Should the anchorage length and overlap splice length for reinforcement be the same in codes?

Ralejs Tepfers

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

Stetements
Overlap splice length is situated within the moment envelop and anchors full bar force. The chosen splice length determines the bond stress gradient. Anchorage length is situated outside the moment envelop and theoretically does not anchor any force. However, anchorages at supports may partly be within the moment envelop and may have to anchor considerable force. There the support pressure and eventual stirrups help.
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Definition in following tests: Over length = Anchorage length On-loading length = has splice length function
The anchorage length theoretically does nor anchor any tensile reinforcement force. Practically yes.

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

Overlap splice anchors full tensile reinforcement force

The chosen splice length s determines the anchorage force gradient. Gradient has to be limited to avoid failure.

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

In the following tests the moment shift is disregarded at anchoring of staggered bars follows moment on top of beam Beams with in 45o inclined stirrups have no moment shift. The stirrups are designed to take all shear according to Mrsch at moment failure. Beams with vertical stirrups have half lever arm moment shift. The stirrups are designed to take all shear according to Mrsch at moment failure. Bundled bars has favourable force transfer at staggering points. If distance between bars bond has to be transferred by shear trough concrete.
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Test series A.
Beam A1 to A5: 3 bundles of 38Ks400 bars

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

Test series A
Beams are shear reinforced for full shear force according to Mrsch at moment failure. Beams with vertical stirrups have half lever arm moment shift. Beams with stirrups inclined in 45 degrees have no moment shift.

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

There is no over length = anchorage length for 16 mm bar. There is full 100% cover of shear force by stirrups. The moment envelop shift is disregarded and of course it influences the anchorage performance.

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

The reinforcement in beams Series U.

Beams are shear reinforced for full shear force according to Mrsch at moment failure. Beams with vertical stirrups have half lever arm moment shift. Beams with stirrups inclined in 45 degrees have no moment shift.

Ralejs Tepfers 2006-10-30

Beams in Series U results

Observe that beams with 45o stirrups and longer on-loading length can give necessary anchorage without any anchorage length outside the moment envelop.

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Series U

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Hinged beam test for determination of influence of transverse pressure on anchorage. Central moment is shifted to support. Full force anchorage.
Magnusson J. Bond and Anchorage of Deformed Bars in High-Strength Concrete. Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Concrete Structures, Licentiate thesis, Work No. 1113, Publication 97:1, Gteborg, November 1997. p. 234

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Tensile stress in bars varies between the bars depending on anchoring conditions for individual bars

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Questions-Statements
Is anchorage length the same as overlap splice length? Some statements.
Anchorage length starts where force in bar theoretically already is zero. Most of the anchoring has been done along the on-loading length. Splice length anchors always full force. The splice length determines the bond intensity. Moment envelop Shear is taken by stirrups, concrete compressive zone and reinforcement dowel action. This influences the moment envelop. Direction of shear cracks is 45o at 100% of shear force cover by stirrups. If less cover, inclination less than 45o. Covering 100% of shear force, stirrups in 45o give no displacement of moment and stirrups in 90o give half lever arm moment displacement. Any change in relations influence the moment envelop.

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Questions- Statements cont.

Anchorage at supports At supports we approach the splice situation because anchorage starts mostly within moment envelop. Up to full reinforcement force anchorage has to be secured. In most cases there is transverse compressive support force and confining stirrups, which helps. Anchorage confinement For staggered reinforcement with short on-loading lengths there are shear required necessary confining stirrups. Force redistribution Force is redistribution from anchored bars with some slip to continuous bars without, and other way round if on-loading is intense. The distance between the staggered anchored bars and continuous bars influences the redistribution and activation of the anchorage length.

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Is the splice length = anchorage length???

No!!!
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