided to on-line versions of the technical appendices at the back of this manual, should you wish to examine a particular aspect of VFPi in more detail. 2-8 Overview Features

Contents and Index pages are provided to allow you to browse the features and functionality offered by VFPi without the need to open the appropriate panel or graphical module and click on the HELP button or menu item. Overview Features 2-9

Vertical flow performance tables Vertical flow performance tables are a means of presenting information on the relationship between the tubing head pressure and the bottom hole conditions of a well. This information is used by the ECLIPSE simulators to perform calculations involving tubing head pressure. The simulators interpolate these tables at the c urrent flowing conditions of the well. There are two types of vertical flow performance table: 1 Injector tables, which describe the performance of injection wells. These are tables of bottom hole pressure vs. injection rate vs. tubing head pressure. 2 Producer tables, which describe the performance of production wells. These are tables of bottom hole pressure vs. production rate vs. tubing head pressure vs. water fraction vs. gas fraction vs. artificial lift quantity. You must choose the values of these variables so that they cover the expected ra nge of conditions in the reservoir simulation. The ECLIPSE simulators will extrapolate the tables linearly if the conditions fall outside the span of the table, but this s hould be avoided as large extrapolations can produce unrealistic results. The spacing of the value points for each variable need not be constant. Obviously, the more value p oints there are, the greater will be the accuracy of the interpolation, but the size o f the table and the time required to calculate it will increase. In calculating a vertical flow performance table, VFPi determines the bottom hol e pressure for each combination of the flowing condition variables. In a producer table for example, if there are 8 flow rate values, 3 tubing head pressure values, 2 w ater fraction values, 4 gas fraction values and 2 artificial lift quantity values, th e number of bottom hole pressure values will total 83 2 4 2 = 384 .

When calculating pressure traverses, VFPi can operate in a black oil or a compos itional mode. When in its black oil mode, VFPi uses a black oil model to determine the f luid properties in the well bore. When in its compositional mode, VFPi uses an equati on of state-based calculation to determine the fluid properties of the wellstream, and the resultant VFP tables are intended for use in the compositional ECLIPSE 300 simul ator. Compositional VFP tables will not be accepted by the black oil ECLIPSE 100/200 simulator. (Black oil VFP tables, however, can be used by ECLIPSE 300.) VFP tables can be generated with a choice of flowing condition variables (flow r ate, water fraction and gas fraction). The choice depends on whether VFPi is in its b lack oil or compositional mode. The available options are: Flow rate Black oil: Surface flow rate of oil Surface flow rate of water (for injection wells) Surface flow rate of gas Surface flow rate of liquid (oil + water). 2-10 Overview VFP Tables

Compositional: Wet gas volume rate, that is the equivalent surface flow rate if all the hydrocarbon were an ideal gas Total molar rate. Note that a negative flow rate is interpreted as flow in the opposite direction to that expected given the current well type. Thus if the well has been designated a pro ducer, a negative flow rate would represent downhill flow. Water fraction Black oil: Surface water / oil ratio Surface water / liquid ratio Surface water / gas ratio Compositional: Surface water / wet gas ratio Water / total mole ratio Gas fraction Black oil: Surface gas-oil ratio Surface gas-liquid ratio Surface oil-gas ratio Compositional: Mean molecular weight of wellstream fluid Black oil mode When VFPi is running in black oil mode, the choice of variables (summarized in T able 2.1) enables the program to produce tables that are appropriate for oil wells or gas wells: Table 2.1 Choice of variables Oil or Liquid Gas Water Fraction water - oil ratio water cut water - gas ratio Gas Fraction gas - oil ratio gas - liquid ratio oil - gas ratio Compositional mode When VFPi is running in compositional mode, the restrictions are as follows. If the flow variable is wet gas volume rate, the water fraction must be the wate r to wet gas ratio. If the flow variable is total molar rate, the water fraction must be the water t

o total mole ratio. Overview VFP Tables 2-11

It is anticipated that the flow variable would normally be the wet gas volume ra te, with the total molar rate only used for wells which are likely to water out (that is wet gas rate tending to zero). In compositional mode the gas fraction variable is always the mean molecular weight of the wellstream fluid. This variable selects the fluid t o be used in the pressure traverse calculation from a table of wellstream composition s vs. mean molecular weight, or from the depletion experiment results table, depending on the selected wellstream generation method. The wellstream compositions table may either be supplied directly by the user or generated by VFPi from the results of a depletion experiment, which estimates the compositions of the reservoir phases ( from which the wellstream must be formed) during the pressure depletion of the reserv oir. Artificial lift quantity (ALQ) The artificial lift quantity is an extra variable in the producer tables designe d to account for the application of gas lift, a pump, or a gas compressor. If gas lift is app lied, then for black oil VFP tables this quantity can be the injection rate of lift gas, or the ratio of injected gas to liquid production, or the ratio of injected + produced gas to li quid production. For compositional VFP tables, the gas lift variable is restricted to the injection rate of lift gas. If you intend to run the ECLIPSE 200 Gas Lift Optimi zation facility, this expects the artificial lift quantity to be the injection rate of lift gas. If there is a pump or compressor, the artificial lift quantity refers to the pum p rating or compressor power. The quantity is only used to identify the required pump or compressor table in the input data; its value is not used in any formula or corr elation. If there is no artificial lift, the quantity can be ignored. By default it will be set to zero. For the 98A release of VFPi and beyond, the ALQ variable has been extended such that it may act as a fifth variable in a production VFP table in a way not related to artificial lift devices. In addition to its roles as discussed above, the ALQ variable has two other associations: The ALQ variable defined as the diameter of a choke or bean. This will allow ECLIPSE to use the same VFP table while varying the choke size, to model the effect of an inflow control device.

The ALQ variable defined as the surface density of oil or gas. Thus a single VFP table may now be constructed to cover a variety of either oil or gas surface densities. This facility can be used by ECLIPSE to enable wellbore and network pressure losses to vary with the oil API in API tracking runs and in situations where production from different PVT regions is commingled in a surface network. 2-12 Overview VFP Tables

Getting Started Chapter 3 VFPi can be run on all major UNIX/Motif workstations and PCs running Windows 95 or Windows NT. There is no requirement for additional hardware, although a graph ics accelerator card will improve the performance of VFPi s 3D visualization facilitie s. VFPi is installed in a default configuration which is suitable for running the p rogram immediately on the workstation console or PC screen. It is, however, possible fo r you to customize VFPi more specifically to your display requirements through the use of certain configuration files (see Appendix A). Starting VFPi VFPi can be started by typing @vfpiat the command prompt, or selecting the VFPi icon from the desktop. VFPi will display three windows. A ribbon window across the top of the screen which contains several primary leve l menu options giving you access to all the pressure traverse calculations availab le in VFPi. A Data Tree window on the left hand side of the screen that contains a hierarchi cal tree representing all the well data currently held in VFPi. Via this tree you ma y set up tubing descriptions, define the fluid properties, select the parameters which control the pressure traverse calculations and enter any measured pressure data for your system. A log window across the bottom of the screen which displays information on the current status of your session and any errors, warnings or messages that are deemed appropriate. Entering data into VFPi There are two ways to enter data into VFPi: Getting Started Starting VFPi 3-1

By hand. The major use of VFPi will be to produce VFP tables from input data describing the pipeline and the flowing fluid. The tutorials in subsequent pages of this manual show you how to enter this data. By reading a .DATA keyword file written from a previous VFPi session. To maintain backwards compatibility with the now-superseded batch VFP program, VFPi can also read a .DATA keyword file created for this program. Saving VFPi data VFPi saves its current data state to a .DATA keyword file. These keywords are ba sed on those used by the batch VFP program, but to accommodate the many new features in VFPi, both the structure of this file and the number of keyword types has cha nged considerably. We do not recommend that even experienced VFP users directly edit the keywords; please use VFPi to view and alter the data held in these files. The three types of information held in a .DATAkeyword file are: Input data, namely tubing descriptions, definitions of fluid properties, calcula tion control parameters and measured pressure data. Output data, namely any VFP tables created by VFPi, or read into the program. These tables may also be written as ECLIPSE readable data keywords in .VFP files . The positions of all panels opened in your VFPi session up to the point of savin g to this .DATA keyword file. So, if you continue the session using this file, any panels previously displayed are positioned where you last left them. 3-2 Getting Started Entering data into VFPi

Tutorials Chapter 4 Introduction The aim of this section is to guide you through most of the main functionality i n the VFPi program. These tutorials are primarily written to demonstrate the modelling and creation of VFP tables for inclusion into ECLIPSE reservoir simulation software, rather to show use of all of the available menu options. Some of the program options an d functionality will not be explored by the tutorials. The first tutorial demonstrates the most basic functionality of the VFPi program , with subsequent tutorials concentrating on increasingly complex areas of wellbore modelling available in VFPi. Precise instructions are provided for each step of the tutorial, whilst input data, graphical displays and output reports are reproduce d within this document where appropriate. Note These tutorials are not meant to teach you the intricacies of vertical flow performance modelling. They are intended to familiarize you with the facilities available within VFPi. Each tutorial is divided into a number of distinct sections intended to highligh t a specific aspect of the analysis process. To avoid repetition, later tutorials as sume familiarity with some of the procedures used in earlier tutorials, so it is stro ngly recommended that you work through them in the order they are presented. At all points in the tutorials, the on-line help system is available and provide s a detailed description of the contents and role of all panels and modules in VFPi. Note It is assumed that VFPi is running. Tutorials Introduction 4-1

Available Tutorials CPU Power Low Med High CPU Power Low Med High CPU Power Low Med High CPU Power Low Med High CPU Power Low Med High CPU Power Low Med High "Calculating a VFP table" on page 4-4. This tutorial demonstrates how to create a black oil production VFP table for in put as a data keyword into the ECLIPSE simulator. The minimal amount of data required for this calculation, namely the tubing geometry, fluid temperature profile, and oil, water and gas gravities will be entered by hand. "Flow performance along deviated tubing" on page 4-12. This tutorial demonstrates how to calculate the pressure losses along both verti cal and deviated tubing, using a different flow correlation in each tubing section. The use of artificial lift devices will then be introduced, with the effect on the p ressure vs. length profile of a down hole pump examined graphically. Finally, the flexibility of the data tree will be demonstrated by reading in a series of data files and using differing sets of tubing data to examine how tubing diameter affects a well s performance "Inflow Performance Relationships and 3D Visualization" on page 4-30. This tutorial demonstrates how to predict well flowing rates by first constructi ng a series of well performance or VFP curves and then superimposing Inflow Performance Relationships (IPRs) upon them. The tutorial then uses the 3D visualisation facilities in VFPi to examine how th e gas fraction can affect the performance of the well. "Matching measured pressure data" on page 4-37.

This tutorial demonstrates how VFPi can tune or regress fitting factors within t hese multi-phase flow correlations to achieve a best fit to a set of supplied pressur e measurements from the flowing well. "Manipulating VFP tables" on page 4-41. As well as calculating VFP tables, VFPi can also read in existing tables and dis play, for example, BHP vs. flow cross-sections from them. Once read in, VFPi offers a number of facilities to alter the BHP values held in a VFP table, including rese tting failed traverse pressure values, stabilizing the table, and editing the BHP valu es in a table by graphically altering tabular cross-sections. All of these facilities are demonstrated in this tutorial. "Compositional Fluids & Calculated Fluid Temperatures" on page 4-49. In this tutorial a compositional fluid model will be used in place of the black oil fluid model as employed in all the other tutorials. With VFPi working in its compositional mode, the VFP tables generated are suitable for use by the compositional ECLIPSE 300 simulator; they are not compatible with the ECLIPSE 100/200 simulators. This tutorial will also demonstrate how VFPi can calculate the temperature of th e flowing fluid by solving a heat balance equation between this fluid and an exter nal surrounding environment with a fixed temperature vs. length profile. All the preceding tutorials have relied on a user-supplied fixed temperature vs. length profile being imposed on the flowing fluid itself. 4-2 Tutorials Available Tutorials

CPU Power "Creating a VFP table to model choke pressure loss" on page 4-57 Low Med High This tutorial demonstrates how to create a VFP table whose purpose is to model the pressure loss across a bean or choke for a variety of flowing conditions. Su ch a table may be used in the ECLIPSE 200 Multi-Segment Well model whereby the effects of a variable choke at, say, the heel of a lateral may be modelled by as signing the pressure loss calculation for the appropriate segment to be taken from this VFP table. The choke will be placed in the middle of a short horizontal piece of smo oth tubing. This will ensure that the pressure losses will be dominated by the choke and not by the hydrostatic and frictional effects of the fluid flow through the tubing. This tutorial also shows how to set the bean/choke diameter as the ALQ variable in the VFP table. Tutorials Available Tutorials 4-3

Calculating a VFP table Introduction This tutorial demonstrates how to create a black oil production VFP table for in put as a data keyword into the ECLIPSE simulator. The minimal amount of data required f or this calculation, namely the tubing geometry, fluid temperature profile, and oil , water and gas gravities will be entered by hand. In this tutorial The stages of the tutorial are as follows. "Manual data entry" on page 4-4. "Saving data to disk" on page 4-8. "Calculating VFP curves" on page 4-8. "Calculating VFP tables" on page 4-10. Manual data entry In this section you will define the tubing through which the wellbore fluid flow s, the temperature vs. length profile of this fluid, and how its PVT properties are to be calculated. 1 Click with the right mouse button on the WELL node in the Data Tree panel. Select Rename Node from the drop down menu. Type WELL_W1 in the Well Node Naming panel. Click on OK. 2 Click with the right mouse button on the Tubing node for WELL_W1. Select Expand Node from the drop down menu. The Tubing module is displayed. 4-4 Tutorials Calculating a VFP table

3 Tubing: Element

Tube Data

Enter the data as shown in Table 4.1. It is not necessary to enter the roughness, tubing diameter or casing diameter for the second row as these values are unchanged along the tubing. Note A zero in the Casing diameter column and a non-zero value in the Tubing diameter column instructs VFPi that the fluid flow is through the tubing and thus has a circular cross-section. If a non-zero Casing diameter is supplied (larger than the tubing diameter) then VFPi assumes that there is annular flow between the casing and the tubing. Table 4.1 Tubing Section Data Length (ft) TVD (ft) Roughness (in.) Tubing dia. (in.) Casing dia. (in.) 0 -150 0.0006 4 0 10150 10000 Click on Apply & Plot. A plot, similar to that shown in Figure 4.1, is displayed in the Tubing module. Figure 4.1 Tubing module showing a simple, vertical length of tubing Tutorials Calculating a VFP table 4-5

4 Tubing: Element Temperature... This displays the Thermal Mode panel. Select Fixed Fluid Temperature Profile. Click on OK. Enter temperature versus length data into the panel displayed. Enter the data as shown in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Temp vs. Length panel Tubing Length (ft) Temperature (F) 0 100 10150 180 Click on OK. 5 Right-click on the Fluids node for WELL_W1 Select Expand Node from the pop-up menu. The default fluid type is black oil. 6 Black Oil Fluid: Properties Standard Conditions... The default standard conditions are: Standard Pressure = 14.7 psia Standard Temperature = 60 F. They are correct for this tutorial.

Click on OK. 4-6 Tutorials Calculating a VFP table

Black Oil Fluid Module: Properties

PVT Data....

Select the Oil Properties page of the folder Enter the gravity value as shown in Table 4.3 Table 4.3 Oil tab of PVT data panel Oil Properties Gas Properties Water Properties Oil Surface Density 50.02606 lb/ft^3 or Gravity 45 API Click on the Correlations radio button Select the Gas Properties page of the folder. Enter the gravity value as shown in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Gas tab of PVT data panel Oil Properties Gas Properties Water Properties Gas Surface Density 0.053452 lb/ft^3 or Specific Gravity 0.7 Click on the Correlations radio button Select the Water Properties page of the folder Enter the gravity value as shown in Table 4.5 Table 4.5 Water tab of PVT data panel Oil Properties Gas Properties Water Properties Water Surface Density 62.4 lb/ft^3 or Specific Gravity 1 Click on OK. VFPi will calculate the corresponding surface densities. For this tutorial, allow VFPi to use in-built correlations to calculate the PVT properties of oil, water and gas. 8 Black Oil Fluid: Properties Surface Tensions... For this tutorial, allow VFPi to use in-built correlations to calculate the surf ace tensions. Click on OK. 9 Right click on Calculation Control node for WELL_W1. Select Expand Node from the pop-up menu. This displays the Control Data panel. For this tutorial, the default multi-phase flow correlation is acceptable. Click on OK. Tutorials Calculating a VFP table 4-7

Saving data to disk At this point you have entered enough data to start performing pressure traverse calculations. However, before doing this, it is wise to save the tubing and flui d data to a file on disk. 1 VFPi: File Save As

Enter the filename TESTDATA.DATA Calculating VFP curves In this section you will calculate a series of VFP curves and plot them in a gra phical module. These curves are not part of a VFP table, but their visualization is an important validation step before calculating the table. They allow you to inspect the unst able region of the profile and also to check for discontinuities and other unreasonab le behavior. 1 VFPi: Calculations Show VFP Curves Calculated curve...

This displays the BHP vs. Flow panel. By default, VFPi uses the water to oil ratio (WOR) as the water fraction (WFr). Click on Change Variables. This displays the Set VFP Curve axes & flowing condition variables panel. Select WCT: water to liquid ratio from the Water Fraction variable drop down menu This changes the WFrto WCT. Note This panel gives you the flexibility to choose to plot, for example, the calculated pressure head against gas fraction (GFr) for a family of curves in water fraction (WFr). Click on OK. Enter the data as shown in Figure 4.2 into the Calculated: BHP vs. Flow panel. 4-8 Tutorials Calculating a VFP table

Figure 4.2 BHP vs. Flow panel Click on Plot 2D. A family of curves showing the variation of calculated BHP with Oil flow rate for a family of three THP values, similar to those shown in Figure 4.3, is displayed. These curves can be identified by their symbols in the Legend window of the VFP Curves module. Tutorials Calculating a VFP table 4-9

Figure 4.3 VFP Curves module showing BHP vs. Oil Discussion By plotting these curves before calculating the VFP table, you can ensure that t he table itself has enough values at low flow rates to model the shape accurately. This i s important because the negative gradient part of a curve at low rates is unstable and ECLIPSE will shut in a well which flows at these rates. At higher flow rates the curve becomes linear and can be represented by only a few points. Calculating VFP tables 1 VFPi: Calculations 4-10 Tutorials Calculating a VFP table VFP Tables...

This displays the VFP Table Supervisor panel. Click on Create to display the VFP Table Data panel. Enter the data as shown in Figure 4.4. Figure 4.4 VFP Table Data panel Click on Create. This creates a VFP Table which is held internally within VFPi and shown as a completed row in the main table of the VFP Table Supervisor panel. Close the VFP Table Data panel. Click on Write to File in the Supervisor panel. Enter the filename TESTDATA.VFP Click on OK This writes the VFP table as a VFPPROD data keyword to this file. Tutorials Calculating a VFP table 4-11

Flow performance along deviated tubing Introduction This tutorial demonstrates how to calculate the pressure losses along both verti cal and deviated tubing, using a different flow correlation in each tubing section. The use of artificial lift devices will then be introduced, with the effect on the pressure vs. length profile of a down-hole pump examined graphically. The flexibility of the data tr ee will then be demonstrated by reading in a series of data files and using differing se ts of tubing data, to examine how tubing diameter affects a well s performance. Finally, VFPi will be used to plot THP vs. Flow curves for a series of reservoir pressure values. In this tutorial "Loading an existing dataset" on page 4-12. "Adding a section of deviated tubing" on page 4-12. "Modelling ALQ devices" on page 4-14. "Displaying pressure vs. length profiles" on page 4-19. "Deleting well data" on page 4-21. "Merging multiple files" on page 4-21. "Analysing the effect of different tubing diameters" on page 4-22. "Reservoir Pressures in VFP Curve Formation" on page 4-27 Loading an existing dataset 1 VFPi: File Load Keyword File.

Load the file TESTDATA.DATA. VFPi then asks whether it should add to or replace the existing wells with the new wells. Click on Replace existing wells. This dataset was saved from the previous tutorial and contains information on a vertical extent of tubing together with oil, water and gas densities. Adding a section of deviated tubing This section shows how to add an extra piece of tubing to that currently defined in VFPi, alter the temperature profile and, most importantly, set which multi-phase flow correlation is to be used in this new deviated length of tubing 1 Right-click on the Tubing node for WELL_W1. Select Expand Node. 4-12 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

2 Tubing: Element

Tube Data

Click in the last row of data. Click on Ctrl-N twice or enlarge the window by dragging its bottom edge down with the mouse. VFPi inserts two new rows after the last row. Edit the data contained in the third and fourth row as shown in Table 4.6. Table 4.6 Tubing Section Data Length (ft) TVD (ft) Roughness (in.) Tubing dia. (in.) Casing dia. (in.) 0 -150 0.0006 4 0 10150 10000 15000 14500 20000 18750 Click on Apply & Plot VFPi should display a plot of the deviated well similar to Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5 Tubing module showing a deviated well Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-13

3 Tubing: Element

Temperature.

Select Fixed fluid temperature profile. Click on OK. Edit the second row in the Temp vs Length panel displayed as shown in Table 4.7. Table 4.7 Temp vs. Length panel Tubing Length (ft) Temperature (F) 0 100 20000 180 Click on OK. 4 Right-click on the Calculation Control node for WELL_W1. Select Expand Node. This displays the Control Data panel for WELL_W1. Click in the second row of the Multi-phase Flow Correlation column. From the drop-down menu, select Beggs & Brill. Note For non-vertical flow conditions, only the multi-phase flow correlations provided by Petalas & Aziz, Beggs & Brill or Mukherjee & Brill should be used. For more information, please look up Multiphase Flow Correlations in the on-line help. Enter 10150 in the second row of the Tubing Length column. This defines the length from which the flow correlation acts. The other values on the Control Data panel are correct for this tutorial. Click on OK. 5 VFPi: File Save As Enter WELL_W1.DATAas the filename. Modelling ALQ devices There are three artificial lift enhancements that can be modelled as part of the pipeline being studied: a pump and gas lift for oil wells, and a compressor for gas wells . You will now enter the basic data for each type of lift device. 1 Tubing: Element Artificial Lift....

Set Active Device to Pump. Click on Examine Pump. This displays the Pump Table SV (supervisor) panel. Enter a Tubing Length at Intake value of 12000 ft. Enter a Cut off Volume gas fraction of 0.5.

4-14 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Note The pump will switch off once this gas fraction is locally exceeded - this simulates the prevention of cavitation in the pumping system. Click on Add. This displays a new pump table. Enter the data as shown in Table 4.8. Table 4.8 Pump Table panel Rating 20 Volume Flow Rate (bbl/day) Pump Head (ft) 0 2000 500 1500 1000 1000 3000 500 5000 0 Click on OK. Apply and Close both the Pump Table SV and the ALQ Devices panels. VFPi can only model one pump in the tubing or pipeline, but its performance at different rating values can be modelled by adding a number of pump data tables with different rating values. These performance curves may be inspected graphically by clicking on Plot in the Pump Table SV panel. Tubing: Element Tube Data....

Click on Apply & Plot. The new pump should now be visible in the Tubing module, displayed as a small triangle. See Figure 4.6. Click on OK. Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-15

Figure 4.6 Tubing module showing a deviated well with a pump 3 Tubing: Element Artificial Lift....

Select Gas Lift as the Active Device. Click on Examine Gas Lift. Into the Gaslift parameters panel displayed, enter: Length down tubing of Gas injection: 2000ft Fraction of gas allowed to dissolve: 1 Note A gas dissolution fraction of 1.0 allows all the injected gas to dissolve in undersaturated oil above the injection point, subject to the oil s saturation limit. A value of 0.0 prevents any dissolution of the gas. Click on OK. Apply and Close the ALQ Devices panel. 4 Tubing: Element Tube Data.... Click on Apply & Plot. 4-16 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

The new gas lift injector should now be visible in the Tubing module, shown as a small cross. See Figure 4.7. Figure 4.7 Tubing module showing a deviated well with a gas lift injector Click on OK. 5 Tubing: Element Artificial Lift.... Select Compressor as the active device. Click on Examine Compressor. Enter a Tubing Length at Intake value of 1950 ft. Click on Add. Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-17

This displays a new compressor table in the Comp Table panel Enter the data shown in Table 4.9: Table 4.9 Comp Table 1 panel Power value 1 Gas Flow Rate (Mscf/day) 0 5 1000 2.5 1500 1.3 2000 1.15 Click on OK. Apply and Close both Comp Table SV and the ALQ Devices panels. VFPi can only model one compressor in the tubing or pipeline, but its performanc e at different powers can be modelled by adding a number of compressor data tables wi th different power values. These performance curves may be inspected graphically by clicking on Plot in the Comp Table SV panel. 6 Tubing: Element Tube Data...

Click on Apply & Plot. The new compressor should now be visible in the Tubing module, displayed as a small circle. See Figure 4.8. 4-18 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Figure 4.8 Tubing module showing a deviated well with a compressor Click on OK. Displaying pressure vs. length profiles You will now calculate and plot how the pressure varies along the tubing from a given THP value when the pump is first inactive and then active. 1 Tubing: Element Artificial Lift...

Select Pump as the active device. Click on Apply. 2 VFPi: Calculations Detailed Traverse... Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-19

Enter the following data into the Detailed Transverse Data panel: Flow: OIL 1000 stb/day Pres: THP 100 psia WFr: WOR 0 GFr: GOR 1 Mscf/stb ALQ: PUMP0 Traverse title: Pump Inactive Note Setting the ALQ: PUMP to 0 switches off the pump Click on Calculate. This should create a smooth pressure vs. length profile in the Detailed Traverse module Change the ALQ: PUMP field to 20 and enter Pump Active as the Traverse title. This is the rating of the pump table entered in the previous section and the pump is now activated. Click on Calculate. A second profile should be added to the Detailed Traverse module which should look similar to Figure 4.9. The effect of the pump at 12000 ft is clearly seen, with all pressures below thi s point, including the BHP, reduced in comparison to the traverse at the same flowing conditions but without the pump. Click on Close. 4-20 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Figure 4.9 Detailed Pressure Traverse module showing the effect of a pump on the pressure profile Deleting well data 1 Right mouse click on WELL_W1 node in the Data Tree window and select Delete Node. Click on Continue Deletion in the prompt panel This deletes the WELL_W1. Merging multiple files 2 VFPi: File Load Keyword File

Load WELL_W1.DATA. Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-21

3 Right-click on the WELL_W1 node in the data tree. Select Rename Node from the drop-down menu. Rename the node WELL_W1_4INCH. 4 VFPi: File Load Keyword File Load W1_3INCH.DATA. (The same as WELL_W1 but with a tubing diameter of 3 inches) Click on Add to existing wells. 5 Rename the node WELL_W1_3INCH. 6 VFPi: File Load Keyword File Load W1_5INCH.DATA. (The same as WELL_W1 but with a tubing diameter of 5 inches) Click on Add to existing wells. 7 Rename the node WELL_W1_5INCH. 8 Delete the Fluids, Calculation Control and Measured Pressures nodes for WELL_W1_3INCH and WELL_W1_5INCH by right mouse clicking and selecting Delete Node. Hint It is also possible to delete nodes by clicking with the right mouse button on the node and selecting Delete Node from the drop-down menu. At this stage, the Data Tree window should look similar to Figure 4.10. Figure 4.10 Data Tree window Analysing the effect of different tubing diameters 1 Click on the WELL_W1_4INCH node in the data tree. (This selects all the WELL_W1_4INCH data for use in calculations.) 2 VFPi: Calculations Show VFP Curves Calculated curve...

Enter the data as follows (Figure 4.11): 4-22 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Figure 4.11 BHP vs. Flow panel Click on Plot 2D. A plot of BHP vs. flow rate, similar to that shown in Figure 4.12, is displayed in the VFP Curves module. Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-23

Figure 4.12 VFP Curves module showing BHP versus flow rate 3 Click on the Tubing node for WELL_W1_3INCH in the data tree. This selects the tubing data from WELL_W1_3INCH for use in calculations. The Fluids, Calculation Control and Measured Pressures data from WELL_W1_4INCH are still selected. 4 Return to the BHP vs. Flow panel. Change the Curve Family Legend field to 3INCH. Click on Plot 2D. A plot of BHP vs flow rate at the new tubing diameter, similar to that shown in Figure 4.13, is displayed in the VFP Curves module. 4-24 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Figure 4.13 VFP Curves module showing BHP versus flow rate for 2 different tubin g diameters 5 Click on the Tubing node for WELL_W1_5INCH in the data tree. 6 Return to the BHP vs. Flow panel. Change the Curve Family Legend field to 5INCH. Click on Plot 2D. A plot of BHP vs flow rate at the new tubing diameter, similar to that shown in Figure 4.14, is displayed in the VFP Curves module. Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-25

Figure 4.14 VFP Curves module showing BHP versus flow rate for 3 different tubin g diameters Discussion Figure 4.14 shows how strongly the well s performance depends on the diameter of t he tubing, especially at high flow rates where friction effects play a large part i n the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the tubing. At lower flow rate s, an increasing difference between the oil and gas velocities (known as the fluid sli p) accounts for the BHP increasing as the flow decreases. This behaviour is also dependent on the diameter of the tubing and, as mentioned before, is important because the well will shut in if it tries to flow in this negative gradient unst able region. Using the Data Tree to store different tubing data or even all the wells in a pa rticular field, makes comparison studies of well performances easy. You may also copy ent ire wells (via a right mouse button menu option) and so version any changes made to the well (using the right mouse button Notes option to record these changes). 4-26 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Reservoir Pressures in VFP Curve Formation When displaying calculated VFP curves, the BHP variable may be replaced by a reservoir pressure. So, for example, THP may be plotted against flow rate for a series of reservoir pressure values. In this mode the calculation for the unknown THP i s split into two parts. First, for a given flow rate, a BHP is calculated from the given reservoir pressure using a linear Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR). Next, a bottom-to -top pressure traverse is performed from this BHP to determine the THP. To investigat e this facility follow the steps below: 1 Clear the VFP Curve Module by clicking on Remove Traverse Curves in the BHP vs. Flow panel. 2 Click on Change Variables, and in the created panel Change the Calculated Variable to THP Change the Pressure Mode to Work with ResP instead of BHP. The panel should now look as in Figure 4.15. Figure 4.15 Using reservoir pressures in place of BHP Click on OK. 3 Enter the data in the redrawn Calculated : THP vs. Flow panel as shown in Figu re 4.16. Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-27

Note Don t forget to supply a non-zero Productivity Index value for the linear IPR linking the BHP and reservoir pressure. Other forms of IPR are not currently available in this facility. Figure 4.16 THP vs.Flow panel

Click on Plot2D to create a VFP curve similar to that shown in Figure 4.17. This curve shows the effect of slip at low flow rates and friction at high flow rates as you have seen earlier in this chapter. However it is upsidedown compared to the more usual BHP vs. Flow VFP curve. Furthermore, for increasing flow values the BHP (used as the starting point in the bottom to top pressure traverse for the THP) is decreasing as demanded by the linear IPR for a constant reservoir pressure. To see this effect, try changing variables such tha t VFPi again works with BHP values (and not reservoir pressures) and then replot the VFP curve with the same parameters. 4-28 Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing

Figure 4.17 THP vs. Oil flow rate curves Tutorials Flow performance along deviated tubing 4-29

Inflow Performance Relationships and 3D Visualization Introduction This tutorial demonstrates how to predict well flowing rates by first constructi ng a series of well performance or VFP curves and then superimposing Inflow Performan ce Relationships (IPRs) upon them. The tutorial then uses the 3D visualization facilities in VFPi to examine how th e gas fraction can affect the well s performance. In this tutorial "Entering tubing data" on page 4-30. "Entering fluid data" on page 4-31. "Entering calculation control data" on page 4-31. "Calculating well flow rates" on page 4-32. "Plotting 3D VFP curves" on page 4-35. Entering tubing data 1 Rename WELL1 as WELL_W3. 2 Expand the Tubing node for WELL_W3. 3 Tubing: Element Tube Data Enter the data as shown in Table 4.10. Table 4.10 Tubing Section Data panel Length (ft) TVD (ft) Roughness (in.) Tubing dia. (in.) Casing dia. (in.) 0 0 0.0006 6 0 12000 12000 Click on OK. 4 Tubing: Element Temperature Select Fixed fluid temperature profile. Click on OK. 4-30 Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships

This displays the Temp vs. Length panel. Enter the data as shown in Table 4.11. Table 4.11 Temp vs. Length panel Tubing Length (ft) Temperature (F) 0 160 12000 230 Click on OK. Entering fluid data Expand the Fluid node for WELL_W3. Hint You may find it quicker to expand a node by double clicking on it rather th an selecting the expand option from the pop up menu. 2 Black Oil Fluid: File Read Fluid keywords from file...

Change the filter from .DATAto .PVO at the top of the panel and click on Filter. Choose the file named FLUIDS.PVO. This file was generated by GeoQuest s PVTi program and contains a number of keywords that, for VFPi s purposes, fully describe the black oil fluid. All the PVT properties and surface tension data is in tabular form: VFPi will automatically use these tables in preference to its built-in correlations. You c an view and edit this tabular data using the Examine family of buttons in the Properties PVT Data... and Properties Surface Tensions... panels. 3 Black Oil Fluid: File Exit.

Entering calculation control data Expand the Calculation Control node for WELL_W3. Change the Multi-phase Flow Correlation to Hagendorn & Brown. Hint It is possible to examine and edit the data, which controls the calculation of the length steps as the pressure traverse calculation proceeds along the tubing string. To do this click on Create Steps and Limits Panel. Accept the other default values by pressing clicking on OK. Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships 4-31

Calculating well flow rates A VFP curve relates how the BHP varies with a fluid s flow rate through the tubing for a particular THP. An Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) relates how the flow rate into the well varies with the difference between the reservoir pressure and the BHP. The intersection between these two gives the rate at which a well can flow. 2 VFPi: Calculations Show VFP Curves Calculated curve...

Enter the data as shown in Figure 4.18. Figure 4.18 BHP vs. Flow panel Click on Plot 2D. This should display a plot, similar to that shown in Figure 4.19. 4-32 Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships

Figure 4.19 VFP Curves module showing BHP vs. Oil for 3 different values of THP Click on Close. 3 VFP Curves: IPRs Linear IPR... Enter: Reservoir Pressure 750 psia Productivity Index 12 (stb/day)/psi Click on Add New IPR The data will appear as shown in Figure 4.20. Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships 4-33

Figure 4.20 Linear IPR panel This should display a plot similar to that in Figure 4.21. Figure 4.21 VFP Curves showing Flow vs. BHP The point where the IPR line intersects with a VFP curve indicates the calculated flow rate for the well at that THP. Numerical values for this intersection point are shown in the IPR-VFP Curve Intersections table. 4-34 Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships

Note If there is no crossing of the IPR and the VFP curves then at these conditi ons the well would not flow and a warning message is posted. Further IPR lines may be added to this plot by first defining the IPR s Reservoir Pressure and Productivity Index and then pressing Add New IPR. Each IPR will have an index associated with it as shown in the descriptive line for the IPR in the legend box of the VFP Curves Module. This index is also shown in the first column of the IPR-VFP Curve Intersections table. Using this index and the VFP Curve Legend column in the table, you can obtain the numerical intersection point of a particular IPR with a particular VFP curve. To avoid creating a graph that is confused by too many IPR lines, click on Replace Last IPR in place of Add New IPR. This will not increase the number of IPR s shown, but just alter the last one plotted. Click on Close. VFP Curves: IPRs Vogel's Method... A panel will be created that allows you to plot one or more IPR curves based on Vogel s equation. This was originally designed for a solution gas drive field for flow below the bubble point. Above the bubble point pressure VFPi uses a linear IPR. Click on Close. Note Only one type of IPR calculation can be displayed at any one time. 5 VFP Curves: IPRs Fetkovich's Method...

A panel will be created that allows you to plot one or more IPR curves based on Fetkovich s method. This IPR is a generalization of the back pressure equation for gas wells - it can also be used for oil wells. The range of recommended exponents is given in the on-line Help pages. 6 Close the VFP Curves Module. Plotting 3D VFP curves The 3D visualization facilities in VFPi enable you to better understand how the well performance is dependent on the well flowing conditions. You can also more easil y check for inconsistencies in both calculated VFP curves and those taken directly from a VFP table. VFPi: Calculations Show VFP Curves Calculated curve...

Click on Change Variables in the BHP vs. Flow panel displayed This displays the Set VFP Curve axes & flowing condition variables panel. Set the Family Variable to Gas Fraction. Set the Family Variable data from: to Min/Max range. Click on OK.

In the Calculated: BHP vs. Flow panel, enter the following data: Number of Primary Variable (OIL) values: 20 Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships 4-35

from a minimum: 100 stb/day to a maximum: 15000 stb/day Number of Family Variable (GOR) values: 10 from a minimum: 0.5 Mscf/stb to a maximum: 8 Mscf/stb Single Variable values: Pres: THP 400 psia WFr: WOR 0 Click on Plot3D. This should display a plot, similar to that shown in Figure 4.22. Figure 4.22 3D VFP Curve Viewer The surface shows that at low flow rates, increasing the GOR decreases the BHP. This is because the weight and thus the hydrostatic pressure head of the combined oil and gas mixture falls with the increasing fraction of gas present. At high flow rates, although the BHP initially decreases with increasing GOR, it increases again for the highest GORs. This is due to friction effects associa ted with the large fraction of gas moving at high velocity. 4-36 Tutorials Inflow Performance Relationships

Matching measured pressure data Introduction One of the main areas of uncertainty in pressure traverse calculations lies in t he multiphase flow correlations which supply the hydrostatic, friction loss and acceleration pressure gradients, given the local flowing conditions. These are mainly based o n semi-empirical fits to water/air flow along transparent, laboratory scale pipes. The uncertainties arise from applying these laboratory results to oilfield pipelines and wellbores. This tutorial demonstrates how VFPi can tune or regress fitting factors within t hese multi-phase flow correlations to achieve a best fit to a set of supplied pressur e measurements from the flowing well. In this tutorial "Entering pressure measurements" on page 4-37. "Matching pressure measurements" on page 4-38. Entering pressure measurements 1 VFPi: File Load Keyword file

Load the file MATCHED.DATA. Replace the existing wells. 2 Rename the node WELL_W1 as REALDATA. Tutorials Matching measured pressure data 4-37

3 Expand the Measured Pressure node for the well REALDATA. Click on Add. Enter the data for measurement 1 as shown in Table 4.12. Click on OK to accept it. Repeat for all 10 measurements Hint The last entered values will be remembered in the data panel, so only the oil flow rate and the tubing pressure (the shaded rows) need to be changed each time.. Table 4.12 Example pressure measurements Measurement Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Weight 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flow: OIL 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 4000 6000 Pres: THP 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Water Fraction (WFr) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gas Fraction (GFr) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Tubing Pressure 205 202 190 137 130 138 152 176 442 710 Tubing Length 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 Click on Apply and then on Close. Matching pressure measurements In this section the first three fitting factors will be used to try and fit the observed data specified above. A value of 1.0 means that the factor has no effect. The friction factor alters the component of the pressure gradient due to frictio n effects caused by the rough inner wall of the tubing. The hydrostatic factor alters the contribution of the weight of fluid to the pre ssure gradient. The slip factor adjusts the liquid/gas slippage as predicted by the flow correla tion; a value of zero corresponds to homogeneous, no-slip flow. 1 VFPi: Calculations Match Pressures...

VFPi displays the Match Control panel. This panel allow you select which of the five fitting factors are to be used in the regression calculation, their initial values, and the range over which VFPi is permitted to vary them in its effort to fit the given pressure data. 4-38 Tutorials Matching measured pressure data

Note The number of observations must be greater than or equal to the number of fit factors to be varied. So, if only four data points have been entered, at least o ne of the five fit factors would have to be fixed. More information concerning the Match Control panel and the fitting factors themselves can be found in the on-line Help. Enter the Variable/Fixed selection data as shown in Figure 4.23. Set the Hydrostatic, Slip, Gas Holdup and Mach Number factors to be fixed, with a value of 1 for each, minimum and maximum values of each to 0 and 10 respectively, and active status for each. Set the maximum number of iterations to 25, and the regression target r.m.s. value to 5 psia. Figure 4.23 Match Control Panel

Click on Start Match. VFPi will then perform a series of pressure traverses using the currently selected tubing, fluid and calculation control nodes. In each iteration it will loop over all the non-zero weighted observations and calculate the pressure given the supplied flowing conditions. The r.m.s. difference between all the calculated and measured pressures is then found and displayed. A regression technique is then used to vary the allowed fit factors to minimize this r.m.s. value over a number of iterations. The Friction fit factor value iterates to approximately 0.9, with a final r.m.s. error of around 6 psia. Given the uncertainties in tubing roughnesses, this is an acceptable result. Tutorials Matching measured pressure data 4-39

Note You may also manually set the value of the fit factors and check the r.m.s. difference between the observed and calculated pressures by clicking on Show Match for Current Fit Factors. Set the Value cell for Friction to 1. Set the Select cell for Friction to Fixed. 2 Set the Select cell for Hydrostatic to Variable. Set the minimum and maximum for Hydrostatic to 0.85 and 1.15 respectively. Click on Start Match. The model iterates the Hydrostatic fit factor to a value of approximately 0.89 with a final r.m.s. error of around 19 psia. This is a poor result if the fluid model is believed to be accurate. Note A hydrostatic fit factor which deviates far from unity indicates that the origin al fluid densities are wrong, or the multi-phase flow correlation has not made an accurate gas/oil slip calculation. In general you should be wary of fit factors differing greatly from unity. Set the Value cell for Hydrostatic to 1. Set the Select cell for Hydrostatic to Fixed. 3 Set the Select cell for Slip to Variable. Click on Start Match. The model iterates the Slip fit factor to a value of around 0.98 with a final r. m.s. error of around 19.4 psia. This would indicate that varying the slip factor on i ts own is insufficient to match this data. Set the Value cell for Slip to 1. 4 Set the Select cell for Friction to Variable. Click on Start Match. The model regresses the Friction fit factor to 0.895 and the Slip fit factor to 1.17 with a final r.m.s. error of around 1.7 psia. Click on Reset. Repeating the match Friction fit factor ror of around 0.3 psia. It improvements in the

with the rms target at 0.1 psia, the model regresses the to 0.9 and the Slip fit factor to 1.2 with a final r.m.s. er failed to reach the target and stopped because no further fit were expected.

Note Setting too tight a target on the r.m.s. difference between calculated and observed pressures is not advised, because of the inaccuracies in the flow correlations and the inherent uncertainty in the numerically calculated pressure. Inaccuracies can be in the order of several psia.

4-40 Tutorials Matching measured pressure data

Manipulating VFP tables Introduction As well as calculating VFP tables, VFPi can also read in existing tables and, fr om them, display BHP vs. flow cross-sections, for example. Once read in, VFPi offers a nu mber of facilities to alter the BHP values held in a VFP table, including resetting f ailed traverse pressure values, stabilizing the table, and editing the BHP values in i t by graphically altering tabular cross-sections. All of these facilities are demonst rated in this tutorial. In this tutorial "Reading an existing VFP table" on page 4-41. "Viewing and editing VFP table data" on page 4-41. "Stabilizing VFP table data" on page 4-45. "Saving the VFP table" on page 4-48. Reading an existing VFP table 1 VFPi: Calculations VFP Tables...

Click on Read from file. Read the file named TESTW4.VFP. Note The log window should show a series of messages, warning that some of the BHP values in this table are set at 1.0e10. This value is used to indicate that the flow was choked and the pressure traverse was terminated. Viewing and editing VFP table data 1 VFPi: Calculations Show VFP Curves Tabular curve...

Click on Plot 2D. The VFP Curves module should look similar to Figure 4.24. The two lowest THP curves contain BHPs at 1.0e10 at higher flow rates - these values are not plotted. Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables 4-41

Figure 4.24 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP Alternate Graph Windows 2 Double-click on the first alternate (small) graph window (shown in Figure 4.24.) This should swap the contents of the main graph window with that of the alternat e graph window, which is currently empty. 3 Return to the VFP Table Supervisor panel. Click on Change 1.0e10 pressure values. Enter 2000 psia as the value in the field Change pressure values from +1.0e10 to Click on OK 4-42 Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables

Note We recommend changing the 1.0e10 pressures to a value slightly above the maximum expected reservoir pressure. This should prevent the well conditions from entering the super-sonic flow region without having a drastic effect on the well behavior around the highest physically reasonable flow value points. Select Yes from the drop-down menu found in the Editable column. Click on Apply. You must apply the data in order to update VFPi. Click on Close. 4 Return to the BHP vs. Flow panel. Click on Plot 2D. The VFP Curves module should now look similar to Figure 4.25. Figure 4.25 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables 4-43

1 VFP Curves: Edit

Y edit

It is now possible to edit the points on the curves using the mouse. Drag down the nodes on the highest THP curve which form the bump in the middle of this curve. The word Edited is now shown in the Legend window next to the titles of each of the modified curves. The VFP Curves module should now look similar to Figure 4.26. Figure 4.26 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP You can undo any changes to the VFP table data by choosing VFP Curves: Edit Undo Graph Edit. To undo a change made to a different curve, first select that curve in the Legen d and then choose VFP Curves: Edit Undo Graph Edit. 4-44 Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables

2 VFP Curves: View

Zoom in

Zoom into the lower end of the curves by dragging a zoom box around the data of interest. 3 VFP Curves: Edit Apply

Click on Continue in the question box. This updates the VFP table held within VFPi. Stabilizing VFP table data In Figure 4.27, the unstable region of the VFP curves at low flow rates is clear ly seen at all THP values. Although this effect is physically realistic, users often find i t useful to run ECLIPSE with a VFP table in which there are no unstable curves. The facility in VFPi to stabilize table curves is demonstrated below. Figure 4.27 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables 4-45

1 VFPi: Calculations

VFP Tables...

Click on Stability Transform. This replaces the unstable low flow BHP values with a horizontal line from the lowest flow value up to the flow value at minimum BHP. Enter Stable as the Output Table Name. Click on Transform. The transformed data table will then appear in the VFP Table Supervisor. 2 Return to the BHP vs. Flow panel. Ensure that Stable is the selected table. Click on Plot 2D. The VFP Curves module should now look similar to Figure 4.28. 4-46 Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables

Figure 4.28 VFP curves module showing BHP vs. oil for 5 different values of THP Caution The stabilization option should be used with caution as it will give misleading results for the ECLIPSE well model at low flow rates. Note that the WVFPEXP keyword (see the ECLIPSE 100 reference manual) contains a switch that results in the simulator shutting in any wells that operate in the stabilized region at the end of the timestep. This prevents wells continuing to operate when physically they cannot. Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables 4-47

Saving the VFP table The changes that have been made are reflected in the VFP table held within VFPi but have not been saved to disk. As a general rule, please check that any manual edi ts are made consistently to all the curves in the table. 1 Return to the VFP Table Supervisor. Click on Write to File. Enter STABLE.VFP as the filename. 4-48 Tutorials Manipulating VFP tables

Compositional Fluids & Calculated Fluid Temperatures Introduction In this tutorial a compositional fluid model will be used, in place of the black oil fluid model used in all the tutorials to date. With VFPi working in its compositional mode, the VFP tables generated are suitable for use by the compositional ECLIPSE 300 simulator; they are not compatible with the ECLIPSE 100/200 simulators. This tutorial will also demonstrate how VFPi can calculate the temperature of th e flowing fluid by solving a heat balance equation between this fluid and an exter nal surrounding environment with a fixed temperature vs. length profile. Prior to th is, all the tutorials have relied on a user-supplied fixed temperature vs. length profil e being imposed on the flowing fluid itself. In this tutorial "Defining a fluid compositionally" on page 4-49. "Creating a compositional VFP Table" on page 4-51. "Thermal mode data" on page 4-52. "Examining temperature vs. length profiles" on page 4-55. Defining a fluid compositionally 1 VFPi: File Load Keyword file

Load the file TESTDATA.DATA. This file was created as part of the tutorial, "Calculating a VFP table" on page 4-4. Replace the existing wells. 2 Right click on the WELL_W1 node in the data tree. Select Copy Node from the drop-down menu. Name the copied well COMPOS. 3 Delete the fluid node from well COMPOS. 4 Right click on the well COMPOS. Select Add Fluid Node from the drop-down menu. Select Compositional as the fluid type. By default, all fluid nodes hold a black oil description. Only when a new node is added to a well is the choice of fluid description type offered. 5 Open this new fluid node. Tutorials

Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures 4-49

Note Note that the Compositional Fluid: Properties menu is quite different compared to the Black Oil Fluid: Properties menu, with options to define the Equation of State, the Component Properties, Wellstream Compositions, etc. For a full description of the compositional model as implemented by VFPi please refer to Appendix E & Appendix F. 6 Compositional Fluid: File Read Fluid keywords from file... (*.*) as shown in Figure 4.29.

Change the file filter to All Files Figure 4.29 The File Browser File Filter Choose the file named COMPOS.PVO. This file was generated by GeoQuest s of keywords that, for the purposes of fluid. These keywords are the same as ECLIPSE 300 simulator. 7 Compositional Fluid: Properties

PVTi program and contains a number VFPi, fully describe the compositional those read by the compositional Specify directly...

Wellstream...

VFPi will display a panel similar to that shown in Figure 4.30. Figure 4.30 Wellstream compositions panel 4-50 Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures

The wellstream is the mixture of components that flows along the pipeline. It is characterized by its mean molecular weight (MMW) which represents the distribution of the components present in terms of mole fractions. The file COMPOS.PVO contained the wellstream shown here, but VFPi can also estimate a range of wellstream fluids from the results of a pressure depletion experiment performed on the reservoir fluid about the wellbore. Please refer to Appendix F for a full description of this facility. Click on OK. 8 Compositional Fluid: File Exit No further work need be done on the fluid description. Creating a compositional VFP Table 1 VFPi: Calculations VFP Tables... This displays the VFP Table Supervisor panel. Click on Create to display the VFP Table Data panel. Enter the data as shown in Figure 4.31. Figure 4.31 VFP Table Data panel Click on Create Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures 4-51

This creates a VFP table which is held internally within VFPi and shown as a completed row in the main table of the VFP Table Supervisor panel. The flowing condition variables (except THP) for a compositional pressure traverse differ from those used in a black oil case. The default variables are: Flow: WGV refers to a Wet Gas Volume rate which is the equivalent surface rate that would occur if all the hydrocarbon were in the gas phase and the gas was ideal. Water fraction: WWR refers to a Water rate to Wet Gas Volume rate ratio. Gas fraction: MMW selects the flowing wellstream composition. As there is only one is this example, this value is defaulted. Click on Close. Click on Close. Thermal mode data To calculate the temperature of the flowing fluid, VFPi needs to know the therma l properties of the material that separates the flowing fluid from the surrounding environment. This surrounding environment has a fixed temperature profile. In th is section, one of the three ways of entering this thermal data will be demonstrate d. 1 Open the tubing node of the COMPOS well. 2 Tubing: Element Temperature...

Select Calculated fluid temperature profile. Click on OK. VFPi will display the Temperature Data panel. See Figure 4.32. 4-52 Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures

Figure 4.32 Temperature Data panel The fixed external temperature profile is shown in the table at the top of the panel. A choice is then presented of the three ways of entering the thermal properties data for the tubing string. Select Use casing and annulus thermal description from panel. Click Examine Heat Transfer Data. Enter the data as shown in Table 4.13. This table describes the extents and thermal conductivities of the metallic casings and their immediate annuli which collectively form the tubing. Table 4.13 COMPOS: Casing Table Description Start (ft) Stop (ft) Casing ID (in.) Casing OD (in.) Casing Cond (Btu/hr/F/ft) Ann Cond (Btu/hr/F/ft) Ann OD (in.) 0 8000 4 5 10 1 0 7000 7 7.5 10 1 7000 8000 7 7.5 10 1 12 0 7000 12 13 10 8000 10150 4 5 10 1 7 Click on Apply & Plot. A cross-section of the casing and annulus structure of the tubing is shown in Figure 4.33. This is useful in validating a complex data table. Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures 4-53

Figure 4.33 The Tubing module showing a casing cross-section Click on OK. At this point VFPi internally calculates an overall heat transfer coefficient vs. length profile along the tubing. This is used in subsequent pressure traverses when calculating the temperature. Note Only heat transfer by conduction is accounted for in this calculation. Click on OK in the Temperature Data panel. 3 Tubing: File Exit. 4-54 Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures

Examining temperature vs. length profiles VFPi: Calculations Detailed Traverse...

Enter the data as shown in Table 4.14. Table 4.14 Detailed Traverse Data panel Flowing Conditions: Flow: WGV 12000 Mscf/day Pres: THP 300 psia WFr: WWR 0 stb/Mscf GFr: MMW 51.07888 Inlet Temperature 180 F Note The inlet temperature of the fluid for a production well is defaulted to th e reservoir temperature at the bottom of the wellbore. Click on Items to Plot. On the Detailed Traverse View panel select the following: Plotting mode: Add to any existing curves Axes Orientation: Length plotted vertically Plot against Tubing Length Check only boxes against: Fluid Temperature External Temperature Click on OK. Click on Calculate. VFPi displays the fluid temperature profile and the fixed surrounding environment temperature profile. See Figure 4.34. Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures 4-55

Figure 4.34 Temperature profiles for both the fluid & the surrounding environmen t The difference between these two profiles depends on the overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and environment, the fluid rate and the specific heat capacity of the fluid (default values are used here). The pressure traverse was performed using the compositional fluid description. VFPi can also work in this thermal mode using a black oil fluid description. Click on Close. 4-56 Tutorials Compositional fluids & calculating fluid temperatures

Creating a VFP table to model choke pressure loss Introduction This tutorial demonstrates how to create a VFP table whose purpose is to model t he pressure loss across a bean or choke for a variety of flowing conditions. Such a table may be used in the ECLIPSE 200 Multi-Segment Well model whereby the effects of a variable choke at, say, the heel of a lateral may be modelled by assigning the p ressure loss calculation for the appropriate segment to be taken from this VFP table. Th e choke will be placed in the middle of a short horizontal piece of smooth tubing. This will ensure that the pressure losses will be dominated by the choke and not by the hydrostatic and frictional effects of the fluid flow through the tubing. This tu torial also shows how to set the bean/choke diameter as the ALQ variable in the VFP table. P lease refer to Appendix O while working through this tutorial as it gives details on t he Sachdeva choke model which is able to handle both critical and sub-critical flow through the bean. In this tutorial The stages of the tutorial are as follows. "Entering tubing data & selecting bean model" on page 4-57 "Entering fluid data" on page 4-59 "Calculating VFP tables" on page 4-61 "Entering calculation control" on page 4-60 "Viewing VFP tables" on page 4-62 Entering tubing data & selecting bean model In this section you will define the tubing through which the wellbore fluid flow s, the choke model which controls the pressure loss calculation for the bean, and the temperature vs. length profile. 1 Click with the right mouse button on the WELL1 node in the Data Tree panel. Select Rename Node from the drop-down menu. Type BEANSEGMENT in the Well Node Naming panel. 2 Double-click on Tubing node for Bean segment. The Tubing module is displayed.

Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke 4-57

3 Tubing: Element

Tube Data

Enter the data as shown in Table 4.15. Table 4.15 BEAN SEGMENT: Tubing Section Data Length (ft) TVD (ft) Roughness (in.) Tubing dia (in.) Casing dia (in.) 0 0 0.0006 4 0 1 0 It is not necessary to enter the roughness, tubing diameter or casing diameter for the second row as these values have not changed. Click on OK. 4 Tubing: Element Bean... This displays the Bean parameters panel. Choose the Sachdeva model by clicking on the corresponding page of the folder. Enter the bean parameters as shown in Figure 4.35 Click on OK. Figure 4.35 Bean parameters panel Note To select a model, ensure that it is displayed as the front page of the fol der when clicking OK or Apply. Do not forget to click the Bean is Active tick box. 4-58 Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke

Tubing: Element

Temperature...

This displays the Thermal Mode panel. Select Fixed Fluid Temperature Profile. Click on OK. Enter the temperature versus length data as shown in Table 4.16. Table 4.16 Temp vs. Length panel Tubing length (ft) Temperature (F) 0 60 1 60 Click on OK. Entering fluid data Double-click on the Fluids node for Bean segment. The default fluid type is black oil, so the Black Oil Fluid module is displayed.

Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke 4-59

2 Black Oil Fluid Module: Properties

PVT Data...

Select the Oil Properties page of the folder Enter the gravity value as shown in Table 4.17 Table 4.17 Oil tab of PVT data panel Oil Properties Gas Properties Water Properties Oil Surface Density 50.02606 lb/ft^3 or Gravity 45 API Click on the Correlations radio button Select the Gas Properties page of the folder. Enter the gravity value as shown in Table 4.18. Table 4.18 Gas tab of PVT data panel Oil Properties Gas Properties Water Properties Gas Surface Density 0.053452 lb/ft^3 or Specific Gravity 0.7 Click on the Correlations radio button Select the Water Properties page of the folder Enter the gravity value as shown in Table 4.19 Table 4.19 Water tab of PVT data panel Oil Properties Gas Properties Water Properties Water Surface Density 62.4 lb/ft^3 or Specific Gravity 1 Click on OK. VFPi will calculate the corresponding surface densities. Note The three pages of the folder have to be selected and filled in order to ha ve a complete set of parameters for the fluids properties. For this tutorial, allow VFPi to use in-built correlations to calculate the PVT properties of oil, water and gas Entering calculation control 1 Double-click on the Calculation Control node for the Bean segment. This displays the Control Data panel. Select Petalas & Aziz from the drop-down menu in the Multi-Phase Flow Correlation column. 4-60 Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke

Note The aim of this tutorial is to model a bean using the Sachdeva choke model. Therefore, the choice of multi-phase flow correlation is not important. Nevertheless, for non-vertical flow, only the correlations provided by Beggs & Brill, Mukherjee & Brill or Petalas &Aziz should be used. Click on OK. Calculating VFP tables 1 VFPi: Calculations VFP Tables

This displays the VFP Table Supervisor panel. Click on Create to display the VFP Table Data panel. This displays the VFP Table Data panel which, by default has is no ALQ column. To set the ALQ as a table variable:

Click on Change Variables. This displays the Set Flowing Condition Variables panel. From the Artificial lift variable drop-down menu, select Bean: diameter of bean or choke. Click on OK. On the VFP Table Data panel, enter the Table Name choke and the other table data as shown in Table 4.20. Table 4.20 VFP Table Data panel OIL (stb/day) THP (psia) WOR GOR (Mscf/stb) BEAN (64ths in) 100 200 0.5 2 8 300 350 16 500 500 24 700 650 32 900 40 1200 48 1500 56 2000 64 2500 Leave the Problem Reporting field on Summarise after table calculation Click on Create. This creates a VFP Table which is held internally within VFPi and shown as a completed row in the main table of the VFP Table Supervisor panel. Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke 4-61

A warning message is posted explaining that the BHP will not vary with THP if the flow through the bean is choked. This will cause problems with ECLIPSE if the VFP table is used in a conventional way (that is not in the Multi-segment well model). Click on OK. Another warning is posted explaining that the Sachdeva choke model has generated VFP curves that cross at high flow rate when plotted as a family in THP. The reason for this behaviour is described in Appendix O. Click Close Close Viewing on Remove crossing curves. the Table Data panel. the Table supervisor panel. VFP tables Show VFP Curves Tabular curve...

1 VFPi: Calculations

Enter the data as shown in Figure 4.36. 4-62 Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke

Figure 4.36 Tabular:BHP vs. Flow panel Click on Plot 2D. The curves displayed (Figure 4.37) show the behaviour of the flow through bean predicted by the Sachdeva model. Note that below a flow rate of 1500 stb/day, the choke is behaving sub-critically and thus the BHP is dependent on THP. Above this flow rate, the choke is critical and the curves merge with BHP independent of THP. Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke 4-63

Figure 4.37 VFP curves module Plot the BHP versus the Bean diameter. Click on one of the alternate graph windows above the main graph to move the main graph into it. Click on Change Variables. This displays the Set VFP Curve axes & flowing condition variables panel. Set the Primary Variable to Artificial Lift. Note The ALQ is set to the Bean diameter. In this case, the ALQ is not a proper Artificial Lift Quantity, but can be seen as a fifth variable in the flowing condition. Setting the primary variable to Artificial Lift means here that the Bean Diameter is the primary variable when plotting the BHP. Click on OK. 4-64 Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke

Verify that the data is as shown in Figure 4.38. Figure 4.38 BHP vs. ALQ panel Click on Plot 2D. This should display a plot similar to that shown in Figure 4.39. Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke 4-65

Figure 4.39 VFP curves module Decreasing the diameter of the bean leads to an increase in the BHP. At small values of diameter, the flow through the bean is choked and the BHP is independent of the THP. Please refer to "Sachdeva Choke Model" on page O-1 for more details about the prediction of the Sachdeva choke model. 4-66 Tutorials Creating VFP table to model pressure loss across a choke

Configuring VFPi Appendix A The Configuration File (CONFIG.ECL) is the primary method of passing configurati on data to the GeoQuest software programs. It may be used to configure several aspe cts of a system for use with VFPi for example printers, and also as a means of passi ng other key data, such as passwords. The master Configuration File is called CONFIG.ECL and resides in the ecl/macros directory. However, VFPi actually reads a file called ECL.CFG, so the program macros must copy the master Configuration File (CONFIG.ECL) into a file called ECL.CFG in the current directory. An error will be recorded if the configuration file is not present, and the program run may be terminated. On completion of the program run the program macro will delete the l ocal copy. The auxiliary configuration files (ECL.CFA and ECL.CFU) are optional, and if pre sent in the local directory will be processed in the same way as the main configurati on file. These files allow information that is run or user dependent to be passed to VFPi without having to alter the master configuration file. ECL.CFUis a user specific configuration file, and should be stored in the user s l ogin directory. If present in the users login directory, ECL.CFU will be copied, by t he macro, to the local working directory. Any entries in ECL.CFU will override those in EC L.CFG. ECL.CFAis a local auxiliary configuration file which resides in the users workin g directory. ECL.CFA will override ECL.CFU and ECL.CFG. The configuration file is divided into several sections, declared using the word SECTION, most of which will be specifically set for the type of installation req uired that is passwords, monitor types, paths to various files. However, some of the sectio ns allow the user to set the fonts etc. to their own preference. These sections are : FRAMEWORK, FRAMEDRAW, and DISPLAY. DISPLAY allows the menu fonts and panel colors to be more easily defined by the user. Previously it was necessary to do this by making entries in the .Xdefaults file for each user. Now the DISPLAY section allows different configuration settings for differ ent Xterms on the network. Individual users can now create their own color scheme an d text sizes by putting an ECL.CFU file in their home directory, which contains a

DISPLAYsection listing their preferences and working terminal. Configuring VFPi Configuration Files;Files:Configuration A-1

SECTION FRAMEWORK The following keywords, assigned by their subsections, are currently available i n FRAMEWORK: SUBSECT WIDGETFONT FONT Sets typeface for panels. STYLE Sets style used in panels. SIZE Panel character size. Hint If you are using a low resolution graphics card, some panels may be too large to fit on the screen using the default settings. Reducing the WIDGETFONT size will result in smaller panels. SUBSECT TEXTFONT FONT Sets typeface for Log Window. STYLE Sets style used in Log Window. SIZE Log Window character size. SECTION DISPLAY The following keywords, assigned by their subsections, are currently available i n DISPLAY: SUBSECT Insert DISPLAY variable for example sg-avs:0.0 FONTLIST -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-14-*-100-*-*-*-*-* FOREGROUND black BACKGROUND lightblue SECTION FRAMEDRAW The following keywords, assigned by their subsections, are currently available i n FRAMEDRAW: SUBSECT GS HWFONT Tick mark font HELVETICA TIMES SYSTEM FIXED DEFAULT: HELVETICA A-2 Configuring VFPi FRAMEWORK

SWFONT Axis titles font TYPE: Integer (0-18) DEFAULT: 0 HWFONTSIZE1 Hardware font 1 UNITS: Integer (6-30) DEFAULT: 12 HWFONTSIZE2 Hardware font 2 UNITS: Integer (6-30) DEFAULT: 12 SWFONTSIZE1 Software font 1 UNITS: Integer (6-30) DEFAULT: 12 SWFONTSIZE2 Software font 2 UNITS: Integer (6-30) DEFAULT: 12 SIZETOFIT Use software font if hardware font does not fit TRUE FALSE DEFAULT: FALSE SUBSECT VG SWCLIP Clipping flag TRUE FALSE DEFAULT: FALSE SWMASK Masking flag TRUE FALSE DEFAULT: FALSE HCPRESASP Keep aspect ratio on hard copy device TRUE FALSE

DEFAULT: FALSE Configuring VFPi FRAMEWORK A-3

A-4 A-4 Configuring VFPi FRAMEWORK

Calculating Pressure Traverse Appendix B Length step selection The pressure traverse is calculated in steps from one end of the tubing to the o ther. Apart from the initial step, the size of each length step is selected automatica lly to control the truncation error. The truncation error here is defined simply as the difference between the calculated pressure step and the pressure step obtained b y extrapolating the previous length step with a constant pressure gradient: . .L()i. E = .. ---------------------. .[EQ B.1] P(i 1 ) Pi. .L(i 1 ). where E is the truncation error, .Li is the size of the i th length step, and .Pi is the pressure increment over the i th length step. The truncation error control restricts the length step while the pressure gradie nt is changing rapidly, and allows it to expand when the gradient changes more slowly. A target value and an upper limit for the truncation error can be set in the Steps and Limits panel. A limit can be applied to the factor by which successive length st eps are allowed to increase. In addition, over-riding upper and lower limits for the len gth step size, and an upper limit for the pressure step, can be set. The length step size is also limited by the proximity of a tubing diameter chang e, a deviation angle change, a multi-phase flow correlation change, a pump or compres sor, a gas lift injection valve, and of course the end of the tubing. If the allowabl e step size is large enough to reach all the way to one of these points, it will do so. If i t can reach over half the way, but not all the way, then the step size will be chosen to rea ch half the

way there. Calculating Pressure Traverse Length step selection B-1

The limiting constraint for each length step is indicated in the pressure traver se information printed on the detailed output file, in the following form: INIT -length set by the required initial length step size TTRG -length set by the target truncation error MXLS -length limited by the maximum length step size MXTR -length limited by the maximum truncation error MXPR - length limited by the maximum pressure step IFAC -length limited by the maximum increase factor CONV -length reduced as previous attempt did not converge DIAM - step ends at a change in diameter GRAD - step ends at a change in depth gradient CORL - step ends at a change in flow correlation GLFT - step ends at the gas lift injection valve PUMP - step ends at the pump COMP - step ends at the compressor BEAN - step ends at the bean DELP - step ends at a local pressure drop facility END - step ends at the top or bottom of the tubing HALF - step goes half way to one of these points B-2 Calculating Pressure Traverse Length step selection

The pressure gradient calculation The pressure increment (.P psi) over each length step is the sum of the hydrosta tic head, the friction head and the acceleration head, .P = .Ph + .Pf + .P [EQ B.2] a The hydrostatic head The hydrostatic head (.Ph psi) depends on the local density of the flowing mixtu re: g .Ph = F2 ------------------- DEN DSTEP [EQ B.3] m 144 g c where F2 is one of the fitting factors which can be set in the Control Data panel g is the gravitational acceleration (32.2 ft/sec2) gc is the conversion factor 32.2 lbm-ft/lbf-sec2 DENm is the density of the flowing mixture (lbm/ft3) DSTEP is the depth increment over the length step (ft). The mixture density depends on the local densities of the phases and the gas vol ume fraction: DEN = H DEN + (1 H ) DEN l [EQ B.4] mgg g where Hg is the gas volume fraction DENg is the gas phase density (lbm/ft3) DENl is the liquid phase density (lbm/ft3). The gas volume fraction is determined from the multi-phase flow correlations. In the

simple case of homogeneous flow, where the gas and liquid flow with the same velocity (as in the mist flow regime), the gas volume fraction is given by: q g H = -----------------[EQ B.5] g ql + qg where ql is the local volumetric flow rate of liquid (ft/sec) qg is the local volumetric flow rate of gas (ft/sec). But in general there is slippage between the gas and liquid phases. The slip vel ocity depends on the properties and flow rates of the phases, and the multi-phase flow correlations take these factors into account when computing the gas volume fract ion. Calculating Pressure Traverse Pressure gradient calculation B-3

The oil and water phases are treated as a combined liquid phase. With the except ion of viscosity, the properties of the liquid phase are calculated as flow-weighted av erages of the corresponding properties of the oil and water phases. For example the liquid density is calculated as: q DEN + q DEN o ow w DEN l = -----------------------------------------------------------[EQ B.6] q+ q ow The friction head The friction head is given by: dPf = -------- LSTEP [EQ B.7] .Pf F1 dL where F1 is a fitting factor which can be set in the Control Data panel dPf / dL is the friction pressure loss per unit length of tubing LSTEP is the size of the length step. The pressure loss gradientdPf / dL is determined from the multi-phase flow correlations. The gradient is set negative if the well is an injector, to allow for the flow being in the opposite direction to the flow in producers. Acceleration pressure loss & choking The acceleration head is given by: DEN V .V mm m .P = a ---------------------------------------------[EQ B.8]

144 g c where V is the flow velocity of the mixture m .V is the change in the mixture flow velocity over the length step. m Instead of calculating this term directly, we follow the method used by Orkiszew ski. Assuming the acceleration head is significant only in the mist flow regime or in singlephase gas flow, the gas law can be used to express the quantity as: DEN V .VW q.P mmm mg ---------------------------------------------= -----[EQ B.9] 144 g2 c 144 g A P c where W is the mass flow rate of the mixture m B-4 Calculating Pressure Traverse Pressure gradient calculation ---------------------------------

A2 is the square of the cross-sectional area of the tubing or annulus. The total pressure loss is therefore given by: .Ph + .Pf.P = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------[EQ B.10] 1 (W q)/(144 g A2 P) mg c If the denominator is zero or negative the flow is choked. If this happens, the calculation is abandoned and a warning message is written. When the Orkiszewski correlation or the correlation of Aziz, Govier & Fogarasi i s used, the acceleration pressure loss is calculated only in single-phase gas flow or in the mist flow regime. With the correlation of Hagedorn & Brown, it is calculated in singlephase gas flow or if mist flow is predicted by Orkiszewski s flow regime map. With the correlation of Beggs & Brill, it is calculated in all flow regimes, but in gener al it can only be significant in high-velocity flow with a substantial gas fraction. With Gray's correlation, which is designed for gas condensate wells, the acceleration pressu re loss is calculated in the single phase gas flow regime and the two phase flow regime. The acceleration pressure loss causes the flow to become choked when the mixture velocity reaches the isothermal speed of sound in an ideal gas. This limitation, however, is not strict enough when considering a two-phase mixture. Firstly, the acceleration pressure loss is only applied in a limited number of flow regimes, and secondly, the speed of sound in a two-phase mixture can be substantially less th an that in single-phase gas. Use of the Sonic Checking option in the Control Data panel imposes an additional check to ensure that the local mixture velocity does not e xceed the local speed of sound in the mixture. This is advisable when dealing with ver y high flow velocities. A switch in the Calculation Control panel may be used to instruct VFPi to ignore the acceleration pressure head during pressure traverse calculations. This is useful when preparing VFP tables for the ECLIPSE 200 Multi-segment Well Model, which calcula tes its own acceleration pressure loss to include the acceleration of fluid entering

the well bore through the perforations. Calculating the local pressure The pressure gradient over the length step depends on the local fluid properties , which in turn depend on the pressure. The pressure within each length step is set equa l to the average of the pressures at the beginning and the end of the step. Of course, th e pressure at the end of the length step is itself dependent on the pressure gradi ent. The pressure gradient is therefore calculated iteratively within each length step. A n initial guess for the pressure at the end of the length step is provided by extrapolatin g the pressure gradient of the previous length step. The calculation for.P is repeated until the change in its value over an iteration is less than the convergence error tol erance. The convergence error tolerance, and the maximum number of iterations within a length step, can be set in the Steps and Limits panel. If the pressure fails to converge within the prescribed number of iterations, the calculation is repeated with a r educed length step size. Calculating Pressure Traverse Pressure gradient calculation B-5

Artificial lift The pressure traverse in the well bore is altered by the application of artifici al lift. If gas lift is used, the injected lift gas is included in the total gas flow rate downs tream of the injection valve. If the pressure at the injection valve is above the bubble poin t of the oil in the well bore, it is conceivable that at least some of the injected lift gas will dissolve in the oil to increase its degree of saturation. The user can perform sensitivit y studies on this phenomenon by specifying the fraction of the injected lift gas that can dissolve in under-saturated oil. If a pump is present, a single pressure increment is applied at the pump locatio n. The pressure increment is calculated from the pump performance tables provided in th e input data. These tables relate the pump head (in feet or meters) to the volumet ric flow rate of fluid through the pump. If the volume fraction of gas within the pump ex ceeds a certain level, the pump rapidly loses efficiency. The user can specify a cut-o ff value for the gas volume fraction in the pump, above which the pump does not operate. A gas compressor can be included in a pipeline where there is single-phase gas f low. The pressure increment is calculated from the compressor tables provided in the input data. These tables relate the compression ratio (outlet pressure / intake pressu re) to the gas flow rate in the pipeline at standard surface conditions. B-6 Calculating Pressure Traverse Artificial lift

The multi-phase flow correlations There is a choice of seven standard multi-phase flow correlations: 1 The correlation of Aziz, Govier & Fogarasi Pressure Drop in Wells Producing Oil and Gas , J. Cdn. Pet. Tech., July-Sept. 1972, pp 38 - 48. 2 The correlation of Orkiszewski Predicting Two-Phase Pressure Drops in Vertical Pipe , J. Pet. Tech., June 1967, pp 829 - 838. 3 The correlation of Hagedorn & Brown Experimental Study of Pressure Gradients Occurring During Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Small Diameter vertical Conduits , J. Pet. Tech., April 1965, pp 475 - 484. This is in fact the modified version, as described by Brown & Beggs The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods , Vol. 1, PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, 1977. 4 The correlation of Beggs & Brill A Study of Two-Phase Flow in Inclined Pipes , J. Pet. Tech., May 1973, pp 607 -617. This is also the revised version, as described by Brown and Beggs, with linear f low regime boundaries on a logarithmic scale. 5 The correlation of Mukherjee & Brill Empirical Equations to Predict Flow Patterns in Two-Phase Inclined Flow , Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 299-315, 1985. This correlation is based on experimental data on inclined, horizontal and verti cal pipelines. 6 The correlation of Gray "Vertical Flow Correlation in Gas Wells", User manual for API 14B, Subsurface Controlled Safety Valve Sizing Computer Program, Appendix B, January 1978 (2nd edition). This correlation is designed for gas-condensate wells and does not split the two phase flow into regimes. 7 The correlation of Petalas & Aziz

A Mechanistic Model for Stabilized Multiphase Flow in Pipes , August, 1997, Petroleum Engineering Department, Stanford University. This correlation can be used for calculating two-phase flow pressure loss for bo th uphill and downhill flow, and for all pipe geometries. The model has been validated against a database of both laboratory and field measurements. Calculating Pressure Traverse The multi-phase flow correlations B-7

Different correlations may be used in different sections of the tubing. Thus for example in a vertical well bore connected to a horizontal flow line, the correlation of Beggs and Brill can be used for the horizontal section and the correlation of Orkiszewski (say) can be used for the vertical section. The Petalas and Aziz correlation is recommende d for near-horizontal sections of pipe; the other correlations (except Beggs & Brill a nd Mukherjee & Brill) are strictly for vertically upward flow. B-8 Calculating Pressure Traverse The multi-phase flow correlations

Black Oil Correlations Appendix C Introduction The fluid properties vary with the temperature and pressure in the tubing. In ea ch length step, the temperature is either interpolated from tabular input data or t aken as the latest iterate from a solved enthalpy balance equation (see Appendix G); the pressure is taken as the latest iterate of the average pressure in the length st ep. The fluid properties can be determined from the local conditions in the tubing i n either of two ways. The user can supply the properties in tabular form in the input dat a, or the properties can be calculated by the program from built-in correlations. It i s possible to mix these two options, by supplying tables for some properties and leaving th e remaining properties to be calculated from the correlations. The built-in correlations for the oil PVT properties can be tuned to fit data me asured at bubble point conditions, separator or tubing head conditions, and under-saturate d reservoir conditions. The tuning is performed with the aid of 7 tuning factors F O1, FO2,...., FO7. These are initially all set to 1.0, but will be selectively re-se t to match any data entered in the Oil PVT Correlation Tuning panel. See the Appendix D for a description of how these factors are calculated. The built-in fluid property correlations are described below. Black Oil Correlations Introduction C-1

Oil formation volume factor & solution gas-oil ratio The solution gas-oil ratio of saturated oil (Rssat scf/stb) is calculated from S tanding s correlation: (10.83/ ) (0.0125API 10 PR= SPG [EQ C.1] ssat g 18 FO 1 where: SPGg is the gas specific gravity (relative to air) P is the pressure in psia API is the oil gravity in API T is the temperature in F FO1 is a property tuning factor (see above). The API gravity of oil is related to its specific gravity relative to water ( SP G ) by: o 141.5 API = ------------- 131.5 [EQ C.2] SPG o If the oil is saturated (producing GOR > Rssat), the formation volume factor (FV Fo rbl/stb) is calculated from the relation given by Frick: 1.175 FVF = 0.972 FO 2 + 0.000147 FO 3 F [EQ C.3] o where FO2 and FO3 are property tuning factors, and: . SPG . 0.5 F = R. -------------g .

0.00091T )

+ 1.25 T [EQ C.4] ssat . SPG o If the oil is under-saturated (producing GOR < Rssat), the bubble-point pressure (PBUB) is first calculated as: . 0.83 . GOR (0.00091 T PBUB = 18 FO1 . -------------. 10 [EQ C.5] . SPG g where: GOR is the producing gas-oil ratio in scf/stb. The formation volume factor is obtained from a compressibility relationship: FVF = FVFobexp [C(PBUB [EQ C.6] oo FVFob is the formation volume factor of saturated oil at the pressure PBUB. The oil compressibility Co is obtained from the correlation of Vazquez & Beggs: 1433 + 5 GOR + 17.2 T (1180 SPGS g) + 12.61 API C = FO4------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[EQ C.7] o 5 10 P C-2 Black Oil Correlations P)]

0.0125API )

Oil FVF & Solution GOR

where: FO4 is a property tuning factor. SPGSg is the gas gravity that would result from a separator at 100 psig. Vazquez & Beggs provide a correction for other values of the separator pressure (PSEP psia): SPGS g = SPG g 15.912 + 10 5SPG o TSEP PSEP 114.7 ---------. . . log [EQ C.8] where: TSEP is the separator temperature in F. VFPi applies this equation with PSEP and TSEP at standard surface conditions. Black Oil Correlations Oil FVF & Solution GOR C-3

Oil viscosity The viscosity of saturated oil (in cP) is obtained from the correlation of Beggs & Robinson, as reported by Brown & Beggs. The viscosity of dead (gas-free) oil is first determined from the equation: x VISCod = 10 where: y 1.163 x= 10 Ty= 3.0324 0.02023API 1 [EQ C.9]

This is transformed into the saturated oil viscosity (VISCo) by: (FO6 B) VISC = A FO5 VISC od [EQ C.10] o where: FO5 and FO6 are property tuning factors, and ) 0.515 A= 10.715 (R + 100 s ) 0.338 B= 5.44 (R + 150 s If the oil is under-saturated, the viscosity of oil at the bubble point pressure (VISCob) is calculated as given above, and then transformed using Standing s fit to Beal s curve for under-saturated oil: VISC = VISCob + XP PBUB ) [EQ C.11] ( o

where: )1.6 )0.56 [2.4 VISC ob + 3.8 VISC ob ] (( X= FO7----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 10 FO7 is a property tuning factor. Internally, the viscosity is required in units of lbm/ft-sec. The viscosity in c P is transformed into these units by dividing by 1488. C-4 Black Oil Correlations Oil viscosity

Gas formation volume factor The built-in correlations relate to the properties of dry gas. The program can t ake account of oil drop-out and re-vaporization in gas condensate wells, but the PVT properties of wet gas must be supplied in the input data tables. The gas formation volume factor (FVFg rcf/scf) is related to the Z-factor by: P surf TRwell FVF = Z----------------------------------[EQ C.12] P g well TRsurf where: TR represents the temperature in degrees R (= T F + 460), and the subscripts well and surf relate to the local well bore conditions and standard surface conditions respectively. The Z-factor is calculated from the Hall-Yarborough correlation, as reported by Dake: 0.06125 P r Z= t exp [ 1.2 (1 [EQ C.13] y y is the reduced density relationship: . 234 . yy+ y + y 0.06125 Pt exp [ 1.2 (1 t)2 ] + . --------------------------------------. [EQ C.14] r . which is calculated by Newton iteration from the t)2 ]

(1 2 3 2

y)3 .

(14.76 t 9.76 t+ 4.58 t)y 23 (2.18 + 2.82 t) + (90.7 t 242.2 t+ 42.4 t)y =0 where Pr is the pseudo reduced pressure , P / Pcrit, and t is the reciprocal pseudo reduced temperature , TRcrit / TR.

The values of the critical pressure and temperature are obtained from Katz s curve s for miscellaneous or California gases, as reported by Standing: P= 677 + 15 SPG 37.5 (SPG )2 [EQ C.15] crit gg T= 168 + 325 SPG 12.5 (SPG )2 [EQ C.16] crit gg Black Oil Correlations Gas formation volume factor C-5

Gas viscosity The gas viscosity (VISCg cP) is calculated from the correlation of Lee et al., VISC g = 0.0001 K exp {x(DLG )y} [EQ C.17] where DLG is the local density of the gas in g/cm3, and )1.5 (9.4 + 0.02 M)(TR K = -----------------------------------------------------209+ 19 M + TR 986 x = 3.5 + ---------+ 0.01 M TR y = 2.4 0.2 x

M is the molecular weight of the gas, which is calculated from the gas gravity: M = 28.966 SPGg The viscosity is transformed internally into units of lbm/ft-sec by dividing by 1488. C-6 Black Oil Correlations Gas viscosity

Water formation volume factor The water formation volume factor (FVFw rb/stb) is calculated by assuming a compressibility of3x10 6 psi-1, and fitting thermal expansion coefficients to match approximately the temperature dependence curves given by Frick for pure water, 4 72 6 FVF = (11.25x10 + DT + 9.88x10 DT)(13x10 DP) w where: [EQ C.18] DT = T - Tsurf in F and DP = P - Psurf in psi. Black Oil Correlations Water formation volume factor C-7

Water viscosity The water viscosity (VISCw cP) is calculated from Beal s correlation as reported b y Brown & Beggs: VISC = exp 1.003 T + 1.982x10 5T2] [EQ C.19] [ w The viscosity is transformed internally into units of lbm/ft-sec by dividing by 1488. C-8 Black Oil Correlations Water viscosity 0.01479

Oil-gas interfacial tension The oil-gas interfacial tension (STog dyne/cm) is calculated from the results gi ven by Katz et al., 4 DLO DLG

PARA ----------------------------ST = [EQ C.20] og M DLO and DLG represent the local densities of oil and gas in g/cm3. PARA is the parachor and M is the molecular weight which are set equal to the values 567 and 213 respectively that are given by Kat z for crude oil. The interfacial tension is transformed internally into units of lbm/sec2 by divi ding by 453.5. Black Oil Correlations Oil-gas interfacial tension C-9

Water-gas interfacial tension The water-gas interfacial tension (STwg dyne/cm) is obtained from a fit to the w ater-air data provided by Kaye & Laby: 3 62 STwg = 72.75 1 [EQ C.21] ( where DT = T - Tsurf in F The interfacial tension is transformed internally into units of lbm/sec2 by divi ding by 453.5. C-10 Black Oil Correlations Water-gas interfacial tension 1.171x10 DT + 1.121x10 DT)

Local volumetric flow rates The oil and gas production rates (Qo stb/day and Qg scf/day) are first transform ed into the flow rates of free oil and free gas (Qfo and Qfg) using the local value of the dissolved gas-oil ratio (Rs) and, for wet gas, the local value of the vaporized oil-gas ratio (Rv). There are three possible cases: If GOR = R, and there is no un-dissolved gas-lift gas, then all the gas is ssat dissolved in the oil Qfg = 0 Qfo = Qo If in gas-condensate wells OGR = R, then all the oil is vaporized in the gas vsat Qfg = Qg Qfo = 0 Otherwise, there is free oil and free gas present = (Q R Q)/(1 R R ) Qfg g so sv = (Q R Q)/(1 R R ) Qfo ovg sv The local volumetric flow rates of the phases (in ft3/sec) are then obtained: q= 6.498x10 5QfoFVF [EQ C.22] oo 5 q= 6.498x10 QFVF [EQ C.23] w ww 5 q= 1.157x10 QfgFVF [EQ C.24] gg

Black Oil Correlations Local volumetric flow rates C-11

Local phase densities The local phase densities are (DEN + R DEN ) os s gs DEN = --------------------------------------------------------[EQ C.25] o FVF o (DEN ) ws DEN = -----------------------[EQ C.26] w FVF w (DEN + R DEN ) gs v os DEN = --------------------------------------------------------[EQ C.27] g FVF g where: DENos, DENws and DENgsare the phase densities at standard surface conditions. C-12 Black Oil Correlations Local phase densities

Emulsion viscosity The calculation based on Woelflin s work, estimates the viscosity of a brine-in-oi l type of emulsion from a known clean-oil viscosity. Emulsions can be characterized as tight, medium, or loose depending primarily upon the size of the brine globules and the conditions of agitation. Tight emulsions are common when a well producing oil and water flows with a high gas-oil ratio and is subjected to extreme conditions of agitation. A loose emuls ion would commonly be found in a pumping well where agitation is minimized. When an emulsion forms, the viscosity of the emulsion can be many times greater than the viscosity of either the dispersed or dispersing phases. The figure below sho ws how the ratio of emulsion viscosity to oil viscosity varies with increasing brine pe rcentage. Figure C.1 Variation in viscosity of emulsions of crude oil & brine (after Woelf lin) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 viscosity ratio (visc emulsion/visc clean oil) tight emulsion medium emulsion loose emulsion 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 percent brine in emulsion Above a percentage of 60-70%, the emulsion inverts and brine becomes the continu ous phase. The viscosity of the emulsion then can be approximated by the brine visco sity. However, near the inversion point, extremely high viscosities can be attained. Black Oil Correlations Emulsion viscosity C-13

References BEAL, C.: The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its Associated Gases at Oil-Field Temperatures and Pressures, [Ref. 1] Trans. AIME, Vol. 165, Page 94 -115. 1946 BEGGS, H. D., & Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems, [Ref. 2] ROBINSON, J. R.: J. Pet. Tech., Page 1140 - 1141, Sept. 1975. BROWN, K. E., & The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, [Ref. 3] BEGGS, H. D.: Vol. 1, PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, 1977. DAKE, L. P.: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, [Ref. 4] Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978. FRICK, T. C.: Petroleum Production Handbook, [Ref. 5] Vol. 2, Millet the Printer Inc., Dallas, for the Society of Petroleum Engineers. HALL, K. R., & How to Solve Equation of State for Z-Factors, [Ref. 6] YARBOROUGH, L.: The Oil and Gas Journal, Page 86 - 88, Feb. 18 th, 1974. KATZ, D. L., Surface Tension of Crude Oils Containing Dissolved Gases, [Ref. 7] MONROE, R. R., & TRAINER, R. P.: Pet. Tech., SPE Reprint Series, No. 15, Phase Behavior , Page 1624, Sept. 1943. KAYE, G. W. C., & Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, [Ref. 8] LABY, T. H.: Longman Inc., New York, 1973. LEE, A. L., The Viscosity of Natural Gases, [Ref. 9] GONZALEZ, M. H., & EAKIN, B. E.: J. Pet. Tech., Page 997 -1000, Aug. 1966. STANDING, M. B.: Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon Systems, [Ref. 10] 9 th printing by Millet the Printer Inc., Dallas, for the Society of Petroleum Eng ineers, .1981 VAZQUEZ, M., & Correlations for Fluid Physical Property Predictions, [Ref. 11] BEGGS, H. D.: J. Pet. Tech., Page 968 -970, June 1980 WOELFLIN, W.: The Viscosity of Crude-Oil Emulsions, [Ref. 12] Drill. and Prod. Prac., API , Page 148 , 1942 C-14 Black Oil Correlations References

Correlation Tuning Appendix D Introduction The built-in correlations for the oil PVT properties can be tuned to fit data me asured at bubble point conditions, under-saturated reservoir conditions and separator or t ubing head conditions. The tuning is performed with the aid of 7 tuning factors FO1, F O2,...., FO7. These are initially all set to 1.0, but will be selectively re-set to match any data entered in the Oil PVT Correlation Tuning panel. The measured data and the equations used to calculate the tuning factors is desc ribed below. Correlation Tuning Introduction D-1

Measured data Properties at bubble point conditions at reservoir temperature 1 TRES The reservoir temperature UNITS: F (FIELD), or C (METRIC) 2 RRES The dissolved gas-oil ratio (RS) in the reservoir UNITS: Mscf/stb (FIELD), or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) 3 PBUB The bubble point pressure of oil with RS=RRES at T=TRES UNITS: psia (FIELD), or barsa (METRIC) 4 BBUB The oil formation volume factor at TRES, RRES and PBUB (this item can be defaulted if not available, unless BTOPor BRES is supplied) UNITS: rb/stb (FIELD), or rm3/sm3 (METRIC) 5 VBUB The oil viscosity at TRES, RRES and PBUB (this item can be defaulted if not available, unless VTOP or VRES is supplied) UNITS: cP (FIELD), or cP (METRIC) Properties of under-saturated oil at reservoir conditions (optional) 1 PRES The reservoir pressure (PRES must be greater than PBUB) UNITS: psia (FIELD), or barsa (METRIC) 2 BRES The oil formation volume factor at TRES, RRES and PRES (this item can be defaulted if not available) UNITS: rb/stb (FIELD), or rm3/sm3 (METRIC) 3 VRES The oil viscosity at TRES, RRES and PRES (this item can be defaulted if not available)

UNITS: cP (FIELD), or cP (METRIC) D-2 Correlation Tuning Measured data

Properties at tubing head or separator conditions (optional) 1 TTOP The temperature at tubing head or separator conditions UNITS: F (FIELD), or C (METRIC) 2 PTOP The pressure at tubing head or separator conditions (PTOP must be less than PBUB ) UNITS: psia (FIELD), or barsa (METRIC) 3 BTOP The saturated oil formation volume factor at TTOP and PTOP (this item can be defaulted if not available) UNITS: rb/stb (FIELD), or rm3/sm3 (METRIC) 4 VTOP The saturated oil viscosity at TTOP and PTOP (this item can be defaulted if not available) UNITS: cP (FIELD), or cP (METRIC) Correlation Tuning Measured data D-3

Calculating the tuning factors The bubble point pressure tuning factor FO1 This is calculated using PBUB, from . 0.83 . RRES (0.00091 TRES 0.0125 API ) PBUB = 18 FO1 . ---------------. 10 [EQ D.1] . SPG g where: PBUB is in psia RRES is in scf/stb SPGg is the gas specific gravity (relative to air) TRES is in F API is the oil gravity in API. The saturated oil formation volume factor tuning factors FO2 and FO3 These are calculated using BBUB and BTOP, from 1.175 BBUB = 0.972 FO2 + 0.000147 FO3 Fbub [EQ D.2] 1.175 BTOP = 0.972 FO2 + 0.000147 FO3 F top

where: BBUB and BTOPare in rb/stb. Fbub and Ftop refer to the parameter: . SPG g. 0.5 F = Rssat . -------------. + 1.25T [EQ D.3] . SPG o calculated at (TRES, PBUB) and (TTOP, PTOP) respectively, where is the solution GOR of saturated oil in scf/stb Rssat SPGg is the gas specific gravity (relative to air) SPGo is the oil specific gravity (relative to water) T is the temperature in F. If BBUB is set but not BTOP, FO2 and FO3 are calculated from: D-4 Correlation Tuning Calculating the tuning factors

1.175 BBUB = 0.972 FO2 + 0.000147 FO2 Fbub [EQ D.4] FO3 = FO2 The under-saturated oil compressibility tuning factor FO4 This is calculated using BBUB and BRES, from: BRES = BBUBexp [C (PBUB o ( 1433 + 5 PRES + 17.2 TRES 1180 SPGS g + 12.61 API ) [EQ D.5] C = FO4----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------o 5 10 PRES where: PBUB and PRES are in psia RRES is in scf/stb TRES is in F SPGSg is the gas gravity from a separator at 100 psig (the formula for this is given in [EQ C.8]) API is the oil gravity in API. The saturated oil viscosity tuning factors FO5 and FO6 These are calculated using VBUB and VTOP, from (FO6 ) Bbub VBUB = FO5 VISCod PRES )]

Abub [EQ D.6] (FO6 Btop VTOP Atop VISC ) = FO5 od

where: VBUB and VTOP are in cP. Abub, Bbub, Atop and Btoprefer to the parameters: ) 0.515 A = 10.715 (R+ 100 ssat ) 0.338 B = 5.44 (R+ 150 ssat calculated at (TRES, PBUB) and (TTOP, PTOP) respectively, with Rssat in scf/stb. VISCod is the viscosity of dead oil, which is calculated as described in Appendi x C. If VBUB is set but not VTOP, FO5 and FO6 are calculated from: Correlation Tuning Calculating the tuning factors D-5

Bbub VBUB = FO5 (VISCod) Abub [EQ D.7] FO6 = 1.0 The under-saturated oil viscosity tuning factor FO7 This is calculated using VBUB and VRES, from VRES = VBUB + X (PRES [EQ D.8] 5 1.6 0.56 X = FO7 10 (2.4 VBUB+ 3.8 VBUB) where PBUB and PRES are in psia VBUB is in cP. D-6 Correlation Tuning Calculating the tuning factors PBUB )

Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Appendix E Introduction If VFPi is run in compositional mode, the hydrocarbon fluid properties are found from a phase equilibrium calculation performed on the wellstream fluid at the local temperature and pressure of the pipe. This calculation is performed within the P VTLIB annex, as used by our PVTi package, and provides the composition and molar volum es of the hydrocarbon phases present together with the vapor mole fraction. For a detailed description of this calculation, the user is referred to the technical appendices in either ECLIPSE 300 or PVTi program manuals. In order to use the multiphase flow correlations for the pressure change along t he pipe, the density, volumetric flow rate and viscosity of oil and gas, together with th e oil-gas surface tension, are required. The calculation of these properties using the res ults of the phase equilibrium calculation is described below. Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Introduction E-1

Density The density of oil (DENO) and gas (DENG) are found as follows: DENG W VAP VVAP ----------------= [EQ E.1] DENO WLIQ VLI Q --------------= [EQ E.2] where: WVAP is the weight of one mole of vapor WLIQ is the weight of one mole of liquid VVAP is the volume of one mole of vapor VLIQ is the volume of one mole of liquid The molar weights of liquid and vapor are found as follows: W VAP SY i() M W i()( )= [EQ E.3] WLI Q S X i() M W i()( )= [EQ E.4] where: SY(i) SX(i) MW(i) is the mole fraction of the ith component in the vapor is the mole fraction of the ith component in the liquid is the molecular weight of the ith component and . () denotes summation over all components. E-2 Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Density

Volumetric flow rate The local volumetric flow rates for oil (FO) and gas (FG) are found using the hydrocarbon molar rate (HMLR) in the well as follows: FO HMLR 1.0 MFV ( )VLIQ = [EQ E.5] FG HMLR MFV VVAP = [EQ E.6] where: MFV is the vapor mole fraction The hydrocarbon molar rate itself is determined from the flow rate specified in the FLOW keyword, according to the definition of the flow variable: If the flow variable is WGV (wet gas volume rate), WGV HMLR = -----------------[EQ E.7] VWET where: WGV is the wet gas volume rate VWET is the volume of ideal gas at surface conditions If the flow variable is TMR (total molar rate), HMLR = TMR WMLR [EQ E.8] where: TMR is the total fluid molar rate WMLR is the water molar rate and WMLR is found from: WMLR = TMR WTR [EQ E.9] where: WTR is the ratio of water molar rate to total molar rate, which is the water fraction variable used in conjunction with the TMR flow variable. Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Volumetric flow rate E-3

Viscosity The oil and gas viscosities are found from the Lohrenz, Bray & Clark correlation , which uses the phase composition and molar volume in addition to component criti cal properties. A calculation based on Woelflin s work could be enabled which estimates the viscos ity of a brine-in-oil type of emulsion from a known clean-oil viscosity. For more information, refer to "Black Oil Correlations" on page C-1. E-4 Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Viscosity

Oil-gas interfacial tension The surface tension between oil and gas may be found from the MacLeod-Sugden relationship (as described in Reid, Prausnitz & Sherwood), which requires compon ent parachors in addition to the results of the phase equilibrium calculation. If th e parachors have not been entered and Oil-Gas surface tension tables are not speci fied, the component parachors are estimated on the basis of component molecular weight , as in our PVTi package. If Oil-Gas surface tension tables have been supplied by the user, the oil-gas su rface tension is found from these tables instead of using the MacLeod-Sugden relations hip. Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Oil-Gas interfacial tension E-5

Water properties The water properties are not provided by the phase equilibrium calculation. They are obtained instead, as in the black oil case, either from user supplied tables or built-in correlations. The surface volume flow rate of water (SFW), used in the calculation for the loc al volumetric flow rate, is obtained from the compositional flowing condition varia bles as follows: If the flow variable is WGV (wet gas volume rate), SFW = WGV WWR [EQ E.10] where: WGV = wet gas volume rate WWR = water to wet gas volume ratio, which is the water fraction variable used i n conjunction with this flow variable. If the flow variable is TMR (total molar rate), WMSR SFW = ---------------------[EQ E.11] SDENW where: WMSR = water mass rate SDENW = surface density of water. WMSR is found from WMSR = WMLR MOLWW [EQ E.12] where: WMLR = water molar rate MOLWW = molecular weight of water and WMLR is found from WMLR = TMR WTR [EQ E.13] where: TMR = total molar rate WTR = ratio of water molar rate to total molar rate, which is the water fraction

variable used in conjunction with the TMR flow variable. E-6 Compositional Fluid Property Calculations Water properties

References Lohrenz, J., BRAY, B.G. & CLARK, C.R., Reid, R.C., PRAUSNITZ, J.M. & SHERWOOD, T.K., WOELFLIN, W.: Calculating Viscosity of Reservoir fluids from their Composition, J. Pet. Tech., 1171, Trans., AIME, 231, 1964 [Ref. 13] The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill Company, Third Edition, 1977. [Ref. 14] The Viscosity of Crude-Oil Emulsions, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API 148, 1942 [Ref. 15] Compositional Fluid Property Calculations References E-7

E-8 E-8 Compositional Fluid Property Calculations References

Wellstream Compositions Appendix F Introduction When VFPi is run in compositional mode, the fluid properties are determined by performing a phase equilibrium calculation on the wellstream fluid at the local pressure and temperature of the pipe (see Appendix E). This appendix describes t he three methods available to help the user specify a range of wellstream compositi ons for the pressure traverse calculations. Wellstream Compositions Introduction F-1

User specification By selecting the Specify directly option of the Wellstream menu in the Composition al Fluid Module, the user may enter directly the compositions of one or more wellst ream fluids. VFPi then calculates the mean molecular weight (MMW) of each fluid, and stores the fluid compositions in an internal table ordered by increasing MMW. Th is table is known as the wellstream composition table . When a MMW value is specified as the gas fraction for a pressure traverse, a wellstream fluid composition with the required MMW is determined from this table by interpolating the compositions linearly in MMW. If the specified MMW falls outside the range of the internal ta ble, an error message is issued and the pressure traverse calculation is aborted. F-2 Wellstream Compositions User specification

Wellstreams from a depletion experiment VFPi can estimate a range of wellstream fluids from the results of a pressure de pletion experiment performed on the reservoir fluid about the wellbore. By estimating th e likely reservoir phase compositions and using these to form wellstreams, it is h oped that pressure traverses will be calculated for a range of fluids which spans tho se encountered in the ECLIPSE 300 simulation of the reservoir depletion. The depletion experiment and the use of the resultant phase information to form wellstreams is described below. Pressure depletion experiments The usual method of estimating the phase compositions of reservoir fluids during pressure depletion is to simulate either a Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) or a Differential Liberation (DL) experiment (Whitson & Torp). These mimic the behavi or of gas condensate and black oil reservoirs respectively. An alternative, simpler way of simulating pressure depletion is to perform a Constant Composition Expansion (CC E) experiment. All three simulations require the user to enter the reservoir temper ature, its initial composition, the initial reservoir pressure (which must be above the saturation pressure, to give a single-phase reservoir fluid), and the abandonmen t pressure of the reservoir. The results of the depletion experiment are stored in an internal table of liquid and vapor phase compositions vs. reservoir pressure. Th is table is known as the depletion experiment table . The three types of depletion experimen t are described below: CVD experiment In the simulation of this experiment, the saturation pressure of the initial res ervoir fluid is determined and the molar volume at this pressure noted. The pressure is then dropped from its saturation value in a number of stages (also specified by the u ser) to the abandonment pressure. At each stage, the oil and gas composition is recorded and the volume occupied by the two-phase fluid is calculated. An amount of gas is th en withdrawn such that the fluid again occupies the original saturation volume. Thi s calculation is repeated at the next pressure stage with the reduced amount of fl uid. In this manner, the composition of the reservoir gas is thus approximated. DL experiment

In the simulation of this experiment, the saturation pressure of the initial res ervoir fluid is again determined. The pressure is then dropped from this value in a num ber of stages to the abandonment pressure. At each stage the composition of the oil and gas present is noted, and all the gas is then removed from the system. The remaining oil is then flashed at the next pressure and the process repeated. The change in proper ties of the reservoir oil during depletion is thus approximated. Wellstream Compositions Wellstreams from a depletion exp F-3

CCE experiment In this experiment no fluid is removed from the system. The pressure is reduced in stages to the abandonment pressure, with the composition of the oil and gas at e ach stage being noted. Although it is not necessary to calculate the saturation pres sure of the reservoir fluid for this experiment, the pressure depletion is started from this value. This is because the composition of the single phase fluid does not vary with pre ssure above the saturation value. If the saturation pressure calculation fails, then a CVD or DL simulation will b e stopped. A CCE simulation will still be performed however, with one stage at the initial pressure (giving the undersaturated fluid composition) and the remaining stages spread within the two-phase region of the reservoir fluid. From the depletion experiment table, containing the liquid and vapor phase compositions vs. reservoir pressure, VFPi plots a graph of pressure vs. MMW. Abo ve the saturation pressure, the MMW of the undersaturated fluid is constant. Below this pressure, liquid and vapor branches appear and (initially at least) the vapor br anch becomes lighter and the liquid branch becomes heavier with decreasing pressure. At this point the user is invited to select fluids from this plot which form the we llstream composition table. How these points are selected is, to some extent, dependent o n whether the reservoir fluid is predominantly a gas condensate or a volatile oil. This is discussed below in the wellstream fluids sections. In common with a manually constructed table (see above), wellstream fluid compositions for MMW values specified as gas fraction flowing conditions are obtained by linearly interpolat ing this table in MMW. It should be noted that the depletion experiment results do not take account of any fluid injection into the reservoir. For example, with lean gas injection, it cou ld be possible for the actual wellstream fluid to have a mean molecular weight that is less than the lightest fluid obtained from the depletion experiment. Lean gas injecti on may be taken into account by adding an extra point to the beginning of the wellstrea m composition table, representing the composition of the injected lean gas. For a wellstream composition table generated from a reservoir depletion experiment, th e lean gas composition can be manually specified. The lean gas must have a mean molecular weight that is less than the lightest vapor obtained from the depletio n

experiment. Wellstream fluids Gas condensates For a gas condensate it is assumed that the dropout liquid, formed at reservoir pressures below the saturation pressure, does not significantly contribute to th e wellstream fluid. Thus it is suggested that the user concentrate wellstream sele ction from the vapor branch of the depletion experiment. Note that by default VFPi pic ks three of the wellstream compositions at the lightest reservoir vapor, the heavie st reservoir liquid, and the undersaturated fluid of the reservoir. F-4 Wellstream Compositions Wellstreams from a depletion exp

Volatile oils In a volatile oil reservoir both the liquid and vapor phases may be mobile, and thus the wellstream will consist of some combination of these. In order to cover as wide a range of wellstream compositions as possible, it is suggested that the user picks well streams evenly across both the liquid and vapor arms of the depletion experiment table. Note that by default VFPi picks three of the wellstream compositions at the lightest reservoir vapor, the heaviest reservoir liquid, and the undersaturated fluid of the reserv oir. Wellstream Compositions Wellstreams from a depletion exp F-5

Pressure dependent wellstream compositions In the previous section, the depletion experiment results were used to determine the range of reservoir fluids from which the wellstream may be formed, and an intern al table constructed of wellstreams and associated MMWs. The pressure information associated with the experiment is thus not used. As a consequence, whenever the wellstream is a two-phase mixture, the individual phase compositions remain constant. For a two-phase wellstream in a gas condensate reservoir, the vapor ph ase composition will be that of the reservoir vapor at the saturation pressure, and the liquid phase composition will be that of dropout oil at the abandonment pressure . A two-phase wellstream in a volatile oil reservoir will be comprised of a mixture of reservoir liquid and vapor at their saturation pressure compositions. The third method for constructing wellstreams overcomes this limitation by takin g account of the pressure information in the depletion experiment table. Instead o f constructing a wellstream composition table, the vapor and liquid phase composit ions are interpolated directly from the depletion experiment table at a reservoir pre ssure equal to the BHP from the current pressure traverse calculation. The phases are then mixed in the proportion required to give a fluid of the specified MMW. The press ure dependent wellstream composition method is activated by selecting the Pressure dependent option of the Wellstream menu in the Compositional Fluid module. Below, we first discuss the relation between pressure, reservoir fluids and wellstream composition before describing the method in more detail. At a given pressure, the wellstream fluid is comprised of a combination of the r eservoir liquid and vapor phases at that pressure. This combination is uniquely determine d by the MMW. It is instructive to consider the behavior of the MMWs of the liquid an d vapor as a function of pressure for a volatile oil, as shown schematically in th e figure below. When P > Psat, the MMW of the single-phase liquid is constant. When P < P sat, the vapor phase appears and becomes (initially, at least) progressively lighter at decreasing pressures as the liquid phase becomes progressively heavier. At a res ervoir pressure Pa, all possible wellstream compositions are represented by the tie-lin e between the vapor and liquid branches. Specifically, the fluid with mean molecul ar weight MMWa has a composition set by that mixture of vapor and liquid which give s this mean molecular weight.

F-6 Wellstream Compositions Pressure dependent

Figure F.1 Pressure variations in phase mean molecular weight during reservoir d epletion Tie Line Liquid Branch One Phase Region Two Phase Region Vapour Branch A MMWA MMWLMMWV MMW P Psat PA Liquid Branch Undersaturated Liquid Given the phase compositions vs. pressure from the depletion experiment table, t he wellstream composition is obtained by interpolation at the start of each pressur e traverse calculation. The phase compositions depend on the BHP (assumed equivale nt to the reservoir pressure), and the user specified MMW defines the proportions o f these phases within the wellstream fluid. In a bottom-to-top pressure traverse, the BH P is already known. But in a top-to-bottom traverse, the BHP is not known until the traverse has been completed, and thus the process has to be iterated with succes sive traverse calculations until the BHP converges. Normally this takes at most just three or four iterations. If during the pressure traverse iterations the (BHP, MMW) point falls outside th e twophase region, the wellstream composition is obtained from the point on the two-phase envelope at that value of the MMW. Thus the MMW is honoured but not the reservoi r pressure. This situation would indicate that a wellstream fluid with the given M MW would not actually be encountered at that reservoir pressure, in a pure depletio n process, unless of course P > Psat and the MMW corresponds to that of the undersaturated reservoir fluid. Note The pressure dependent wellstreams option does not produce a wellstream composition table, because wellstream compositions are effectively a function of two variables -MMW and BHP. Wellstream Compositions Pressure dependent F-7

The advantage that this option has over the methods based on a wellstream composition table is that, by using the pressure information from the depletion experiment, it can model more accurately the wellstreams produced in a pure rese rvoir depletion. The disadvantage of this method is that, without a wellstream composi tion table, it lacks the flexibility of the other methods to add wellstreams represen ting injected fluids. F-8 Wellstream Compositions Pressure dependent

References WHITSON, C.H. & Evaluating Constant Volume Depletion Data, [Ref. 16] TORP, S.B., J. Pet. Tech., Page 610-620, March 1983. Wellstream Compositions References F-9

F-10 F-10 Wellstream Compositions References

Heat Transfer Calculation Appendix G Introduction In order to determine the fluid properties during a pressure traverse calculatio n, both the fluid temperature and pressure must be known. The fluid temperature along th e tubing can either be fixed by the user via an input table or it can be calculate d during the traverse and thus take into account heat exchange with the surrounding environment and the Joule-Thomson effect. To calculate the an enthalpy balance momentum balance and its solution are fluid temperature during a pressure traverse along the tubing, equation must be iteratively solved in conjunction with the equation for the fluid pressure. The enthalpy balance equation described in this appendix.

In the calculation of the heat exchange between the tubing fluid and the surroun ding environment, an overall heat transfer coefficient between the two must be suppli ed. This coefficient may be entered directly as a function of tubing length. Alterna tively the heat transfer coefficient can be calculated from the conductivities of the casin gs and annuli which separate the tubing fluid from the surrounding environment. This is also described in this appendix. Heat Transfer Calculation Introduction G-1

Enthalpy balance equation & its solution Following Alves and Brill & Beggs, the enthalpy balance equation is: dh g sin .v 1 dv U pd = ---------------- --- ------------------(TT [EQ G.1] e dL gJgcJdL w c where: h is the fluid enthalpy in Btu/lbm L is the length along the tubing in ft g is the gravitational acceleration (32.2 ft/sec2) gc is the conversion factor (32.2 lbm-ft/lbf-sec2) . is the inclination angle from horizontal J is the mechanical equivalent of heat (778 ft-lbf/Btu) v is the fluid velocity in ft/sec U is the steady state overall heat transfer coefficient in Btu/sec/F/ft2 d is the tubing internal diameter in ft T is the fluid temperature in F Te is the environment or surrounding temperature in F w is the mass flow rate in lbm/sec The enthalpy gradient can be expressed in terms of the temperature and pressure gradients as follows: dhdT dp 144 = c .c --------[EQ G.2]

pp dL dL dLJ where: p is the fluid pressure in psi c is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure in Btu/lbm/F p .

is the Joule-Thomson coefficient in F-ft3/Btu Substituting [EQ G.2] into [EQ G.1] and rearranging gives: dT 11 F + -----T = -----T + -------------[EQ G.3] dLL Le .c rr p where the relaxation distance, Lis given by: r wc p L = -------------------[EQ G.4]rU pd and G-2 Heat Transfer Calculation Enthalpy balance equation

..c p dp .g .v dv F= ---------------------144 [EQ G.5] J dL JgJgdL cc If for a small segment of the tubing the surrounding temperature is a linear fun ction of depth: T = Ti + gL sin . [EQ G.6] e ee where: gis the environment temperature gradient in F/ft e Ti is the environment temperature before the length step L e and all non-temperature terms are assumed constant, [EQ G.3] can be integrated t o give: ff ii T = T + (T [EQ G.7] ee r L ) gL sin .[1 er r FL r + --------------[1exp ( r .c p L /L )] exp ( L /] T )exp ( L /L ) ------------sin . ------------

where temperatures superscripted with anf denote values after the length step. This equation, together with that for the pressure at the end of a length step ( see Appendix B) is solved iteratively using averaged mid-step values for ., Lr, cp a nd F. The convergence tolerances for the temperature and pressure in this iterative calculation may be set in the Steps and Limits panel as generated from the Contr ol Data panel. For two-phase flow, the heat capacity and Joule-Thomson coefficient are a mixtur e of the single phase gas and liquid values as follows (Alves): c = (w c + wL )/w [EQ G.8] p g pg cpL 1 . wg . T .z . wL. .= --------------. ------ --- + -------. [EQ G.9] . c w . z .T . p . g . L. where: Cpg is the gas specific heat capacity in Btu/lbm/F (supplied by user) is the liquid specific heat capacity in Btu/lbm/F (supplied by user) CpL wg is the gas mass flow rate in lbm/sec wL is the liquid mass flow rate in lbm/sec .

is the gas density in lbm/ft3 g .is the liquid density in lbm/ft3 L Heat Transfer Calculation Enthalpy balance equation G-3

z is the gas compressibility factor (obtained from Brill and Beggs curve fitting equations as modified by Standing) The temperature stepping [EQ G.7] must be solved with the direction of fluid flo w from a known inlet temperature through the tubing to an unknown outlet temperatu re. This presents no problems for a bottom-to-top production well traverse or a toptobottom injection well traverse when the inlet pressure is given and the outlet pressure is to be calculated. When the required pressure traverse is in the reverse direc tion to the fluid flow however and the outlet pressure is given, then a series of traverses in the direction of the fluid flow must be performed to iterate on to the known outlet pressure by varying the unknown inlet pressure. G-4 Heat Transfer Calculation Enthalpy balance equation

Overall heat transfer coefficient In [EQ G.7] the term which calculates the heat exchange between the tubing fluid and the surrounding environment relies on an overall heat transfer coefficient betwe en the two. This coefficient may be entered directly as a function of tubing length. Alternatively, the user may define a casing table or a series of concentric laye rs which separate the tubing fluid from the surrounding environment. In either case, the heat transfer coefficient, U, is calculated from a series of rings of known conductiv ity and thickness as follows (Brill & Beggs): 21 U =--- ---------------------------------------------[EQ G.10] dn jj . ln [ro / ri] . j j =1 . k . where: d is the tubing internal diameter in ft kj is the thermal conductivity of the jth ring in Btu/sec/ft/F r jo is the outer radius of the jth ring in ft r ji is the inner radius of the jth ring in ft n is the number of concentric rings Note Note that this calculation assumes the tubing to be either wholly buried in rock or completely exposed to air or water. If exposed to air or water, convection in the surrounding medium is ignored. The tubing fluid flow is also assumed to be sufficiently turbulent that the fluid temperature is uniform in cross-section .

Heat Transfer Calculation Overall heat transfer coefficient G-5

References ALVES, I. N., A Unified Model for Predicting Flowing Temperature Distribution in Wellbores and ALHANATI, F. J. S. & Pipelines , [Ref. 17] SHOHAM, O. SPE Production Engineering, Page 363-367, November 1992. BRILL, J. P. & BEGGS, H. D. Two-Phase Flow in Pipes , [Ref. 18] University of Tulsa, December 1978. STANDING, M. B. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon Systems Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas, 1977. G-6 Heat Transfer Calculation References [Ref. 19]

Matching Observed Data Appendix H Introduction One of the main areas of uncertainty in pressure traverse calculations lies in t he multiphase flow correlations which supply the hydrostatic, friction loss and acceleration pressure gradients given the local flowing conditions. These are mainly based on semiempirical fits to water/air flow along transparent, laboratory scale pipes. The uncertainties arise from applying these laboratory results to oil field pipeline s and wellbores. In an attempt to lessen this uncertainty, the pressure matching modul e allows the user to performs a series of pressure traverse calculations which automatically tune or regress fitting factors within these multi-phase flow correlations to achieve a best fit to a set of supplied pressure measurements fr om flowing wells. No attempt is made to alter other factors within the pressure traverse calculati on such as tubing data or any of the fluid properties during the regression calculation. This is because this data is assumed to be well known in comparison to the multi-phase f low correlation uncertainties. The observed data, multi-phase flow correlation fitting factors and the regressi on technique itself are described in this Appendix. Matching Observed Data Introduction H-1

Observed data The observed data entered by the user takes the form of a series of pressure measurements at known flowing conditions. These measurements may be a number of pressure values at different lengths along the tubing for one particular set of oil rate, gas rate, water rate and THP values. Alternatively, the pressure measurements ma y be a series of BHP values at differing oil rate, gas rate, water rate and THP value s. No limit is placed on the number of observations that the user may enter. Each observation has a weight associated with it, which by default is unity. If the user believes a particular observation to be suspect, then its weight may be reduced, and thus it will have less bearing in the regression calculation. If the weight is s et to zero, this observation will be ignored completely. Observed data entered by the user may be saved to a Project keyword file. H-2 Matching Observed Data Observed data

Multi-phase flow correlation fitting factors The variables changed by the regression technique to minimize the difference bet ween the observed and calculated pressure values are the five fitting factors which a lter the results from the multi-phase flow correlations. Description of the five fitting factors The first three factors alter components of the total pressure gradient and the slip as predicted by the correlation. Their effect is uniform across flow regimes. In co ntrast, the last two factors alter the total pressure gradient in a flow regime dependent ma nner. These latter factors are designed to give the regression technique the flexibili ty to improve the fit to observed pressures in (say) a high velocity, mist type flow r egime without strongly altering the fit in a low velocity, bubble type flow regime. No te that setting each fitting factor to unity removes their effect. In detail, the five f itting factors are described as follows: 1 Factor multiplying the friction loss pressure gradient 2 Factor multiplying the hydrostatic pressure gradient 3 Weight factor for gas-liquid slip 0.0 corresponds to homogeneous flow without slip 1.0 corresponds to slip as derived from the flow correlation 4 Gas holdup factor This fitting factor multiples the total pressure gradient by an amount that vari es with the local gas holdup: dp dp = (1+ (Fg g) [EQ H.1] dL dL where p is the fluid pressure L is the length along the tubing F is the fourth factor g a g is the Gas Holdup 1)a

5 Mach number factor This fitting factor multiples the total pressure gradient by an amount that vari es with the Mach number: dp dp = (1+ (F 1) M ) [EQ H.2] dLdL mn where F is the fifth factor m M is the Mach number n Matching Observed Data Flow correlation fitting factors H-3

Fitting factor variation & status during regression When all five fitting factors are at their default value of unity, the results f rom the multi-phase flow correlations are not changed. During the regression the fitting factors which have been set as variable may move from unity to any value between their l ower and upper bounds as set by the user. A regression which results in one or more f actors deviating wildly from unity should be treated with caution and may indicate that the pressure traverse calculation data has not been correctly set up or an inappropr iate flow correlation has been chosen. An exception to this might be the case where t he tubing roughness is not well known: a significant variation in the friction fact or could then be acceptable. During the regression VFPi may assign a fitting factor as redundant. This means that it does not affect the results of any pressure traverse performed by the regression . An example of redundancy would be the slip fitting factor when all the regression p ressure traverses predict a single phase flow regime throughout the tubing. H-4 Matching Observed Data Flow correlation fitting factors

Regression technique Regression steps & residuals Provided that are at least as many observed pressures as there are variable fitt ing factors, a best fit to the observed data is found by the regression algorithm pr ogressing through a series of steps. In each step, for every observed pressure value an appropriate pressure traverse is performed and the difference in pressures, know n as a residual, is formed as follows: obs calc ri = wi (pi [EQ H.3] where ri is the residual for the ith observation wi is the weight of the ith observation obs pi is the ith observed pressure value calc pi is the calculated pressure for the ith observation The Root Mean Square for this step is then formed from all the residuals as foll ows: N rms = ---1- . ri ri [EQ H.4] N i =1 where N is the number of observations Thisrms is reported at the end of each step as the algorithm tries to reach the set target value by varying the fitting factors on the basis of the current residuals, thei r gradients and curvatures. The rmstarget may not be reached because, for example, the maximum number of steps had been reached, or no further improvement in the rms could be found by additional variations in the fitting factors. pi )

Regression algorithm The regression algorithm itself is based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method (Deni s & Schnabel). This is a hybrid method which smoothly varies between a second orde r Newton type minimization method and a first order steepest descent method. It combines the efficiency of a second-order method near a solution with the robust ness of a first order method far from a solution. This pseudo second order method has been constructed to ensure that it will always

proceed towards a genuine minimum. It should be noted however, that it may not i n general find the global minimum. Matching Observed Data Regression technique H-5

References DENIS, J. E. & Numerical methods for unconstrained optimization and Nonlinear Eq uations, [Ref. 20] SCHNABEL, R. B.: Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1983. H-6 Matching Observed Data References

Command Language Appendix I Introduction The command language as implemented in VFPi allows the user to perform tasks within the program as dictated by a command script file. During playback of this file, VFPi is effectively running in a batch mode; it expects and allows no user inter action. In its current state, the anticipated role of this feature is to enable the user to create multiple, large VFP tables. With VFPi running in its normal interactive mode, th e user would have to wait for the completion of VFP table calculation before entering t he data for the next table etc. Using the command language however, the data for all the tables could be set up in advance and VFPi may be left running the command script over night if necessary. Command Language Introduction I-1

Using the command language Command log file By default, the basic tasks which an user must perform to create a VFP table are recorded as commands in the file VFPI.CMD. This recording process may be turned off at any point in the session using an option from the Commands menu in the ribbon window. The commands stored thus far may also be played back, again using the appropriate option from the Commands menu. Creating a command script file The recommended steps for generating a command script file which can be played back to construct VFP tables are as follows: 1 Take an existing VFPI.CMD log file from an interactive session generating a VFP table and rename this file. The renaming is necessary because the VFPI.CMD file is overwritten for each VFPi session and so any changes you make to this file (see next step) would be lost in future sessions. 2 Using a text editor, modify the renamed file by altering existing commands and adding new commands to generate and write out the required VFP tables. 3 One of the most important commands in a script is the ReadKeyword command which takes as an argument any keyword. Such keywords will change the data state of VFPi and thus allow a different table to be created. Note that this com mand can never be recorded in a log file. An example of script which will read a keyword data file, create a VFP table, th en modify the Gas Fraction flowing conditions (using the ReadKeyword command) and create another VFP table is shown below. ReadKeywordFile( File = /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV.DATA ) CreateVFPTable( Table = PTRAV1 ) ReadKeyword( Keyword = GFR & GOR & 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 / ) CreateVFPTable( Table = PTRAV2 ) Note Note the use of & as a continuation character in the argument of the ReadKeyword command. Further examples of command scripts are provided at the end of this appendix. I-2 Command Language

Using the command language

Silent running When VFPi is playing a command script file, it is effectively in batch mode, wit h the log window reporting its progress through the file s set of commands. The user can perform no further VFPi tasks until the script file commands have been completed . During this batch mode, message boxes are not displayed - effectively the button in this box is automatically pushed. For question boxes, the left hand, default button i s also automatically pushed and again the box is not displayed. The limits on the numbe r of warnings and errors permitted during a pressure traverse calculation (see the St eps and Limits panel) still apply even though the warnings and errors are only repor ted to the log window and not in a message or question box. Should either of these limi ts be exceeded, then the corresponding VFP table calculation will be abandoned. Command Language Using the command language I-3

Commands & keywords Commands The commands that are recognized in a script which can be played back are descri bed below. With the exception of the ReadKeyword and SelectWellcommands, all of the below will be recorded in the VFPI.CMD file when the appropriate task is performed interactively by the user. ReadKeywordFile (File = arg) Reads a file containing keywords. The argument arg contains the name of the keyw ord file, and optionally its directory path, in a quoted string. WriteKeywordFile (File = arg) Writes out the current data state of VFPi as a keyword file. The argument arg co ntains the name of the keyword file, and optionally its directory path, in a quoted str ing. SelectWell (WellNumber = arg) Selects the well and all its children, whose data will then be used by subsequen t pressure traverse calculations. The well selected is determined by its number in the tree, counting from zero at the top of the tree. ReadKeyword (Keyword = arg) Reads a particular VFPi keyword and overwrites the corresponding data in VFPi. T he argument arg contains the keyword and its data in a quoted string. Using the continuation character & , the keyword data may be split over a number of lines and spaced out for readability. The keyword data formats are described in Appendix M . CreateVFPTable (Table = arg) Performs a series of pressure traverse calculations and constructs a VFP table u sing the currently defined flowing conditions. This table is held internally within VFPi. The argument arg contains the name of the table in a quoted string. WriteVFPTable (TableName = arg1, FileName = arg2) Writes out a named VFP table into an external file. The argument arg1 contains t he name of the table to be written in a quoted string and the argument arg2 contain s the name of the external file, and optionally its path, in a quoted string. I-4

Command Language Commands & keywords

Example command script In the following script, a series of VFP tables are formed by making variations in the tubing geometry, the oil fluid model and the flow correlations from a baseline d efined by a keyword data file. Each step in the script is described below: 1 Read in the baseline data set and create and write the baseline VFP table ReadKeywordFile( File = ) CreateVFPTable( Table = /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV.DATA

PTRAV_BASE )

WriteVFPTable( TableName= PTRAV_BASE , & FileName = /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV_BAS E.VFP ) 2 Alter the tubing string geometry and create and write another VFP table ReadKeyword( Keyword = 0 0 & 2000 0 & 6000 3000 & 10000 7000 / ) CreateVFPTable( Table = DEPTHS &

PTRAV_GEOM )

WriteVFPTable( TableName= PTRAV_GEOM , & FileName = /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV_GEO M.VFP ) 3 Reset the data back to the baseline by re-reading the original keyword file ReadKeywordFile( File = ) Command Language Example command script I-5 /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV.DATA

4 Supply an oil PVT table which will be used in place of the internal correlatio ns (no tables were supplied in the keyword data set). Create and write a new VFP table. ReadKeyword( Keyword = 120 1.73E-5 6.3E-5 & .002 13.7 1.026 2.1596 & .05 198.6 1.046 1.6523 & .1 353.0 1.068 1.3531 & .15 494.2 1.091 1.1596 & .2 627.5 1.114 1.0229 & .25 755.1 1.139 0.9206 & .3 878.5 1.163 0.8408 /& 150 2.15E-5 6.5E-5 & .01 55.6 1.045 1.3663 & .05 211.4 1.063 1.1345 & .1 375.9 1.085 0.9547 & .15 526.3 1.109 0.8354 & .2 668.2 1.133 0.7493 & .25 804.1 1.157 0.6837 & .3 935.5 1.182 0.6317 & .35 1063 1.208 0.5892 & .4 1188 1.234 0.5538 / ) CreateVFPTable( Table = PTRAV_OILT ) OILPVT &

WriteVFPTable( TableName= PTRAV_OILT , & FileName = /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV_OIL T.VFP ) 5 Reset the data back to the baseline by re-reading the original keyword file, t hat is return to using correlations for the oil PVT properties. ReadKeywordFile( File = ) /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV.DATA

6 Alter the flow correlations used and create and write a new VFP table ReadKeyword( Keyword = 0 BEG & 2000 HAG / ) CreateVFPTable( Table = FLOWCORL &

PTRAV_FLOW )

WriteVFPTable( TableName= PTRAV_FLOW , & FileName = /usr/ecl/99a/vfpi/data/PTRAV_FLO W.VFP )

I-6 Command Language Example command script

Production Table Format Appendix J VFPi can generate a table of BHP values tabulated against the flowing condition variables (FLO, THP, WFR, GFR and ALQ) for use by ECLIPSE simulators to perform well tubing head pressure calculations for a production well. The table format i s the same for both black oil and compositional VFP tables, with only the flowing cond ition variables referring to different quantities in each case. Black oil tables have the following choices of flowing condition variables: FLO = oil, liquid, or gas production rate PRS = tubing head or bottom hole fixed pressure WFR = water-oil ratio, water cut, or gas-water ratio GFR = gas-oil ratio, gas-liquid ratio, or oil-gas ratio ALQ = a fifth variable that can be used to incorporate an additional look-up parameter, such as the level of artificial lift. Compositional tables have the following choices of flowing condition variables: FLO = wet gas volume, or total molar production rate PRS = tubing head or bottom hole fixed pressure WFR = water - wet gas volume ratio, or water - total moles ratio GFR = wellstream mean molecular weight ALQ = a fifth variable that can be used to incorporate an additional look-up parameter, such as the level of artificial lift. The table is headed by the keyword VFPPROD and consists of the following records of data, each record terminated with a slash (/). Record 1 Basic data for table 1 Table number. 2 Bottom hole datum depth for table. UNITS: ft (FIELD) or m (METRIC). 3 Definition of first variable FLO (enclosed in inverted commas). Production Table Format J-1

'OIL' 'LIQ' 'GAS' 'WGV' 'TMR'

- oil production rate -liquid (oil + water) production rate - gas production rate -wet gas volume production rate - total molar production rate

4 Definition of the water fraction variable WFR (enclosed in inverted commas). 'WOR' - water-oil ratio 'WCT' -water cut (water-liquid ratio) 'WGR' -water-gas ratio 'WWR' -water-wet gas volume ratio 'WTR' - water-total moles ratio 5 Definition of the gas fraction variable GFR (enclosed in inverted commas). 'GOR' -gas-oil ratio 'GLR' -gas-liquid ratio 'OGR' -oil-gas ratio 'MMW' - wellstream mean molecular weight (black oil) (black oil) (black oil) (compositional) (compositional) (black oil) (black oil) (black oil) (compositional) (compositional) (black oil) (black oil) (black oil) (compositional) 6 Definition of the fixed pressure values given in record 3 (enclosed in inverted commas). 'THP' - tubing head pressure 'BHP' -bottom hole pressure ECLIPSE simulators will only accept THP.

7 Definition of the artificial lift quantity (enclosed in inverted commas). 'GRAT' -lift gas injection rate 'IGLR' -injection gas-liquid ratio 'TGLR' -total gas-liquid ratio 'PUMP' - pump rating 'COMP' - compressor power 'DENO' - surface density of oil 'DENG' -surface density of gas 'BEAN' - choke diameter ' ' - no ALQ defined 8 Unit convention of the VFP table (enclosed in inverted commas). 'METRIC' or 'FIELD' 9 Definition of the tabulated quantity in the body of the table, records 7 onwards (enclosed in inverted commas). 'BHP' -bottom hole pressure 'THP' - tubing head pressure 'TEMP' - outlet temperature ECLIPSE simulators will only accept BHP. Terminate this record with a slash (/). J-2 Production Table Format

-Record 2 NFLO FLO (flow rate) values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: OIL : stb/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) LIQ : stb/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) GAS : Mscf/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) WGV : Mscf/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) TMR : lb-M/day (FIELD) or kg-M/day (METRIC). Record 3 NPRS PRS (pressure) values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: psia (FIELD) or barsa (METRIC). Record 4 NWFR WFR values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: WOR : stb/stb (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) WCT : stb/stb (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) WGR : stb/Mscf (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) WWR : stb/Mscf (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) WTR : Mol/Mol (FIELD) or Mol/Mol (METRIC). Record 5 NGFR GFR values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: GOR : Mscf/stb (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) GLR : Mscf/stb (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) OGR : stb/Mscf (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC). MMW : dimensionless Record 6 NALQ ALQ values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: GRAT : Mscf/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) IGLR : Mscf/stb (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) TGLR : Mscf/stb (FIELD) or sm3/sm3 (METRIC) DENO : lb/ft3 (FIELD) or kg/m3 (METRIC) DENG : lb/ft3 (FIELD) or kg/m3 (METRIC) BEAN : 1/64ths in (FIELD) or mm (METRIC) otherwise not relevant. The units for PUMP and COMP will depend on the definition of the pump rating or compressor power used in the pump or compressor table. Note that when running the ECLIPSE 200 Gas Lift Optimisation facility, the simul ator assumes the ALQ to be the lift gas injection rate (GRAT). Production Table Format J-3

Record 7 to NPRS*NWFR*NGFR*NALQ + 6. NPRS*NWFR*NGFR*NALQ successive records each containing the following items, and each terminated with a slash (/). 1 NP (PRS value number) 2 NW (WFR value number) 3 NG (GFR value number) 4 NA (ALQ value number) 5 Calculated pressure at 1st FLO value NPth PRS value NWth WFR value NGth GFR value NAth ALQ value 6 Calculated pressure at 2nd FLO value NPth PRS value NWth WFR value NGth GFR value NAth ALQ value . . . NFLO+4Calculated pressure at last FLO value NPth PRS value NWth WFR value NGth GFR value NAth ALQ value UNITS: psia (FIELD) or barsa (METRIC). Terminated with a slash (/). All combinations of NF = 1 to NFLO NP = 1 to NPRS NW= 1 to NWFR NG= 1 to NGFR NA = 1 to NALQ are covered. J-4 Production Table Format

If VFPi is running in compositional mode, the VFPCHECK keyword is appended to th e end of the table, containing the following data items Item Item Item Item Item Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water density at standard conditions. Molecular weight of water. Standard pressure. Standard temperature. Units system. Number of components.

Items 1, 3 and 4 are in the units as defined by item 5. The information is read by ECLIPSE 300 to check that the table is consistent with the simulator s data. Notes If during a pressure traverse calculation the well bore fluid exceeds the sonic velocity, the corresponding calculated pressure value in the table is set to a value as de fined in the Control Data panel. If during a pressure traverse calculation the well bore fluid becomes erosive by exceeding a gas or liquid flow velocity limit set in the Control Data panel, the calculated pressure value in the table may be set to a value also defined in thi s panel. If during a pressure traverse the phase equilibrium cannot be found at some poin t in the pipe (compositional mode only), the corresponding calculated pressure value in the table is set to -1.0E10. Production Table Format J-5

Example For a compositional run: --VFP TABLE FOR PRODUCER, NFLO=5, NPRS=2, NWFR=1, NGFR=3, NALQ=1 VFPPROD 1 2.00000E+03 WGV WWR MMW BHP / Basic data for table THP METRIC

1.00000E+04 5.00000E+04 1.00000E+05 5.00000E+05 1.00000E+06/ 5 FLOW values 2.00000E+02 4.00000E+02/ 2 THP values 0.00000E+00/ 1 WFR value 2.10000E+01 3.00000E+01 6.00000E+01/ 3 GFR values 0.00000E+00/ 1 ALQ value 1 1 1 1 2.37414E+02 2.38597E+02 2.42123E+02 3.37644E+02 5.62134E+02 / 2 1 1 1 4.57105E+02 4.57874E+02 4.60147E+02 5.28035E+02 7.17119E+02 / 1 1 2 1 2.55000E+02 2.57184E+02 2.63824E+02 3.89321E+02 6.96654E+02 / 2 1 2 1 4.78840E+02 4.79979E+02 4.83334E+02 5.83639E+02 8.68273E+02 / 1 1 3 1 3.08733E+02 3.11688E+02 3.21873E+02 6.06055E+02 1.39561E+03 /

2 1 3 1 5.20151E+02 5.23297E+02 5.32321E+02 7.97721E+02 1.57188E+03 / --DATA USED BY E300 TO CHECK VALIDITY OF VFP TABLE VFPCHECK 1022.0000 18.0200 1.0132 15.5556 METRIC 16 / J-6 Production Table Format

Injection Table Format Appendix K Introduction VFPi can generate a table of BHP values tabulated against the flowing condition variables (FLO and THP) for use by ECLIPSE simulators to perform well tubing hea d pressure calculations for an injection well. The table format is the same for bo th black oil and compositional VFP tables, with only the flowing condition variable FLO referring to different quantities in each case. Black oil tables have the following choices of flowing condition variables: FLO = oil, water, or gas injection rate PRS = tubing head or bottom hole fixed pressure Compositional tables have the following choices of flowing condition variables: FLO = wet gas volume, or total molar injection rate PRS = tubing head or bottom hole fixed pressure The table is headed by the keyword VFPINJ and consists of the following records of data, each record terminated with a slash (/). Record 1 Basic data for table 1 Table number 2 Bottom hole datum depth for table. UNITS: ft (FIELD) or m (METRIC). 3 Definition of first variable FLO (enclosed in inverted commas). Injection Table Format K-1

'OIL' 'WAT' 'GAS' 'WGV' 'TMR'

- oil injection rate (black oil) -water injection rate (black oil) - gas injection rate (black oil) -wet gas volume injection rate (compositional) -total molar injection rate (compositional)

4 Definition of the fixed pressure values given in record 3 (enclosed in inverted commas). 'THP' - tubing head pressure 'BHP' -bottom hole pressure ECLIPSE will only accept THP. 5 Unit convention of the VFP table (enclosed in inverted commas). 'METRIC' or 'FIELD' 6 Definition of the tabulated quantity in the body of the table, records 4 onwards (enclosed in inverted commas). 'BHP' -bottom hole pressure 'THP' - tubing head pressure 'TEMP' - outlet temperature ECLIPSE will only accept BHP. Terminated with a slash (/). Record 2 NFLO FLO (flow rate) values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: OIL : stb/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) WAT : stb/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) GAS : Mscf/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) WGV : Mscf/day (FIELD) or sm3/day (METRIC) TMR : lb-M/day (FIELD) or kg-M/day (METRIC). Record 3 NPRS PRS (pressure) values, in ascending order, terminated with a slash (/). UNITS: psia (FIELD) or barsa (METRIC). Record 4 to NPRS + 3. NPRS successive records each containing the following items, and each terminated with a slash (/). 1 NP (PRS value number). 2 Calculated pressure at 1st FLO value and NPth PRS value.

K-2 Injection Table Format

Calculated pressure at 2nd FLO value and NPth PRS value. . . . NFLO+1Calculated pressure at last FLO value and NPth PRS value. UNITS: psia (FIELD) or barsa (METRIC). Terminated with a slash (/). All combinations of NF = 1 to NFLO NP = 1 to NPRS are covered. If VFPi is running in compositional mode the VFPCHECK keyword is appended to the end of the table, containing the following data items Item Item Item Item Item Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water density at standard conditions. Molecular weight of water. Standard pressure. Standard temperature. Units system. Number of components.

Items 1, 3 and 4 are in the units as defined by item 5. The information is read by ECLIPSE 300 to check that the table is consistent with the simulator s data. Note If during a pressure traverse calculation the well bore fluid exceeds the sonic velocity, the corresponding calculated pressure value in the table is set to a value as de fined in the Control Data panel. If during a pressure traverse calculation the phase equilibrium cannot be found at some point in the pipe (compositional mode only), the corresponding calculated pressure value in the table is set to -1.0E10. Example VFP Table For Water Injector, NFLO=5, NPRS=1: 1 7.00000E+03 WAT THP FIELD BHP / 1.00000E+00 3.00000E+02 7.00000E+02 1.00000E+03 2.00000E+03 / 1.00000E+03 / 1 4.03999E+03 4.03423E+03 4.01346E+03 3.98903E+03 3.85537E+03 /

Injection Table Format K-3

K-4 K-4 Injection Table Format

VIP Well Hydraulics Table Appendix L Introduction VFPi is able to export a VFP table to an external file in the format that the VI P simulator expects for a wellbore hydraulics table. This data follows a BHPTAB keyword for productions tables and a BHITABkeyword for injection tables. Both black oil and compositional table may be exported in this format within the limitations descri bed below. For details of the table formats and the flowing variables units in the F IELD and METRICsystems, please refer to the VIP manual. VFPi is also able import existing VIP wellbore hydraulics tables from an externa l file for black oil fluid tables -it is not however able to fully import compositional fluid tables because of the difference in gas fractions used by VIP and VFPi (see belo w). Once a VIP hydraulics table has been imported, the user may perform the same operatio ns on this table as an internally calculated table, or an ECLIPSE compatible import ed keyword. So, for example, cross-sections from an imported VIP wellbore hydraulic s table may be viewed in 2D or 3D, the hydraulics table may be graphically edited or it may be stabilized by removing the upturn in all BHP curves at low flow values. In the following sections of this appendix the main differences between ECLIPSE VFP tables and VIP wellbore hydraulics tables are outlined. VIP Well Hydraulics Table Introduction L-1

Black oil fluid tables VFPi offers a greater choice in the allowed combinations of flow variable, gas f raction and water fraction than VIP expects in the BHPTAB keyword data. If you are creat ing a table that you expect to export in the VIP format, please limit your choice of combinations to those shown in Table L.1: Table L.1 Combinations of black oil fluid tables supported by VIP Flow Gas Fraction Water Fraction LIQ GLR WCUT OIL GOR WCUT GAS OGR WGR There is also a difference in units used for gas fractions, water fractions, pre ssures and gas injection rates between the two table types as outlined in Table L.2 Table L.2 Units used by ECLIPSE & VIP for black oil fluid tables Simulator Field Metric gas/liquid or gas/oil ECLIPSE Mscf/stb scm/scm VIP scf/stb scm/scm oil/gas ECLIPSE stb/Mscf scm/scm VIP stb/MMscf scm/MMscm water/gas ECLIPSE stb/Mscf scm/scm VIP stb/MMscf scm/Mscm pressure ECLIPSE psia bars VIP psia kPa gas injection rate ECLIPSE Mscf/day scm/day VIP Mscf/day Mscm/day VFPi will write out the keyword data in the units appropriate for the simulator. L-2 VIP Well Hydraulics Table Black oil fluid tables

Compositional fluid tables VIP expects the flow variable to be a wet gas volume rate (that is the total hyd rocarbon rate converted to an ideal gas rate at standard conditions). The gas fraction is not the mean molecular weight (MMW) of the wellstream, but an oil to gas ratio. VFPi con verts between the two when writing out a VIP wellbore hydraulics table by flashing the wellstream of a given MMW directly to surface conditions to form an oil to gas r atio. Please note that this does not take into account any separator effects. If a compositional VIP table is read in from an external file, the OGR gas fract ions are interpreted as MMWs - no conversions can take place because the wellstream compositions used to form the original table are not in general known. VIP Well Hydraulics Table Compositional fluid tables L-3

L-4 L-4 VIP Well Hydraulics Table Compositional fluid tables

Keywords Appendix M Structure of keyword file VFPi stores its data state between keywords in this file are based on reasons of back compatibility VFPi order to accommodate the new features in session by means of a data keyword file. The those used by the batch program VFP, and for can read all the appropriate VFP keywords. In VFPi however, the number of keyword types has

increased compared to those used by VFP. Furthermore, the structure of the keywo rd file has changed to reflect the multi-well aspects of VFPi. There should be no n eed for the user to directly edit this file as all the keywords are automatically create d and written by VFPi when saving its data state. To alter any data, it is strongly recommended that appropriate panel in VFPi is used to examine and change this da ta rather than editing the keyword file and re-reading it. The keyword file consists of a number of data sections, each of which is termina ted by an END keyword. These sections are described below: General data keywords This sections holds the general program keywords together with the universal VFP table calculation keywords, any VFP tables held internally in VFPi and the numbe r of wells specified in the data tree. Then for each well, the following grouping occurs Well data keywords The keywords in this compulsory section name the well, define which child nodes belong to the well and hold any user notes associated with the well. Tubing keywords If the well has a Tubing node, this section will be present. Black Oil Fluid keywords If the well has a Black Oil Fluid node, this section will be present. Compositional Fluid keywords Keywords Structure of keyword file M-1

If the well has a Compositional Fluid node, this section will be present. Calculation Control data keywords If the well has a Calculation Control node, this section will be present. Measured Pressure data keywords If the well has a Measured Pressure node, this section will be present. Table Definition keywords This section holds information of a VFP Table associated with the well After the last section of the last well, an additional ENDkeyword will be found which denotes the end of the keyword data file. In the remainder of this appendix is a brief description of the VFPi keywords in each section listed alphabetically. M-2 Keywords Structure of keyword file

General keywords For a description of the VFPPROD and VFPINJ keywords, which contain the actual V FP table data read by the ECLIPSE simulators, refer to "Production Table Format" on page J-1 & "Injection Table Format" on page K-1. METRIC Declares metric unit convention The keyword has no associated data. It sets the unit convention to the METRIC op tion. If this keyword is not present in the input data, the unit convention will be th e FIELD option. PANELS Panel positions The keyword is followed by a number of lines of data, and describes the screen positions of all the panel opened, or currently open at the point of saving VFPi s data state to the keyword file. The data is terminated by a slash (/). Each line describes the position of a panel and consists of: 1 Unique name for the panel 2 X co-ordinate of the top left hand corner 3 Y co-ordinate of the top left hand corner The co-ordinates are in screen pixels. PROJECT Project definition The keyword is followed by data describing the project held in the keyword file. The first part of the data consists of 6 lines terminated by a slash (/) denoting: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Project name Author Creation date Last modified date Version of VFPi that created or last modified this file Integer form of version string

The second part of the data consists of a number of lines that contain the users description of the project. This description (and the keyword as a whole) is ter minated by a slash (/). Keywords General keywords M-3

VFPTABLE Name and number of the VFP Table held internally This keyword is followed by a quoted string for the name of the VFP Table held internally and a single integer for the number of this table. It is terminated b y a slash (/). WELLNUM Number of wells in data tree This mandatory keyword is followed by a single integer for the number of wells i n the hierarchical data tree. It is terminated by a slash (/). M-4 Keywords General keywords

VFP table calculation keywords ALQ Fifth variable The ALQ is a fifth variable that can be used to incorporate an additional look-u p parameter, such as the level of artificial lift. The keyword should be followed by: First, a line containing the 3-character definition of the ALQ GRAT IGLR TGLR PUMP COMP BEAN DENO DENG -injection rate of gas lift gas -injection gas-liquid ratio -total gas-liquid ratio -pump rating -compressor power -choke diameter -surface density of oil -surface density of gas

Followed on the subsequent line(s) by successive values of the ALQ, terminated w ith a slash (/). FLOW Flow rate values The keyword should be followed by: First, a line containing the 3-character phase identifier OIL - surface flow rate of oil WAT - surface flow rate of water GAS - surface flow rate of gas LIQ - surface flow rate of liquid (oil + water) WGV - wet gas volume rate (compositional) TMR - total molar rate (compositional) Followed on the subsequent line(s) by successive values of the flow rate, termin ated with a slash (/). GFR Gas fraction values The keyword should be followed by: First, a line containing the 3-character definition of the gas fraction GOR - gas-oil ratio at surface conditions GLR - gas-liquid ratio at surface conditions Keywords VFP table calculation keywords M-5

OGR - oil-gas ratio at surface conditions MMW - mean molecular weight of wellstream fluid (compositional) Followed on the subsequent line(s) by successive values of the gas fraction, ter minated with a slash (/). PRES Tubing head or bottom hole pressures The keyword should be followed by: First, a line containing the 3-character pressure variable identifier THP -the program will read the values of the tubing head pressure, and calculate the values of the bottom hole pressure (a top-to-bottom calculation) BHP -the program will read the values of the bottom hole pressure, and calculate the values of the tubing head pressure (a bottom-to-top calculation)

Followed on the subsequent line(s) by successive values of the specified pressur e, terminated with a slash(/). TABNAME VFP Table name The keyword is followed by a quoted string for the name of the universal VFP tab le. It is terminated by a slash(/). TABNUM VFP Table number The keyword is followed by a single integer for the number of the universal VFP table. It is terminated by a slash(/). WFR Water fraction values The keyword should be followed by: First, a line containing the 3-character definition of the water fraction: WOR -water/oil ratio at surface conditions WCT -water/liquid ratio at surface conditions (water cut) WGR -water/gas ratio at surface conditions WWR -water/wet gas ratio at surface conditions (compositional) WTR -water/total mole ratio (compositional) Followed on the subsequent line(s) by successive values of the water fraction, terminated with a slash (/). M-6 Keywords

VFP table calculation keywords

Well keywords WELLFLAG Child nodes types The keyword is followed by one line of data containing 2 integers that indicate the type of Tubing node and the type of Fluid node. It is terminated by a slash (/). The integers refer to: 1 Tubing Node Type 0 = Injection well 1 = Production well 2 Fluid Node Type 0 = Compositional Fluid 1 = Black Oil Fluid WELLNAME Name of well The keyword is followed by a quoted string for the name of a well. It is termina ted by a slash (/). WELLNODE Child nodes of well The keyword is followed by one line of data containing 4 integers that indicate whether the four types of child node for the well exist. It is terminated by a slash (/) . The integers refer to: 1 2 3 4 Tubing Node (0 = node is absent) Fluid Node (0 = node is absent) Calculation Control Node (0 = node is absent) Measured Pressures Node (0 = node is absent)

WELLNOTE Well Description The keyword is followed by 5 blocks of data containing the user entered descript ions for a well, its Tubing node, Fluid node, Calculation Control node and Measured Pressure node. Each block consists of a number of text lines and is terminated b y a slash (/). The keyword as a whole is finally terminated by an additional slash (/). Keywords Well keywords M-7

Tubing keywords ANNULUS Fluid diameters vs. tubing length The keyword should be followed by a table of Tubing and Casing diameters vs. len gth, terminated by a slash (/). For flow in the annulus formed between the tubing and the casing, the tubing diameter is an external diameter. By setting this tubing diam eter to zero, the flow becomes circular in cross-section. The table consists of three columns of data 1 Length down the tubing 2 Tubing diameter from this length on 3 Casing diameter from this length on BEAN Bean data The keyword should be followed by 9 numbers, terminating with a slash (/). General parameters concerning the choke 1 Length down tubing at bean 2 Bean size, S Parameters for the Gilbert Model 3 The constant C. Default value = 435 (FIELD), or 1.942 (METRIC) 4 The constant N. Default value = 0.546 (FIELDand METRIC units) 5 The constant M. Default value = 1.89 (FIELD and METRIC units) 6 The constant A. Default value = 14.7 (FIELD), or 1.01 (METRIC) Parameters for the Sachdeva Model 7 The heat capacity ratio Cp/Cv. Default value = 1.4 (FIELD and METRIC units) 8 The Discharge Coefficient. Default value = 0.85 (FIELD and METRIC units) A value to determine the chosen model 9 Model Type 0 = Sachdeva 1 = Gilbert CASING Casing & Annulus table A casing table provides a thermal description of casings and annuli that separat e the flowing fluid from the surrounding environment, which has a fixed temperature vs . length profile. This data is used when VFPi calculates the fluid temperature fro m an enthalpy balance equation during a pressure traverse. M-8 Keywords Tubing keywords

The table consists of number of row each terminated by a slash (/) and containin g up to 7 numbers. The end of the keyword data is denoted by an additional slash (/). Each row contains the following: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Length down tubing at start of casing Length down tubing at end of casing Inner diameter of casing Outer diameter of casing Thermal conductivity of casing Thermal conductivity of annulus immediately outside casing (optional) Outer diameter of annulus immediately outside casing (optional)

CASEDESC Casing & Annulus description The first column of VFPi s casing table allows the user to provide an optional tex tual description for each casing. The keyword holds this data as number of lines each containing a string terminated by a slash (/). The end of the keyword data is de noted by an additional slash (/). COATING Concentric ring thermal data This keyword defines a series of concentric rings of given thicknesses and therm al conductivities that separate the flowing fluid from the surrounding environment, which has a fixed temperature vs. length profile. This data is used when VFPi calculates the fluid temperature from an enthalpy balance equation during a pres sure traverse. The keyword is followed by a series tables which define a length of tubing with a constant concentric ring description. Each table consists of: 1 Length down tubing from which the description starts then successive pairs of 2 Ring thickness (working outwards from centre) 3 Ring Thermal Conductivity Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). COMPTABL Gas compressor tables The compressor option is designed for use in pipelines where there is single-pha se gas flow. Compressor behavior is described by a table of compression ratio vs. gas f low rate at standard surface conditions, for each value of the compressor power. The keyword should be followed first by one line of data containing a single num ber, then by a compressor table for each power value. Each compressor table must be terminated with a slash (/).

Keywords Tubing keywords M-9

The single number denotes 1 Length down tubing at compressor intake Each compressor table consists of: 1 Power value then successive pairs of 1 Gas flow rate in pipeline, at standard surface conditions 2 Compression ratio (Outlet pressure / intake pressure) Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). DELTAP Local pressure drop vs. flow rate tables The pressure drop tables option is designed to allow a localized pressure drop, at any location in the tubing, as a function of the surface flow rate or mixture veloci ty. This facility can be used to model the pressure drop due to sub-critical flow through a choke. The keyword should be followed by a number of blocks of data. Each block of data consists of two single numbers followed by a table of pressure drop values vs. f low rate, and is terminated with a slash (/). The first two numbers denote: 1 Length down the tubing at which this pressure drop is located 2 Flow rate definition in the table 1 - flow rate is surface flow rate of oil 2 - flow rate is surface flow rate of water 3 - flow rate is surface flow rate of gas 4 - flow rate is surface flow rate of liquid 5 - flow rate is mixture velocity Each table consists of successive pairs of: 3 Flow rate as defined above 4 Pressure drop at that flow rate Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). DEPTHS Depth vs. length down tubing table The keyword should be followed by a table of depth vs. tubing length, terminated by a slash (/). The tubing length is the overall length down the tubing from the su rface. The table consists of two columns of data:

1 Length down the tubing 2 True vertical depth at this length value At least two sets of length and depth values are required. The first set corresp onds to the end of the tubing at the surface, and should have a tubing length value of z ero. The final set must correspond to the bottom hole depth of the well. M-10 Keywords Tubing keywords

The length values must be in increasing order. The depth values need not increas e monotonically with length, however, as the tubing may follow the undulations of hilly terrain. Between two successive length points, the depth is linearly interpolated, that i s the tubing is assumed to be straight between successive length points. DIAM Fluid diameter vs. tubing length The keyword should be followed by a table of the tubing diameter vs. length, terminated by a slash (/). The tubing diameter for circular cross-sectioned flow is an internal diameter. The table consists of two columns of data 1 Length down the tubing 2 Tubing diameter from this length on GASLIFT Black oil gas lift data The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing 2 numbers, denotin g: 1 Length down tubing at gas injection point 2 Fraction of the injected gas that is allowed to dissolve in under-saturated oi l. 1.0 allows all the injected gas to dissolve in under-saturated oil above the injection point, subject to the oil s saturation limit. 0.0 prevents any of the injected gas from dissolving in under saturated oil. A number between 0.0 and 1.0 allows only part of the injected gas to re-saturate the oil. GASLIFTC Compositional gas lift data The keyword should be followed by: 1 Length down tubing at the injection point 2 The number of components (NCOMPS) in the injection fluid 3 The component mole fractions of the lift gas injection fluid (that is NCOMPS values which sum to unity) The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). Keywords Tubing keywords M-11

OHTC Heat Transfer Coefficients This keyword defines the overall heat transfer coefficient vs. tubing length pro file for the material that separates the flowing fluid from the surrounding environment, which has a fixed temperature vs. length profile. This data is used when VFPi calculat es the fluid temperature from an enthalpy balance equation during a pressure traverse. On each line after the keyword are successive pairs of: 1 Length down tubing from which the following coefficients applies 2 An overall heat transfer coefficient The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). PUMP Pump tables The keyword should be followed first by one line of data containing 2 numbers, t hen by a pump head table for each rating value. Each pump head table must be termina ted with a slash (/). The two numbers denote: 1 Length down tubing at pump intake 2 Volume fraction of gas at pump intake above which the pump cuts off. The pump is assumed to operate according to its head vs. rate curve, as long as the local volume fraction of gas does not exceed the cut-off value. Above this value, the pump does not function. Each pump head table consists of: 1 Rating value Then successive pairs of: 1 Volumetric flow rate through pump 2 Pump head Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). ROUGHNES Tubing roughness The keyword should be followed by a table of absolute tubing roughness vs. lengt h down the tubing, terminated by a slash (/). The table consists of two columns of data: 1 Length down the tubing 2 Absolute tubing roughness from this length on TEMP Temperature vs. length down tubing

The keyword should be followed by a table of temperature vs. length, terminated by a slash (/). The table consists of two columns of data: M-12 Keywords Tubing keywords

1 Length down the tubing 2 Fluid temperature If the user has selected the calculate fluid temperatures option, this keyword i s used to store the constant temperature profile of the surrounding environment. TEMPTABL Fluid outlet temperature vs. flow rate This keyword defines a table of fluid temperature at the tubing outlet vs. flow rate. To calculate the fluid temperature at any given length down the tubing, two interpolations are performed. First the outlet temperature is determined for the particular flow rate, by interpolating the table defined in this keyword. Second ly the temperature at the required tubing length is determined by linearly interpolatin g the temperatures at the tubing inlet and outlet. The keyword should be followed first by one line of data containing a single num ber, then by an outlet temperature table. The table should be terminated by a slash ( /). The single number denotes: 1 Fluid temperature at tubing inlet The table consists of two columns of data 1 Surface flow rate of the fluid defined in FLOW keyword 2 Fluid temperature at tubing outlet TUBCNTRL Tubing control data This keyword supplies the control settings for the tubing node. It is followed b y 4 integers terminated by a slash (/). 1 Bean on/off 0 = Bean is not active 1 = Bean is active 2 Active ALQ Device 0 = No ALQ device 1 = Pump 2 = Gas Lift 3 = Gas Compressor 3 Thermal mode 0 = Fixed temperature vs. length profile 1 = Fixed outlet temperature vs. flow profile 2 = Calculated fluid temperature Keywords Tubing keywords

M-13

4 Heat transfer data source 0 = Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient table 1 = Concentric rings tables 2 = Casing and Annulus table M-14 Keywords Tubing keywords

Black oil fluid keywords BOFCNTRL Tubing control data This keyword supplies the control settings for the black oil fluid node. It is f ollowed by 5 integers terminated by a slash (/). 1 Table/correlation choice for oil PVT properties (0 = correlation) 2 Table/correlation choice for water PVT properties (0 = correlation) 3 Table/correlation choice for gas PVT properties 0 = dry gas correlation 1 = dry gas table 2 = wet gas table 4 Table/correlation choice for oil-gas surface tension (0 = correlation) 5 Table/correlation choice for water-gas surface tension (0 = correlation) DENSITY Surface fluid densities The keyword should be followed by one line of data terminated by a slash. The 3 data items denote 1 Oil density at standard surface conditions 2 Water density at standard surface conditions 3 Gas density at standard surface conditions If VFPi is running in compositional mode, only the water density should be non-z ero (the oil and gas surface densities being calculated from the wellstream fluid composition). DGASPVT Dry gas PVT tables The keyword should be followed by successive tables of PVT properties for dry ga s (that is gas containing no vaporized oil), each terminated by a slash (/). Each table consists of: First, one number denoting: 1 The temperature value Followed by 3 columns of data denoting: 1 The pressure 2 The gas formation volume factor 3 The gas viscosity Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). Keywords Black oil fluid keywords M-15

EMLVSC Emulsion viscosity This keyword should be followed by one line of data containing 2 integers used t o enable/disable the Woelflin calculation of emulsion viscosity and to select the type of emulsion. The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). 1 Calculation on/off 0 = Calculation is disabled 1 = Calculation is enabled 2 Type characterizing the emulsion 0 = Loose (minimal agitation) 1 = Medium 2 = Tight (extreme agitation) OILPFIT Oil PVT correlations tuning This keyword may be used to tune the built-in correlations for oil PVT propertie s, to fit measured data. The oil PVT correlations are summarized in Appendix C. These cont ain 7 tuning factors, FO1, FO2,......, FO7, which are initially set to 1.0. Use of t he OILPFIT keyword causes some or all of the tuning factors to be reset to fit the specifie d data. The keyword should be followed by 3 lines of data, each terminated with a slash (/). The 3 lines set the oil properties (formation volume factor and viscosity) at bu bble point conditions, tubing head or separator conditions, and under-saturated reser voir conditions respectively. Items may be defaulted by setting them negative, or by terminating the line early with the slash. Lines 2 and 3 may be defaulted entire ly, if data at their respective conditions are not available, by entering just the slash ter minator. If the data required to calculate a particular tuning factor have not been entered, the factor will retain the value of 1.0. OILPVT Oil PVT properties table The keyword should be followed by successive tables of oil PVT properties, each terminated by a slash (/). Each table consists of: First, one line of 3 numbers denoting: 1 The temperature value 2

The compressibility of undersaturated oil 3 The viscosity factor (that is the derivative of viscosity w.r.t. pressure, divided by the viscosity) of undersaturated oil Followed by 4 columns of data denoting: 1 The dissolved gas-oil ratio (RS) 2 The bubble point pressure for this RS value 3 The oil formation volume factor at the bubble point 4 The oil viscosity at the bubble point M-16 Keywords Black oil fluid keywords

Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). SHEATC Fluid specific heat capacities The keyword should be followed by one line of data terminated by a slash (/). Th e 3 data items denote 1 Specific heat capacity of oil 2 Specific heat capacity of gas 3 Specific heat capacity of water STCOND Standard surface conditions The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing 2 numbers, termina ted with a slash (/). The numbers denote: 1 Standard surface temperature 2 Standard surface pressure STOG Oil-gas interfacial tension tables The keyword should be followed by successive tables of oil-gas interfacial tensi on, each terminated by a slash (/). Each table consists of first, one number denotin g: 1 The temperature value Followed by successive 2 columns of data denoting: 1 The pressure 2 The oil-gas interfacial tension Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). STWG Water-gas interfacial tension tables The keyword should be followed by successive tables of water-gas interfacial ten sion, each terminated by a slash (/). Each table consists of: First, one number denoting: 1 The temperature value Followed by successive 2 columns of data denoting: 1 The pressure 2 The water-gas interfacial tension Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). Keywords Black oil fluid keywords M-17

WATPVT Water PVT properties table The keyword should be followed by a table of water PVT properties, terminated by a slash (/). The table consists of 6 columns of data, denoting: 1 2 3 4 5 6 The temperature A datum pressure The water formation volume factor at the datum pressure The water compressibility The water viscosity at the datum pressure The water viscosity factor (that is the derivative of viscosity w.r.t. pressure,

divided by the viscosity) The table must be terminated with a slash (/). WGASPVT Wet gas PVT properties tables The keyword should be followed by successive tables of PVT properties for wet ga s (that is condensate gas containing vaporized oil), each terminated by a slash (/ ). Each table consists of: First, one number denoting: 1 The temperature value Followed by 7 columns of data denoting: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The pressure The saturated vaporized oil-gas ratio (RV) The saturated gas formation volume factor The saturated gas viscosity An under-saturated oil-gas ratio value The corresponding under-saturated gas formation volume factor The corresponding under-saturated gas viscosity

Each table must be terminated with a slash (/). M-18 Keywords Black oil fluid keywords

Compositional fluid keywords ACF Component acentric factors This keyword associates an acentric factor with each of the NCOMPS components of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from it s neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry should be terminated by a slas h (/). BIC Component binary interaction coefficients This keyword defines the binary interaction coefficients between the NCOMPS components of the compositional fluid. The keyword is followed by NCOMPS*(NCOMPS-1)/2 binary interaction coefficient values arranged in lower triangular form. The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). The default value for a coefficient is zero, symmetry is used to specify values in the upper triangular part of the format, and the self binary interaction coefficient is zero. CNAMES Component names This keyword associates a character string, used for reporting purposes only, wi th each of the NCOMPScomponents of the compositional fluid. Each character string should be delimited from its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). The maximum string length is 72 characters, although a limit of 4 is suggested i n deference to program output formats. Strings need only be enclosed in single quo tes if they contain blank characters. EOS Equation of state to be used This keyword enables one of three possible equations of state to be chosen. The keyword should be followed by a line containing a character argument terminated by a slash (/). The possible options are: PR Peng-Robinson RK Redlich-Kwong SRK Soave-Redlich-Kwong

Keywords Compositional Fluid keywords M-19

HYDRO Hydrocarbon/ non-hydrocarbon This keyword denotes each of the NCOMPS components as either hydrocarbon with an H , or a non-hydrocarbon with an N . Thus the keyword should be followed by NCOMPSsingle-letter characters and must be terminated with a slash (/). Multiple consecutive occurrences of the same character can be represented as, say, 4*H. MOLWW Molecular weight of water The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing a number denoting the molecular weight of water. The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). MW Component molecular weights This keyword associates a mean molecular weight with each of the NCOMPS components of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should b e delimited from its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be ter minated by a slash (/). NCOMPS Number of components The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing an integer which s ets the number of components in the compositional fluid. The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). OMEGAA OmegaA EOS coefficients In the absence of this keyword VFPi uses default values for the omegaA equation of state coefficient (see the PVTi or ECLIPSE 300 manual for further details). Howe ver should the user wish to change these values, the OMEGAA keyword may be specified , which associates a coefficient with each of the NCOMPScomponents of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from its neighbor by a spac e or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a slash (/). OMEGAB OmegaB EOS coefficients In the absence of this keyword VFPi uses default values for the omegaB equation of state coefficient (see the PVTi or ECLIPSE 300 manual for further details). Howe ver should the user wish to change these values, the OMEGAB keyword may be specified , which associates a coefficient with each of the NCOMPScomponents of the compositional fluid.

M-20 Keywords Compositional Fluid keywords

The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from its neighbor by a spac e or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a slash (/). PARACHOR Component critical parachors This keyword associates a parachor with each of the NCOMPScomponents of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from it s neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a slash (/). These values need only be entered if the surface tension between oil and gas is to be calculated internally using the MacLeod and Sugden procedure, and not taken from a supplied STOG table. PCRIT Component critical pressures This keyword associates a critical pressure with each of the NCOMPS components o f the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from it s neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a slash (/). PRCORR Modified Peng-Robinson EOS This keyword requests that a slightly modified form of the Peng-Robinson equatio n of state is to be used. The keyword has no associated data, and is not terminated b y a slash. It will have no effect on equations of state other than the Peng-Robinson . SSHIFT EOS shift parameters This keyword associates a dimensionless volume shift parameter with each of the NCOMPScomponents of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry m ust be terminated by a slash (/). The volume shift calculated from these parameters is applied equally to all equa tions of state. Volumes are not shifted if this keyword is absent. TCRIT Component critical temperatures This keyword associates a critical temperature with each of the NCOMPS component s of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of

data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from it s neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a slash (/). Keywords Compositional Fluid keywords M-21

VCRIT Component critical molar volumes This keyword associates a critical molar volume with each of the NCOMPS componen ts of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited fr om its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a sl ash (/). If the ZCRITkeyword has previously been used to enter the critical compressibili ty factors, then the critical molar volumes are calculated internally and the VCRIT keyword will be ignored. Either the ZCRIT keyword or the VCRIT keyword must be entered. VCRITVIS Component critical molar volumes for viscosity calculations This keyword associates a critical molar volume with each of the NCOMPS componen ts of the compositional fluid. This data will only be used in viscosity calculation s and not in phase equilibria calculations. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should be delimited from its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be terminated by a slash (/). This keyword is optional (see ZCRITVIS keyword). If the ZCRITVIS keyword has previously been used to enter the critical compressi bility factors, then the critical molar volumes are calculated internally and the VCRIT VIS keyword will be ignored. ZCRIT Component critical compressibility factors This keyword associates a critical compressibility factor with each of the NCOMP S components of the compositional fluid. The keyword should be followed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each number should b e delimited from its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry must be ter minated by a slash (/). ZCRITVIS Component critical compressibility factors for viscosity calculations

This keyword associates a critical compressibility factor with each of the NCOMP S components of the compositional fluid. This data will only be used in viscosity calculations and not in phase equilibria calculations. The keyword should be fol lowed by one or more lines of data containing in total NCOMPS real numbers. Each numbe r should be delimited from its neighbor by a space or a new line. The data entry m ust be terminated by a slash (/). This keyword is optional (see VCRITVIS keyword). M-22 Keywords Compositional Fluid keywords

ZDEPEXP Reservoir depletion experiment ZDEPEXPis used to define the reservoir pressure depletion experiment, which calculates the reservoir phase compositions as a function of the pressure. This keyword has two records of data, each terminated by a slash (/). The first data record is composed of the following items: 1 Experiment type: CVD = constant volume depletion or DL = differential liberation or CCE = constant composition expansion 2 Reservoir temperature 3 Initial reservoir pressure 4 Abandonment reservoir pressure 5 Number of pressure stages The second data record consists of NCOMPS non-negative mole fractions which defi ne the composition of the initial reservoir fluid. These must sum to unity. ZLEANGAS Lean gas composition This keyword allows the user to augment the wellstream composition table generat ed from a depletion experiment with the composition of a lean gas that has been inj ected into the reservoir. (See Appendix F.) The keyword should be followed by the component mole fractions of the lean gas injected into the reservoir (that is NCOMPS real numbers which sum to unity). Th e data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). ZWELINP Input of wellstream compositions This keyword allows the user to enter directly the composition of the wellstream fluids. The keyword should be followed one or more sets of such compositions. Each set should contain NCOMPS non-negative mole fractions which sum to unity, and should be terminated by a slash (/). The final set of compositions must be followed by a line containing just a slash (/). Keywords Compositional Fluid keywords M-23

Calculation control keywords ACCHDCHK Acceleration pressure head calculation check The keyword should be followed by a single integer. The data entry should be terminated by a slash (/). 1 Calculation on/off 0 = Calculation is disabled 1 = Calculation is enabled ERODEVEL Erosion flow velocities This keyword may optionally be used to set a limit on the liquid and gas flow velocities, which represents the point at which the flow could start to cause er osion damage. If a VFP table is being calculated for use in ECLIPSE simulators, the BH P value written to this table can optionally be replaced with a user specified val ue chosen to prevent the well from operating at these conditions. The ERODEVEL keyword should be followed by a line containing up to 3 numbers, terminated with a slash (/). The numbers denote: 1 The local liquid flow velocity in the well bore at which erosion damage may star t DEFAULT: No erosion velocity limit applied to liquid phase 2 The local gas flow velocity in the well bore at which erosion damage may start DEFAULT: No erosion velocity limit applied to gas phase 3 The BHP value to be written to the VFP table to indicate that the erosion veloci ty limit has been exceeded DEFAULT: Keep the BHP value that was calculated for these flowing conditions FTFACTOR Data fitting parameters The keyword should be followed by five lines of data each terminated by a slash( /). A final slash (/) terminates the keyword data as a whole. Each line contains a value, lower and upper bounds and the status (0 = Fixed, 1 = Variable) for the following fitting factors:

1 Multiplier for friction loss gradient 2 Multiplier for hydrostatic pressure gradient 3 Weighting factor for gas-liquid slip. 0.0 - homogeneous flow, no slip 1.0 - slip as derived from multi-phase flow correlations M-24 Keywords Calculation control keywords

4 Gas holdup factor 5 Mach number factor The bounds and status data for the fitting factors are used in the pressure matc hing module (see Appendix H). FLOWCORL Multi-phase flow correlations The keyword should be followed by a table of flow correlation identifier vs. len gth down the tubing, terminated by a slash (/). The table consists of two columns of data: 1 Length down the tubing 2 Identifier of flow correlation to be applied from this length on (enclosed in in verted commas) 'AZIZ' = correlation of Aziz, Govier & Fogarasi 'ORK' = correlation of Orkiszewski 'HAG' = correlation of Hagedorn & Brown 'BEG' = correlation of Beggs & Brill 'MUK' = correlation of Mukherjee & Brill 'GRA' = correlation of Gray 'PAZ' = correlation of Petalas & Aziz The identifiers can be abbreviated - only the first letter is significant. ITLIMS Pressure step Iteration limits The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing 3 integers, denoti ng 1 Limit 2 Limit 3 Limit n for the gas on number of iterations for the pressure step on number of iterations for the friction factor on number of iterations for the pseudo-reduced density in the correlatio Z-factor

ITPTRAV Pressure traverse iteration limits Some calculations in VFPi require a number of pressure traverses to be performed in order to iterate onto the unknown pressure. This keyword data controls the itera tion procedure. The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing an integer and a number, denoting 1 Limit on number of pressure traverse iterations

DEFAULT: 15 2 Pressure convergence tolerance DEFAULT: 1.0 psi (= 6.895e-2 bars) Keywords Calculation control keywords M-25

ORKPARAM Orkiszewski water cut parameter This keyword enables the user to specify the water cut at which the continuous l iquid phase changes from oil to water. This affects the liquid hold-up in the Slug Flo w regime of Orkiszewski s correlation. Different sets of equations for calculating the para meter delta are used depending on whether oil or water is the continuous liquid phase. Unfortunately, the transition from one set of equations to the other is not cont inuous. Thus, there is a significant change in the calculated pressure drop as the water cut increases across the value at which the continuous liquid phase changes. The discontinuity is a feature of the published correlation; but this keyword enable s the discontinuity to be moved if it is causing erroneous results. Orkiszewski did not provide any guidelines for placing the transition from oil t o water as the continuous liquid phase. By default the transition is made to occur when the local water cut reaches 0.5. The keyword should be followed by a line of data containing 1 number, terminated with a slash (/). The number should be between 0.0 and 1.0, and denotes: The fraction of water in the volumetric flow of liquid at which the continuous liquid phase changes from oil to water. MESSLIMS Print and Stop message limits The dialog box for a particular type of message will not be shown after its prin t limit has been reached. If the stop limit for a particular type of message is reached, then the calculation of the current VFP curve or VFP table will be stopped. The keyword should be followed by one line of data, terminated with a slash (/), that contains 4 integers denoting: 1 2 3 4 Print limit for warning messages Print limit for error messages Stop limit for warning messages Stop limit for error messages

SONICPRS Reported pressure at supersonic flow This keyword may be used to set the reported value of the calculated pressure (e ither

BHP or THP) if the flow in the tubing should become choked or supersonic. The SONICPRS keyword should be followed by a line containing one item of data, terminated with a slash (/): 1 The pressure to which the BHP or THP is set for supersonic flow. M-26 Keywords Calculation control keywords

SONICVEL Sonic velocity checking option This keyword may be used to turn on the sonic velocity checking option, which compares the mixture velocity with the local speed of sound in the mixture. If t he mixture velocity exceeds the local speed of sound, the pressure traverse is term inated and a warning message is posted. The SONICVEL keyword should be followed by a line containing one item of data, terminated with a slash +/ 1 The specific heat ratioC / C of the gas phase. pv This is used for calculating the speed of sound in the gas phase. For diatomic g ases, it is 1.4. NEWSTEPS Length step control data The keyword should be followed by one line of data containing 10 numbers, denoti ng 1 Initial length step DEFAULT: 20.0 ft (= 6.096 m) 2 Minimum allowed length step DEFAULT: 20.0 ft (= 6.096 m) 3 Maximum allowed length step DEFAULT: 500.0 ft (= 152.4 m) 4 Target truncation error DEFAULT: 5.0 psi (= 0.3447 bars) 5 Maximum allowed truncation error DEFAULT: 10.0 psi (= 0.6895 bars) 6 Maximum allowed pressure step DEFAULT: 300.0 psi (= 20.68 bars) 7 Maximum allowed temperature step DEFAULT: 10.0 degF (= 5.555 degC) 8 Pressure convergence error tolerance DEFAULT: 0.1 psi (= 6.895e-3 bars) 9 Temperature convergence error tolerance DEFAULT: 0.1 degF (= 0.0555 degC) 10 Factor by which successive length steps can increase DEFAULT: 3.0 Keywords Calculation control keywords M-27

Measured Pressure Data keywords OBSPRES Pressure measurements This keyword is followed by a series of tables which each define a pressure measurement used in VFPi s matching observed pressures option. The end of the set of tables is denoted with an additional slash (/). Each table consists of a line containing 5 integers denoting: 1 Flow variable type 0 = Oil 1 = Water 2 = Gas 3 = Liquid 4 = Wet gas volume rate (compositional) 5 = Total molar rate (compositional) 2 Pressure variable type 0 = THP 1 = BHP 3 Water Fraction variable type 0 = Water - Oil ratio 1 = Water - Liquid ratio 2 = Water - Gas ratio 3 = Water - Wet Gas ratio (compositional) 4 = Water - Total moles ratio (compositional) 4 Gas Fraction variable type 0 = Gas -Oil ratio 1 = Gas -Liquid ratio 2 = Oil - Gas ratio 3 = Mean Molecular Weight (compositional) 5 ALQ variable type 0 = None 1 = GRAT 2 = IGLR 3 = TGLR 4 = Pump 5 = Compressor This data is terminated with a slash (/). M-28 Keywords Measured Pressure Data keywords

After this are 9 numbers on separate lines denoting: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Observation weight Flow value Given pressure value Water fraction value Gas fraction value Inlet temperature value ALQ value Measured pressure Measurement length along tubing

This data is terminated with a slash (/). Keywords Measured Pressure Data keywords M-29

M-30 M-30 Keywords Measured Pressure Data keywords

Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Appendix N Disclaimer It is our understanding that in consideration of the name of Stanford University being mentioned in this user guide, Stanford University will transfer free of charge a ll titles related to the Petalas & Aziz mechanistic flow correlation code. GeoQuest confirms also that Stanford University makes no representations and/or warranties, express or implied, in respect of the Petalas & Aziz mechanistic flo w correlation code and GeoQuest assumes full liability and responsibility for any decisions or actions taken as a result of the use of the Petalas & Aziz mechanis tic flow correlation code by GeoQuest. Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Disclaimer N-1

Introduction The aim of this appendix is the description of the Petalas & Aziz correlation avai lable in VFPi for the 98A release onwards. Evaluation of the pressure losses predicted from the correlation is performed by VFPi making calls directly to code supplied by S tanford University. The brief introductory discussion that follows is based on excerpts from the report by N. Petalas & K. Aziz [Ref. 21]. In addition, all the analytical result s that are presented here are based on the mechanistic model described in this report. Methods for analyzing the flow of mixtures containing gas and liquid phases have traditionally been handled by empirical approaches, and more recently, through t he use of mechanistic models. Mechanistic models for multiphase flow calculations c an improve the ability to predict pressure drop and hold-up in pipes especially in situations that cannot easily be modelled in a laboratory, and for which reliabl e empirical correlations are not available. The Petalas & Aziz Mechanistic Model can be used for uphill and downhill flow, a nd for all pipe geometries. It begins by assuming that a particular flow regime is present. By solving the momentum balance equations for certain quantities that determine its characteristics, the stability of the flow pattern is examined. If the chosen fl ow pattern is shown to be stable, the procedure is terminated, the pressure drop and phase volume fractions being obtained directly from the momentum balance equations. If the fl ow pattern cannot exist under the specified conditions, a new flow pattern is assum ed and the procedure is repeated until a stable flow pattern is determined. For most of the flow patterns considered, one or more empirical closure relation ships are required even when a mechanistic approach is used. When adequate, correlatio ns available in the literature were used. New empirical correlations have been deve loped for liquid/wall and liquid/gas interfacial friction in stratified flow, and for the liquid fraction entrained and the interfacial friction in annular-mist flow. For interm ittent flow, a new correlation has been developed for the distribution coefficient, C0, used in the determination of hold-up, as well as a new simplified approach for determini ng the pressure gradient. N-2

Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Introduction

Model description The Basic flow patterns considered in the Petalas & Aziz Mechanistic Model are l isted below. Equilibrium stratified flow Stratified flow is characterized by a continuous liquid phase flowing in the low er portion of the pipe with a continuous gas phase flowing in the upper portion. Th e interface between the liquid and the gas phases may be smooth or there may be so me waves. When the interface is smooth, the flow pattern is designated as stratifie d smooth. As the gas flow rate is increased and waves begin to form, the flow patt ern is described as stratified wavy. Although the flow pattern prediction method propos ed in this model distinguishes between these two flow patterns, no distinction betw een them is made when solving the momentum balance equations. Annular mist flow The approach of this pattern used in the Petalas & Aziz Mechanistic Model is bas ed on the work of Oliemans et al. [Ref. 22], and Xiao et al. [Ref. 23]. The model is b ased on the assumption of a constant film thickness and no slip between the liquid dropl ets in the gas core and the gas phase. It does however account for the entrainment of t he liquid in the gas core. Intermittent flow The intermittent flow used in the Petalas & Aziz Mechanistic Model includes the slug and elongated bubble flow patterns. It is characterized by alternating slugs of liquid trailed by long bubbles of gas. The liquid slug may contain dispersed bubbles an d the gas bubbles have a liquid film below them. Dispersed bubble flow The calculation of the liquid hold-up in dispersed bubble flow follows the proce dure used for the dispersed bubbles in the slug in intermittent flow. Bubble flow Bubble flow is encountered in steeply inclined pipes and is characterized by a continuous liquid phase containing a dispersed phase of mostly spherical gas bub bles. Petalas & Aziz Flow Model

Model description N-3

Froth flow Froth flow represents a transition zone between dispersed bubble flow and annula rmist flow and between slug flow and annular-mist. The approach used in the Petalas & Aziz Mechanistic Model is to interpolate between the appropriate boundary regi mes in order to determine the transition values of the in situ liquid volume fractio n and pressure drop. This involves a number of iterative procedures in order to determ ine the superficial gas velocities at the dispersed bubble, annular-mist and slug transi tions to froth. Once the superficial gas velocity at each transition is known, the volume fraction and pressure drop values at the transitions are calculated and a log-log interpo lation between these values is made for each quantity. N-4 Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Model description

Model behavior The model examines the stability of the flow pattern by solving the momentum bal ance equations. If the flow pattern cannot exist under the specified conditions, a ne w flow pattern is assumed and the procedure is repeated until a stable flow pattern is determined. By performing these calculations over a range of gas and liquid flow rates, a Flow Pattern Map can be constructed. Such a Flow Pattern Map is shown in Figur e N.1 for an air/water system at atmospheric conditions. VsL and VsG are the super ficial velocities of liquid and gas respectively. Figure N.1 Flow Pattern Map Air/water system at atmospheric conditions, 00 incli nation At each calculated point, other quantities can be derived which help the underst anding of Multiphase Flow. An important quantity is the frictional pressure loss in the pipe. This is plotted for the same set of conditions used in the Flow Pattern Map abov e. The colors relating to the flow pattern are also shown so that any discontinuities t hat arise from the flow pattern transitions may better be observed. Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Model behaviour N-5

Figure N.2 Fractional pressure gradient- Air/water system at atmospheric conditi ons, 00 inclination Another important quantity in Multiphase Flow analysis is the Phase Volume Fract ion. Below is shown a surface plot of the Volume Fraction Liquid, that is, the in sit u fraction of fluid in the pipe that is liquid. This is sometimes referred to as the Liquid Hold-up . Figure N.3 Volume fraction liquid- Air/water system at atmospheric conditions, 0 0 inclination N-6 Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Model behaviour

Conclusion Petalas & Aziz Mechanistic Model is applicable to all pipe geometries and fluid properties. The performance of the model over a wide range of conditions has bee n evaluated through the use of three-dimensional surface plots. The results indica te that the model behaves well over all conditions likely to be countered in practice, a nd that it exhibits generally smooth transitions between flow patterns. A large amount of data has been collected through the use of a Multiphase Flow Database developed at Stanford University and comparisons of the mechanistic model s predictions with data extracted from this database have produced good results. These same data have been used in evaluating the model s predictive abili ties relative to existing multiphase flow models: Xiao, Shoham & Brill (1990) [Ref. 23], Beggs & Brill (1973, revised 1977) [Ref. 24], Mukherjee & Brill (1985) [Ref. 25], Dukler, Wicks, & Cleveland (1964) [Ref. 26], and Homogeneous model. This mechanistic model compares favorably with all of the above. Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Conclusion N-7

References PETALAS, N. & AZIZ, K., OLIEMANS, R.V.A., POTS, B.F. & TROPE, N., XIAO, J.J., Shoham, O. & BRILL, J.P., BEGGS, H.D. & BRILL, J.P., MUKHERJEE, H. & BRILL, J.P., DUKLER, A.E., WICKS, M. & CLEVELAND, R.G., A Mechanistic Model for Stabilized Multiphase Flow in Pipes, Petroleum Engineering Department, Stanford University, August, 1997. [Ref. 21] Modeling of Annular Dispersed Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 12, No 5, Page 711-731 , 1986. [Ref. 22] A Comprehensive Mechanistic Model for Two-Phase Flow in Pipelines , SPE 20631, 65th ATC&E of SPE, New Orleans, September 23rd-26th, 1990. [Ref. 23] A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined Pipes, Trans. of Pet. Soc. of AIME, 256 , Page 607, 1973. [Ref. 24] Pressure Drop Correlations for Inclined Two-Phase Flow, Trans. of AIME, J. of Energy Res. Tech., 107, Page 549-554, 1985. [Ref. 25] Frictional Pressure Drop in Two Phase Flow: A Comparison of Existing Correlation s for Pressure Loss and Holdup, [Ref. 26] A.P.Ch.E.J., 10, Page 38, 1964. N-8 Petalas & Aziz Flow Model Conclusion

Sachdeva Choke Model Appendix O Introduction Chokes are used for a variety of reasons which include: controlling well flow rates, protection of surface equipment from slugging, providing sufficient back pressure to avoid formation damage from excessive drawdowns and maintaining stable downstream pressures and damping large pressure fluctuations. A wellhead choke or bean may be considered as a restriction in the pipe. Through such a restriction there are two types of flow: critical and sub-critical. At critica l flow, the velocity of the fluid through the restriction reaches the sonic velocity of the two phase fluid and is thus at a maximum for a given set of upstream conditions. For this flow, downstream changes cannot affect the upstream conditions and so decreasing the downstream pressure will not alter the flow rate or upstream pressure. On increa sing the downstream pressure, there comes a point when the fluid velocity drops below the sonic velocity and the flow rate begins to depend on the pressure head across th e restriction. The flow is now sub-critical. The Sachdeva choke model develops a single equation for both critical and sub-cr itical flow through the choke, with a second equation defining the boundary between the se types of flow in terms of the ratio of downstream to upstream pressures. It was validated against three sets of experimental data and proved itself superior to a wide range of existing two-phase flow choke models (Gilbert, Ros, Achong, Pileharvi, Ashford and Omana.) Sachdeva Choke Model Introduction O-1

Model description Assumptions The model makes the following assumptions about the flow through the restriction : Flow is one-dimensional. No liquid-gas slip. Frictional losses are ignored. No mass transfer between liquid and gas phases. Liquid is incompressible. Gas expands adiabatically. Critical & sub-critical flow rates The model derives a single equation to relate the mass flux through the choke to the conditions immediately upstream and downstream of the choke for both critical an d sub-critical flow as follows: 0.5 2 . (1 x1 )(1 y) x1 k (k 1 )/ k . Mg + Ml = AcCd 2 g144 P1 . . ------------------------------------+ --------------------------(1 cm . .l (k 1 ).g1 . where: [EQ O.1] Mg is the gas mass rate in lbm/sec Ml is the liquid mass rate in lbm/sec Ac is the choke area in ft2 Cd is the discharge coefficient P1 is the upstream pressure in psia x1 is the upstream gas mass fraction . g1 is the upstream gas density lbm/ft3 .l is the liquid density (upstream and downstream) lbm/ft3 k is the ratio of gas specific heats (Cp/Cv)

y )

Cp is the gas specific heat capacity at constant pressure in Btu/lbm/F Cv is the gas specific heat capacity at constant volume in Btu/lbm/F y is a pressure ratio as discussed below and the mixture density is given by 1 x1 (1 . = -------------------------+ -----------------[EQ O.2] m 1 / k . g1 y .l O-2 Sachdeva Choke Model Model description x1 )

The most important variable in these equations is y ; it can take two forms: 1 For sub-critical flow, y is set to yActual which is the actual ratio of downstream t o upstream pressures (= P2 / P1). It is through this term that the downstream pressure (P2) can affect the upstream pressure (P1) for a fixed flow through the choke. 2 For critical flow, y is set to a critical pressure ratio, yCrit which is only depend ent on the upstream conditions. This is the classic choked flow situation where variation in the downstream pressure does not affect the upstream pressure. The critical/sub-critical choice is made by comparing yActual If y= , the flow is critical Actual yCri If y> , the flow is sub-critical Actual yCri yActual (= P2 / P1 ) can vary between 1.0 at which value there is no flow through the choke, down towards 0.0 when there is a considerable mass flux through the choke (either P2 is very small or P1 is very large). Critical pressure ratio The equation for the critical pressure ratio, yCrit ]kk/( 1 ) [ND [EQ O.3] = / yCrit with (1 ). (1 y) kx1 g1 N = -----------+ -----------------------------------------------------is: to yCrit :

[EQ O.4] k 1 x1 .l

and 2 1 / k 1 / k n (1 ).

(1 x1 ). kn x1 g1 yCrit n g1 yCrit D = -----------++---------------------------------------------------------------------+ --- [EQ O.5] k 1 2 x1 .l 2 x1 .l where the polytropic index, n, is given by x1 (C p v n = 1 + --------------------------------------------[EQ O.6] x1 C + (1 v and Cl is the liquid specific heat capacity in Btu/lbm/F As mentioned above, the equation for the critical pressure ratio only has terms that are dependent on conditions upstream of the choke (that is all subscript numbers are 1). The value of yCrit is usually around 0.6, but as the upstream pressure P1 increase s and x1 )Cl C )

the amount of free gas and thus x1 decreases, yCrit drops and is at 0.0 when there is only liquid flowing into the choke. This behavior of yCrit causes the flow to chan ge from critical back to sub-critical in a gas/oil mixture as the upstream pressure increases towards the bubble point. In a single phase liquid, the flow is always modelled as subcritical. Sachdeva Choke Model Model description O-3

Discharge coefficient The discharge coefficient Cd is a final modifying factor in the flow equation an d is in common use in flow through restriction models. It is hoped that its use will abs orb errors due to the assumptions made while developing the model. A perfect model would thus have a coefficient of 1.0. Sachdeva recommends a value of 0.85 if the flow is unrestricted immediately upstream of the choke. If the choke is in a housing with an elbow immediately upstream, then a value of 0.75 is recommended. Use of the model in VFPi VFPi uses this model in a top-to-bottom pressure traverse calculation for a prod uction well where the downstream pressure (P2) and the mass flow rate through the choke are known, with the unknown upstream pressure (P1) to be solved for. Both the mass f lux equation and the yCrit equation are implicit in the upstream pressure. These are s olved iteratively in a residual formulation, using a Newton-Rhapson scheme for yCrit embedded inside a Secant/Regula Falsi method for P1 itself. O-4 Sachdeva Choke Model Model description

Model behavior The behavior of this model that is most relevant to its use in VFPi can best be seen in a plot of upstream pressure vs. flow through the choke for a number of downstream pressures, for a mixture of constant gas-oil ratio. This is shown schematically below and described on a region by region basis. Figure O.1 Critical & sub-critical choke behavior Region 1 At low flow rates the sub-critical behavior of the choke is evident with the ups tream pressure value being dependent on the downstream pressure at a given flow rate. Region 2 For higher flow rates all curves converge and the choke is now flowing criticall y. Sachdeva Choke Model Model behaviour O-5

Region 3 At even higher flow rates the curves diverge again and the choke becomes sub-cri tical again. This unexpected behavior is due to the upstream free gas mass fraction becoming very small and in consequence yCrit drops rapidly. So even though yActual is small (due to high upstream pressure values at these high flows), it exceeds y Crit and the flow becomes sub-critical. Physically this may be interpreted as the sonic v elocity in the two-phase mixture increasing as it nears a single phase liquid state. The flow becomes sub-critical when the mixture velocity drops below this increasing sonic velocity. Region 4 Another region exists at yet higher flow rates. Here the upstream pressure is su ch that a single phase liquid flows into the choke and so both the free gas mass fractio n and yCrit are zero. All single phase liquid flows are sub-critical according to this m odel. This is in agreement with Beggs Production Optimization book which states that th e flow of liquid through a choke will almost always be sub-critical because the so nic velocity in liquid is so large. Beggs also provides an equation for the pressure head across the choke at this condition which agrees with the simplified form of Sach deva s mass flux equation. Region 3 revisited A closer inspection of the curves in region 3 reveals that an increase in the do wnstream pressure yields a decrease in the upstream pressure at a fixed flow rate. To und erstand this result in terms of the model behavior, the residual as a function of the up stream pressure at a flow rate in this region is considered. The solution upstream pres sure is found when the residual crosses the axis, that is it is zero. The following sche matic shows this residual and yActual for two values of downstream pressure (P2) togethe r with yCrit plotted against the upstream pressure (P1).

To the left of the marked boundary, the residuals coincide because the flow is c ritical O-6 Sachdeva Choke Model

Model behaviour

Figure O.2 Choke solutions and independent of P2. The yActual curve for the higher P2 value exceeds the falli ng yCrit curve first and thus the higher P2 residual becomes sub-critical and kinks upwards first and crosses the axis at a lower P1 in comparison to the lower P2 r esidual curve. This is the reason why the model predicts a negative dP2/dP1 in this regi on. This behavior will cause problems with the ECLIPSE well model and VFPi gives the user the option of automatically contracting all P1 values onto that is calculated at the highest P2 for all flow rates in this region. Note that multiple solutions are possible for this residual shape - the iterativ e method should always find the solution with the lowest P1. As the flow rate decreases, the residual curve moves upwards and the critical/sub-critical kink moves above and away from the axis; the solution will now be found in the critical region of the curve. Sachdeva Choke Model Model behaviour O-7

References SACHDEVA, R., Two-Phase Flow Through Chokes, [Ref. 27] SCHMIDT, Z., BRILL, J.P. & BLAIS, SPE 15657, 1986. R.M., BEGGS, H.D., Production Optimization, [Ref. 28] OGCI Publications, Tulsa, Page 127, 1991. O-8 Sachdeva Choke Model References

History Appendix P New Developments for 99A release Changes to Existing Features Reading binary database files VFPi is no longer able to read the binary database files created with the 96A ve rsion of the program. This mechanism was superseded in the 97A release by a keyword based data file system that resulted in smaller files, quicker file reading and writin g and portability across machines. Backwards compatibility for keyword data files crea ted by all previous versions of the program is maintained. History New Developments for 98A release P-1

New Developments for 98A release New Facilities Petalas & Aziz mechanistic flow model A seventh multi-phase flow correlation has been added to the suite of those alre ady present in VFPi. This correlation can be used for calculating two-phase flow pre ssure loss for both uphill and downhill flow, and for all pipe geometries. The model h as been validated against a database of both laboratory and field measurements developed by Stanford University. Sachdeva Choke model A new choke or bean model based on the work of Sachdeva has been implemented which determines the pressure loss due to two-phase flow through a restriction. The Sachdeva choke model is able accommodate both critical and sub-critical twop hase flow through a restriction. Sub-critical flow occurs for low flow rates or large choke diameters when the fluid velocity through the restriction is less than the sonic velocity and thus the upstream pressure is dependent on the downstream pressure. For higher flow rates or smaller choke diameters, the flow becomes critical when the fluid velocity through the restriction reaches the sonic velocity and thus the upstrea m pressure becomes independent of the downstream pressure. Emulsion viscosity calculation The brine-in-oil type emulsion viscosity curves from the work of Woelflin have b een implemented as an option to be used instead of the default flow weighted average of the individual oil and water viscosities. The emulsion viscosity can be many tim es greater than the clean oil viscosity when the brine is a significant fraction of the total liquid phase. Extensions to the ALQ variable The ALQ variable has been extended such that it may now act as a fifth variable in a production VFP table in a way not related to artificial lift devices. In additio n to its previous role in controlling pumps, compressors and gas injection, the ALQ varia ble now has two new associations:

The ALQ variable defined as the diameter of a choke or bean. This will allow ECLIPSE to use the same VFP table while varying the choke size, to model the effect of an inflow control device. The ALQ variable defined as the surface density of oil or gas. Thus a single VFP table may now be constructed to cover a variety of either oil or gas surface densities. This facility will be used by ECLIPSE to enable wellbore and network pressure losses to vary with the oil API in API tracking runs and situations whe re production from different PVT regions is co-mingled in a surface network. P-2 History New Developments for 98A release

Switchable acceleration pressure head A switch has been added in the Calculation Control Panel to instruct VFPi to ign ore the acceleration pressure head during pressure traverse calculations. This is useful when preparing VFP tables for the ECLIPSE 200 Multi-segment Well Model, which calcula tes its own acceleration pressure loss to include the acceleration of fluid entering the well bore through the perforations. Negative flow rates VFPi now interprets a negative flow rate as flow in the opposite direction to th at expected given the current well type. Thus if the well has been designated a pro ducer, a negative flow rate would represent downhill flow. This development allows the ECLIPSE 200 Multi-segment Well Model to make use of a VFP table which is able to accommodate cross-flow. Changes to Existing Features VFP table definition storage The flowing condition variables and their values used in the calculation of a VF P table are now internally stored with the currently selected well node in the data tree . This facility is useful if the user is dealing with many wells with the data entered into VFPi by reading a number of VFP keyword data files- the section 5 data in each of the se files is now stored in the appropriate well node. Well and VFP table names Well names in the data tree and VFP table names may now contain embedded spaces. Panel re-designs Some panels layouts taken by the panel on the ids module now consists r phases in which the ion method. History New Developments for 98A release P-3 have been altered in an effort to reduce the amount of space screen. For example, the PVT Data panel in the black oil flu of a folder containing three pages for the oil, gas and wate user may set the fluid density and the PVT property calculat

New Developments for 97A release New Facilities Multiple well data VFPi is now able to perform pressure traverse calculations using data from more than one well within a single session of the program. This multiple well data is cont rolled and accessed from a hierarchical tree window with each well represented as a nod e branching from a single root. Each well node may have up to four children which represent Tubing, Fluid, Calculation Control and Measured Pressure data (if available). Double clicking o n a child node opens up the appropriate graphical module or panel to allow inspectio n or alteration of its data. Data for a well may be entered by hand or read in from a keyword file, thus maintaining compatibility with the batch VFP program and the fluid keyword data generated by GeoQuest s PVTi program. The data state of all the wells may be saved and recalled using an extended keyword file mechanism. As well as reading complete keyword data files, a file may also be scanned for keywords relevant only a particular node type (tubing, black oil fluid or compos itional fluid). All other keyword in this file will be ignored. If any appropriate keywo rds are found, this data then replaces that currently in VFPi. When performing pressure traverse calculations for a VFP table, VFP curve displa y etc., the tubing, fluid, calculation control and measured pressure data are take n from the currently selected nodes of the well hierarchy tree. Children from different wells may be selected and thus (for example) the effects of differing fluids flowing t hrough the same tubing can be quickly investigated. New wells can be created in the hie rarchy tree by copying some or all of the data from an existing well. This allows versi oning within VFPi. Each node has an associated right mouse button popup menu which allows copying, deleting, renaming etc. Also a summary of the data held in the can be displayed together with an area for the user to enter notes about the node. Input data from the Tubing, Fluid, Calculation Control and Measured Pressures no des may be reported to an external file either separately or on a well by well basis . Three dimensional VFP curve viewer

VFPi has a 3D window allowing a view of one or more surfaces formed from a set o f VFP curves taken either from a VFP table or calculated using the selected Tubing and Fluid data. This surface may be viewed as a wire line mesh or solid surface, wit h a Zdependent color range (blue to red) used to aid visualization. A common control panel is used for both 2D and 3D plotting, with the same flexibility in choice of depe ndent variables offered. As well as the standard facilities offered by GeoQuest s 3D Vie wer (zooming, rotating, viewing along a specified axis, etc.), a left mouse button p robe has been implemented. This allows currently displayed VFP surfaces to be distinguish ed by a unique label shown in the viewer s status bar. The X, Y, Z position of the pi ck is also shown. P-4 History New Developments for 97A release

VFP table features The BHP values in a VFP table may be modified by graphically altering points in a cross-section formed from this table. A facility is provided to undo graphical c hanges before they are applied to the VFP table itself. VFPi offers a stabilization option for VFP tables. This replaces the unstable lo w flow section of any J shaped curves in a production table with a horizontal line at the minimum BHP value from the lowest flow value to the flow value at minimum BHP. The 1.0e10 values in a VFP table (indicating choked, abandoned or failed pressure traverses) can be replaced by a user defined value. User notes can be associated with VFP tables. These are written/read as comment lines between the VFPPROD/VFPINJ keyword and the first line of data when a VFP table i s written to an external file. New IPR VFPi s suite of inflow performance relationships has been extended to include Fetkovich s IPR. This IPR may be used for gas or oil reservoirs. Outlet temperature curves and tables When VFPi calculates the fluid temperatures during a pressure traverse using an enthalpy balance equation, the outlet temperature may be plotted as the dependen t variable of a VFP curve (BHP is the usual dependent variable). The effect of flo w rate, water fraction, gas fraction, pressure and ALQ on the calculated outlet temperat ure can thus be investigated. VFP tables may be created with the calculated outlet temperature in place of BHP in the table body. These can be manipulated by the program in the same way as stand ard pressure tables. When written in keyword form to an external file, these tempera ture tables are distinguished by the string word. PVT table-correlation hybrid Because pressure traverse calculations are, in general, performed over a range o f fluid temperatures, 96A VFPi required that if tables are used for black oil fluid PVT properties, then at least two such tables are supplied at differing temperatures . VFPi now only requires a single table for oil and dry gas PVT properties and water-ga s TEMP at the end of the 1strecord in the key

surface tension. VFPi s in-built correlations are used to convert tables values fr om the table temperature to the fluid temperature. Casing and annulus table for thermal data A Casing and annulus table has been introduced as a third option for entering da ta required by VFPi when calculating fluid temperatures during a pressure traverse using an enthalpy balance equation. This table consists of a series of rows which defi ne the thermal conductivity, inner and outer diameters, and length extent of every well casing together with any surrounding annulus. A visual inspection of this potentially complex table is also provided via a cross-sectional schematic of the casing/annulus/rock. History New Developments for 97A release P-5

Changes to Existing Features Project files For reasons of file size, speed of reading and writing and portability, VFPi now uses data keywords to store the program state in an external file in preference to a binary database file as used in the 96A release. Binary database files may still be rea d, but saving this data to a keyword file straight away is recommended as this backward s compatibility facility for database files will not be available in future releas es. This change has resulted in a simplification of the menus in VFPi s ribbon window, with all file handling now controlled by options under the file menu. Resizable panels The data and control panels in VFPi may now be enlarged by grabbing a panel edge with the mouse cursor and dragging outwards. This generally increases the spacin g between panel elements and if there are tables present, the number of rows (and, if appropriate, columns) shown is increased. This feature is useful in creating bla nk rows at the bottom of the table for data entry. If screen space is limited, the panel may be reduced in size again (to a minimum of 1 row shown) after the data entry. Pressure traverse problem reporting During a VFP table calculation, a choice of two mode of reporting warnings and e rrors is now offered. The default mode does not interrupt the formatted table of press ure traverses performed during the VFP table calculation with any warning or error messages. Such messages are stored and summarized in the log window after the calculation has finished. The alternative mode, as implemented in 96A VFPi, does allow warning and error messages to be printed in the log window prior to the appropriate pressure traverse line. Note Note that this mode selection does not affect the message and questions box es generated by VFPi during a pressure traverse that require a user response. P-6 History New Developments for 97A release

Index Index Numerics 3D Visualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29 A Acceleration Pressure Loss . . . . . . B-4 ACCHDCHK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-24 ACF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-19 ALQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 ALQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-5 ANNULUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-8 Artificial Lift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6 Quantity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 B BEAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-8 Bg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-5 BIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-19 C CASEDESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-9 CASING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-8 Choking Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-4 CNAMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-19 COATING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-9 Command Log File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2 Script File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2 Command Language . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5 Compositional Fluid Properties . Compositional Mode COMPTABL . . . . . CONFIG.ECL . . . . Configuration. . . Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48, . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 .2-11 . . . . .M-9 . . . . A-1 . . . . . A-1

Tuning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 Depletion Experiment . . . . . . . . . . F-3 DEPTHS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-10 Deviated Tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 DGASPVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-15 DIAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-11 E ECL.CFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1 ECL.CFG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1

ECL.CFU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1 EMLVSC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-16 Enthalpy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-2 EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-19 ERODEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-24 F Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 File Black Oil Correlations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1 Black Oil Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Bo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2 BOFCNTRL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-15 Bw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-7 D Data Matching Observed PressureH-1 DELTAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-10 DENSITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-15 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-2 Command Log . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2 Command Script. . . . . . . . . . . I-2 Fit Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-3 Flow Correlations. . . . . . . . . H-3 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-4 Variation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-4 FLOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-5 Index 1

Flow Correlations. . . . . . . . . . B-7, H-3 Flow Rate Local Volumetric . . . . . C-11, E-3 FLOWCORL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-25 Formation Volume Factor Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-5 Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-7 Friction Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 FTFACTOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-24 G Gas Condensates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4 Formation Volume Factor . . . C-5 Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-6 GASLIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-11 GASLIFTC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-11 GFR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-5 H Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-1 Coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-5 Help system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 HYDRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-20 HydrostaticHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3 Inflow Performance Relationships . . 4-29 Injection Table Format. . . . . . . . . . K-1 Interfacial Tension Oil-Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9, E-5 Water-Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-10 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 IPRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29 ITLIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-25 ITPTRAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-25 K Keywords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-4, M-1 L LengthStep Selection . . . . . . . . . . .B-1 M Matching Observed Data . . . . . . . H-1 METRIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-3

Mode Black Oil . . . . . . . . . . Compositional . . . . . . . . MOLWW . . . . . . . . . . . . Multi-Phase Flow Correlations H-3 MW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N NCOMPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-20 NEWSTEPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-27 O OBSPRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-28 OHTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-12 Oil Formation Volume Factor . . C-2 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4 Volatile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-5 OILPFIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-16 OILPVT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-16 OMEGAA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-20 OMEGAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-20 ORKPARAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-26 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 P PANELS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-3 PARACHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-21 PCRIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-21 Phase Densities Local.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-12 PRCORR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-21 PRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-6 Pressure Depletion Experiments . . . . . F-3 Local.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-5 Measured Data . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36 Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-1 Pressure Gradient Calculation . . . B-3 Production Table Format . . . . . . . . J-1 PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-3 Properties Compositional. . . . . . . . . . . . .E-1 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11 . .2-11 . . . . . . . .M-20 B-7,

. . . . . . . . . . . .M-20

PUMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-12 R ReadKeyword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4 ReadKeywordFile. . . . . . . . . . . . I-4 Regression. . . . . . . . . . . . . H-4toH-5 ROUGHNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-12 S SHEATC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-17 SilentRunning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3 Solution Gas-Oil Ratio.. . . . . . . . .C-2 SONICPRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-26 SONICVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-27 SSHIFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-21 Starting VFPi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 STCOND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-17 STOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-17 STWG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-17 Surface Tension Oil-Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-9, E-5 2 Index

Water-Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-10 T Table Injection Format. . . . . . . . . . .K-1 Production Format. . . . . . . . . .J-1 TABNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-6 TABNUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-6 TCRIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-21 TEMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-12 TEMPTABL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-13 TUBCNTRL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-13 Tuning Bubble PtPressure. . . . . . . . .D-4 Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-4 Measured PVT Data. . . . . . . .D-2 PVT Correlations . . . . . . . . . .D-1 Saturated Oil FVF.. . . . . . . . .D-4 Saturated Oil Visc. . . . . . . . . .D-5 Under-saturated Oil Comp. .D-5 Under-saturated Oil Visc . . . D-6 Tutorials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 V VCRIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-22 VFP Table . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10, 4-4, 4-40 VFPTABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-4 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-4 Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6 Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4 Water.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 Volumetric Flow Rate . . . . . .C-11, E-3 W Water Formation Volume Factor . . C-7 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-6 Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 WATPVT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-18 WELLFLAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-7 WELLNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-7 WELLNODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-7 WELLNOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M-7 WELLNUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-4 Wellstream Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-1 Depletion Experiment . . . . . . F-3

Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-4 Pressure Dependent . . . . . . . . F-6 WFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-6 WGASPVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-18 WriteVFPTable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4 Z ZCRIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-22 ZDEPEXP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-23 ZLEANGAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-23 ZWELINP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-23 Index 3

4 4 Index