What is the Miotic Spindle?

The structure that directs chromosome movement during division. Formed from microtubules that originally composed the Cytoskeleton Other cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble during mitosis. Possibly providing raw material (tubulin) for the spindle. Assembly begins at the centrosome. Early in mitosis, the centrosome replicates and then one centrosome migrates to each pole. Centrioles may be important

What is the purpose of the Miotic Spindle?

The fibers of the spindle connect either to: 1. 2. the individual sister chromatids microtubules from the other pole of the cell.

Each individual chromatid will be connected to a spindle fiber. A spindle fiber attaches to a kinetochore region at the centromere.

What is the role of Interphase in the cell cycle?

Interphase = 90% is divided into three phases: G1 Phase: First Gap - The cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. S Phase: DNA Synthesis - The cell duplicates its chromosomes; Continues to grow by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. G2 Phase: Second Gap - The cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles.

How large of a part does Mitosis play in the cell cycle?

Mitosis = 10% of the cell cycle & consists of 5 sub-phases: 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

Describe the cells state in Late Interphase

Nucleus is well defined & surrounded by nuclear envelope Nucleoli present in the nucleus Centrosome has replicated Microtubules extend from the centrosomes in radial arrays called asters (stars) Chromosomes replicated; not observed Chromatin still loosely packed

Describe the cells state in Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes The centrosomes are tightly coiled, with sister chromatids joined together The nucleoli disappear The miotic spindle begins to form Centrosomes push away from each other toward opposite ends (poles) of the cell

Describe the cells state in Prometaphase

The nuclear envelope fragments (stows in RER) Centrosomes reach the poles Spindle fibers interact with the chromosomes Fibers from each pole attach to kinetochores Non-kinetochore fibers from the opposite pole

Describe the cells state in Metaphase

Spindle is Completely formed Sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell (Metaphase Plate) One chromatid sits on each side of the metaphase plate Each Chromatid is attached to opposite spindle poles

Describe the cells state in Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and are now considered chromosomes New chromosomes migrate to the poles Kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosome migrate Non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen, pushing the poles apart By the end of anaphase, the two poles have equivalent sets of chromosomes

Describe the cells state in Telophase

At telophase, the cell continues to elongate as spindle fibers from each Centrosome push off each pair Two nuclei begin to form from fragments of parent cells nuclear envelope Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled Cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm begins

Describe Cytokinesis in Animals

On the cytoplasmic side of the cleavage furrow a contractile ring of actin microfilaments and the motor protein myosin form. Contraction of the ring pinches the cell in two.

Describe Cytokinesis in Plants

During telophase, vesicles from the Golgi gather at the metaphase plate, forming a cell plate. The cell plate enlarges. Membranes fuse with the plasma membrane The contents of the vesicles form new wall material in between.

How do Bacterial Cells Reproduce?

How is the Cell Cycle Regulated?

The cell cycle contains checkpoints. The checkpoint stops the cell cycle until all of the conditions necessary to proceed have been met. There are 3 checkpoints:

End of G1 End of G2 End of Metaphase If a cell does not receive all of the correct signals, it may switch to a G0 or non-dividing phase.

What is responsible for Cell Cycle Regulation

The cell cycle is regulated by sets of molecules that both trigger and coordinate key events of the cell cycle.

What is the purpose/effects of Activated MPF?

What are internal regulators?

Internal: a signal is released from kinetochores that are not bound to fibers.

Blocks anaphase.

What are external regulators?

External: a variety of external chemical and environmental conditions regulate division.

Growth factors are chemicals that must be present for some cells to divide. blood cells Density-dependent inhibition occurs when most cells become crowded. Factors are limited. Anchorage dependence occurs when a cell will not divide unless it is attached to something. (most animal cells)

Cancer

Cancer occurs when cell division escapes regulation.

Cancerous cell division occurs indefinitely.

Cancer Progression

Cancer Progression:

A single cell in a tissue undergoes transformation into a cancer cell. If the immune system does not catch the changed cell, it will divide repeatedly and form a tumor. If the tumor remains in the same spot it is called benign and can usually be removed with surgery. If the tumor spreads and invades other tissues it is called malignant. If the cancer cells spread to other parts of the body via lymph or blood then the cancer has metastasized (metastasis).