SEMESTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Communicating over the Network V 4.0 2.0.

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What are the five aspects of the information network we will focus on in this course? Devices that make up the network Media that connect the devices Messages that are carried across the network Rules and processes that govern network communications Tools and commands for constructing and maintaining networks Message source, destination or receiver, channel. Data or information networks capable of carrying many different types of communications, including traditional computer data, interactive voice, video, and entertainment products. It would cause delays.

2.1.1

What are the three elements of communication? What is the definition of the term network for this course? What would happen to the network if a message was sent as one massive continuous stream of bits? Define segmentation of messages What are the 2 advantages of segmentation?

2.1.2

Breaks communication into pieces. Increase the reliability of network communications. By sending smaller individual pieces from source to destination, many different conversations can be interleaved on the network. A process where multiple data streams are combined into one signal. Visible components on a network platform such as laptops, pc, switches. These devices form the interface between the human network and the underlying communication network, Referred to end device, device that communicates over network. Servers are hosts that have software installed that enables them to provide information and services, like email or web pages, to other hosts on the network. Clients are hosts that have software installed that enables them to request and display the information obtained from the server. Hubs, Switches, Routers, Communication servers and modems, security devices. Regenerate and retransmit data signals Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork Notify other devices of errors and communication failures Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings Copper, fiber optic, and wireless. The distance the media can successfully carry a signal. The environment in which the media is to be installed.

What is multiplexing?

2.1.3 2.1.4

What is hardware on a network? What are end devices on a network? What is the definition of a host? What is the definition of a server? What is the definition of a client?

2.1.5

List examples of intermediary devices. List examples of process that intermediary devices perform.

2.1.6

What are the 3 primary types of media used in modern networks? What criteria should be used to select network media?

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What are the ways in which network infrastructure can vary? What is the definition of a LAN?

2.2.2 2.2.3

What is the definition of a WAN? What is an internetwork? What is an intranetwork?

2.2.4. 1

Define a NIC Define a physical port Define an interface

2.3.2

What process do networking layer protocol suites describe?

What is proprietary?

2.3.3

What does the use of standards and protocols provide? What is an application protocol? What is a Transport Protocol? What is the Internetwork Protocol

2.3.4

What is the Network Access Protocol?

2.3.5 2.4.1

What do networking protocols describe? What are the benefits of using a layered model to describe networking?

The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted. The cost of the media and installation The size of the area covered The number of users connected The number and types of services available An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region Networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations The interconnection of two or more network connections. Private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization. Network Interface Card - A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host device A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to a host or other networking device. Specialized ports on an internetworking device that connect to individual networks The format or structure of the message The method by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks How and when error and system messages are passed between devices The setup and termination of data transfer sessions One company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions. The use of standards in developing and implementing protocols ensures that products from different manufacturers can work together for efficient communications. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a common protocol that governs the way that a web server and a web client interact Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients The most common internetwork protocol is Internet Protocol (IP). IP is responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets, assigning the appropriate addresses, and selecting the best path to the destination host. Network access protocols describe two primary functions, data link management and the physical transmission of data on the media Functions that occur during network communications Assists in protocol design Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. Provides a common language to describe networking

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2.4.3

2.4.4

What are the two basic types of networking models? What are the two primary models used when describing networking? What is done at the Application Layer? What is done at the Transport Layer? What is done at the Internet Layer? What is done at the Network Access Layer? What are the seven steps in a complete communication process?

functions and capabilities. Protocol models and reference models. OSI and TCP/IP Represents data to the user plus encoding and dialong control. Supports communication between diverse devices across diverse networks. Determines the best path through the network. Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network. 1. Creation of data at the Application layer of the originating source end device 2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the protocol stack in the source end device 3. Generation of the data onto the media at the Network Access layer of the stack 4. Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which consists of media and any intermediary devices 5. Reception of the data at the Network Access layer of the destination end device 6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the stack in the destination device 7. Passing this data to the destination application at the Application layer of the destination end device Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application layer Segments Packet Frame Bits From top to bottom This process is reversed at the receiving host. The data is decapsulated as it moves up the stack toward the end user application. Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical. Transport Timing and Synchronization Bits Destination and Source Physical Addresses Destination and source Logical Network Addresses Destination and Source Process Number Encoded Application Data. Frame

2.4.5

2.4.6. 1 2.4.6. 2 2.4.7 2.4.8 2.5.1

What is the PDU for the application layer? What is the Transport Layer PDU? What is the PDU for the Internet Layer? What is the PDU for the Network Access Layer? What PDU is used when physically transporting the information over the medium? How is the protocol stack processed when sending information? What is the process use at the receiving end called? What are the seven layers of the OSI Model? Which Layers of the OSI Model parallel with the TCP/IP Model? What does the physical layer do? What addresses does the data link layer use? What address does the network layer use? What does the transport layer use? What do the upper layers use? What is the PDU for Layer 2 called

2.5.2

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What is the layer 2 address called? What happens after the frame has reached its destination? What are layer 3 devices primarily designed for? What address is used at Layer 3? What is the PDU of the Layer 3 information? Which device decapsulates the frame at the edge of a network? What does a router do? What happens when the frame reaches the end device? What does the information in the frame provide at Layer 4? How is each application or service represented at Layer 4?

MAC Address Information is removed as the data is decapsulated and moved up the protocol stack to Layer 3. To move data from one local network to another local network within an internetwork must include identifiers that enable intermediary network devices to locate hosts on different networks Header of the packet. Router Use the network identifier portion of this address to determine which path to use to reach the destination host The frame and packet headers are removed and the data moved up to Layer 4. Specific process or service running on the destination host device that will act on the data being delivered By Port Number

2.5.4