Cd tee)6 sach “Tai ligu chuyén Toan Trung hgc co 53” Pies tat cd 8 cud, cho cdc lop 6, 7, 8, 9. mai lép G0m 2 tap: tap mot la Dai sé (6 lép 6, tap mot la SO hoc}, tap hai la Hinh hoc. Néi dung trong mi cuén éu bam sét chutong trinh Todn 6 cdc lp THCS. MAi cudn déu c6 hai phan: phan Cée chuyen dé co ban (viét theo ting chueng ctia SGK) va phan Mét sé chuyén dé nang cao, Phan dau trong mdi chuyén dé [a tém tat cdc kién thite Ii thuyét cia chuyén dé ma HS cAn n&m ving, tiép theo gidi thigu mét s6 vi du minh hoa va sau dé la cdc bai tap dé nghj 42 HS luyén tap. Nhtng chuyén dé nang sau va rong hon nhiing ndi chung trinh. Nhiing vi du / trong séch dutge céc tée gid dan gidi cho cd chuyén dé, Nhom tac gid eta hoac dang ging ‘trung Dai hoc va c 6 uy tin, a nhiing ch hoc & Tudi tré va Nha chang han nhu; NGND. Vi NGUT Nguyén Tam Son Van Nhi, TS. Pham Thi Bach Quée Han, TS, Trén Hitu Nam, Hi vong rang b6 sach sé la mét va bé ich gitip SA VU XUAT BAN GIAO DUC HA NOI , 86 1 Hoang Dao Thiy, Thanh Xuan, Ha NOi (024) 35123278 ban Gido duc Viét Nam trén ca nuécTAP CHi TOAN HOC VA TUOI TRE PHUONG TRINHINGHIEM NGUYEN.VA KINHINGHIEMIGIAI (Tai ban fan thy nhat, c6 chinh Ii, 66 sung) Cla tac gia NGND. U BINH Sach day 224 trang, kh6 17 x 24 cm, gia bia 42000 dong \@ oe Ayer le 61 dung cla séch trinh bay cae phuong phap giai phuong trinh vdi nghigm nguyén, von dé tail tha cia $6 hoe va Bai s6, ti: cc hoe sinh nhd véi nhing bai toan nhu Tram tréu tram 6 d6n céc chuyén gia tod hoc vi nhding bai toan nhu din Jil6n Fermat. ‘Sch gém 6 chuong: Chuong | gidi thigu c&e phuong phap thudng dling dé giai phuong tinh nghiém nguyén, Chong Ii gi thigu nhang phuong tinh nnghiém nguyén dupe sép x6p thea fing gay. Cuong Ill gid thigu nhng bai todin dua vé gidi phuong trinh nghiem nguyén, {rong 46 c6 nhiing bai ton wi, bal togn thuet. Chuong IV gist thigu mot 86 phuong trinh:nghiém nguyén mang tén cae nha loan hoc nhu Pell, Pythagore, Fermat, Diophante, Chuong V giét thigu nhing phuong trinh nighiem nguyén chua duoc gidi quyét va nihiing bude tién cia Toén hoe 48 gial inhng. phuong tinh nghiém nguyen, trong 46 cb nhing dong gép ctia Andrew Wiles chitng minh éinh iy fon Fermat va Gido su Ngé Bo Chau ching minh BO 8 co'ban trong Chuong trinh Langlands, Phuong trinh nghiém nguyen co 56 phuong trinh it hon s6 én nén déi hoi ngudi gidi toan phai van dyng kién thie ‘sang tao, vi thé phuong trinh nghigm nguyen thubng co mat trong céc dé thi hoc sinh gi ti bac tiéu hoe, trung hoc.cc sd d6n trung hoc phé thong. Cudn sach anh mét phan thich dang néu nhung inh nghiém ial toan vé phuong trinh righiém nguyén nhs cach phn tich bai toan, cach suy luan dé tim hudng gid, ‘cach phan chia bai todn thanh nhiing bai toan nhd dé gidi quyét hon, cach “dua hd vé dé, dua la v8 quer? cach lién he tinh hung dang giai quy8t voi nhing van dé méi, cach chon huong di phi hop voi ting bai toan dat ra ...tat ¢& nig dieu 66 déu la nhung ki nding ma méi ngudi cn cé trong hoe tap, trong nghién edu va trong cude sting, Trong lan tai ban nay, cudn sch b6 sung thém hing inh nghiém gidi toan, b6 ssung thém mét s6 thi dy, cép nhat them mot s6 su kién lién quan dén tiéu strcéo nha todn hoo, bé sung thém mot s6 cach gai \Véi nhing céu tho @ dau méi chuong, voi cach trinh bay 6 rang, dé hiéu, tuoi mat, vi nhiing théng tin cp nhat, véi nhing kkinh nghiém thyo t8 trong b6i dung hoe sinh gidi va viét sich, tac gia cuén sch, NGND Va Hau Binh s6 dem dn cho ban ‘dgc nhing kién thie hé théng va nhing kinh nghiém gia todn gidp gia quyét mot logi toan khé 6 ba phé thong, Tin rng cuén sch khdng chi hau ich cho hoe sinh va thay 06 gido, ma con la tal ligu tham khdo t6t cho sinh vién va sgiang vién cae trugng Bai hoe va Cao dang nganh Toan, cling cae phu huynh 66 nguyén vong gidp con em minh hoe Toan tot hon, Ban doe 6 thé dat mua 4n pham tren (oa soan Tap chi TH&TT; Cac co so Buu dién; Cac Céng ty Sach - Thiét bi truong hoc 6 cac dia phuong; Cac Cita hang séch cila NXB Gido duc Viet Nam; Siéu thi truc tuyén www.sachtoan24h.com (hotline: 0973472803, 0912920591). Moi chi tiét xin lién he: TAP CHi TOAN HOC VA TUO! TRE Tap chi Toan hoc va Tuéi tré, 187B Giang V6, Ha Ndi © Din thoai bién tap: 024.35121607 © ign thoai Fax- phat hanh: 024, 35121606 © Sé6 tai khoan: 111000002173, tai Ngan hang Thuong mai Cé phan Céng thuong Viet Nam - chi nhanh Hoan Kiém, Ha Néi.NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM GIAI BAI TOAN TRO CHOI BOC CAG VAT, PHUONG TRINH DONG DU VA HE PHUONG TRINH DONG DU BANG BO THI ctia tac gid GS. TS. NGND DANG HUY RUAN Sch day 112 trang, khé 17x24cm, gid bia: 30.000 déng. di dung cia sich trinh bay phuong phap gidi bai toan tr chai bée ce At, phuong trinh dong du tuyén tinh, hé phuong trinh dong dur tuyén tinh va phuong trinh déng du bac cao bang d6 thi. Noi cu thé hon: NOi dung chii yéu cia cudn sach 1a trinh bay thuat toan xy dung d6 thi co hudng v6i ede cung duge gan nhin trén bang chit cai thp phan ma nhan cia 8 thj nhan duge chinh 1 tip nghiém cia phuong trinh hay hé phuong trinh déng du. Sach gdm hai phan chinh: Phin tro choi bbe biiy, thugt toan dé ngudi di dau cl bing cach béc duce ai ing (hoc khdng phai béc vat cudi cing), Phan phucong trinh va hé phieomg inh dong de duoc. trinh biy trong bin chuong cudi cua cuba sich. Chuong IV trinh bay thu@t todin xay dung dO thj xac dinh tap nghigm cla phwong trinh ax = b (mod m) voi a, m Ja céc s6 nguyén dirong nguyén t6 cing nhau, con b € (0, 1,...,m—1}, Chuong VI trinh bay thudt toan xay dung d6 thi xéc dinh tap nghigém cua hé phuwong. trinh ding dur tuyén tinh, Chuong VII trinh bay thuat toin xy dymg do thi xde dinh tp nghigm cda hg phuong trinh ding dur bac cao. Chuong V trinh bay vé thuat toan giai phuong trinh dong du tuyén tinh dang dic bigt x=b (mod m) Tap nghiém ciia phuong trinh nay chinh la tip sé déng dur véi b theo module m. Boi vay dé thi xac dinh tap nghigm cua phurong trinh nay duge goi la ngudn déng du. Cuén séch khéng nhiing trinh bay thudt todn xdy dug ng déng du theo mét module, ma iy thugt toan xdy g du theo nhitu con trinh, dumg ngudn di module va md chan dan-xen nhau. Trong khi Quy de gia giding day, hung dan hod lam vige vé dong du ma cé nguén déng du thea module m bén canh thi cé thé chi ra hang chuc s6 gém mhiéu chit chit s6 chia hét cho m trong chéc lat. Tin twdng ring cuén sich khong chi hi ich eho hye sinh va thay cd gido yéu todn pho thong ma cén la tai ligu tham khao tt cho sinh vién va giang cde trudmg dai hge vi cao ding nginh toan cing eée phy huynh vong giip con em tét mon 86 hoe. ‘Moi chi tiét xin lién hé: TAP CHi TOAN HQC VA TUOI TRE Tap chi Toan hoe va Tudi tré, 187B Giang V6, Ha Néi © Dign thoai bién tap: 024.35121607 © Email; toanhoctuoitrevietnam@gmail.com See Rc as eae aU eed © Bign thoai Fax- phat hanh: 024. 36121606 Gidy phép XB s6 510/GP-BTTTT cp ngay 13.4.2010 ere a) Ren ae ana) ARR cd Pere ie eo RUBLETinh ch&t. Duong thing ndi giao diém céc duémg chéo va giao diém cde duéng thing chita hai canh bén cia hinh thang thi di qua trung diém ciia hai day. (*) Ching minh, Xe hinh thang ABCD (Bt! CD), O=ACNBD,1=ADOBC, M=1I00 AB, N=IONCD. Tir AB ii CD suy ra: »D : MA ND z a MB Do dé MA = MB, NC= ND (dpem). o> © Nhgn xét. 1) Vi bon diém 1, O, M (trang diém cla AB) va N (trung diém cla CD) thing hang nén durong thing di qua hai trong bin diém do s@ di qua hai diém cén lai. 2) Nguge lai, néu ba trong bén diém /, O, M,N thiing hang thi 4B // CD. That vay, xét tring hop J, O, N thang hang. ND BC AI Theo dinh li Ceva ta 6 = eo dinh li Ceva ta ob Sr wp =NCnén BE = 4? 4p Dc. BI AL Cae trang hgp khée danh cho ban doe. 3) Néu AD // BC thi chi cé M, O, N thing hang. Bay gid ta van dung tinh chat (*) dé gidi mét sé bai toan sau day. Bai toan 1. Cho hinh thang ABCD (AB // CD). Goi O=ACOBD chi ding thedc thang, hay dung ducng thing qua O va song song véi hai day, Léi gidi. a) Truong hop AD va BC cat nhau. I Cach ding: - Dung / = ADABC. Z 2 -Dyng N=/ONCD. - Dmg E= BN OC. > - Dmg F=DECBC. - N6i O voi F thi OF li duéng thing can dug. Ching mink: Theo tinh chat (*) thi NC = ND. Theo nhan xét 2 thi OF // DC. b) Trrdng hop AD /! BC. Ciich deeng: E. A B - Dung duong thing qua C cit tia BA va tia DA lan lugt tai E va p' Fp = Dung 1 = ACOBF. - Dung K=EI BC. - OK la dung thang can dung, Ching minh. Ta c6 AF i BC; theo tinh chat (*) thi EY di qua K la trung diém cta BC ma OB = OD nén OK !/ DC. Sé 508(10-2019) rogues 1Bai toan 2. Goi J la giao diém cée deéng phén gide cia AABC. Goi D, E, F lan hegt ta hinh chiéu cia I trén BC, CA, AB. Biting thang qua F va song song voi BC céit AD va DE lan lot tai Mva.N. Chitng minh réng MF = MN. Léi gidi, Qua A ké dudmg thing song song véi BC cat DE, DF lan lwot tai P, O. Ta c6 CD = CE (ACDI = ACEI) =D =Ema D,=PUP ii DO, => AP=AE. Tuong ty AQ = 4F ma AE = AF (AAEI = AFI) nén AP = AQ. Lai c6 FN // QP do a MF = MN. Bai toan 3. Cho AABC can tai A. Lay diém I trong tam gide sao cho AB] = BCI. Goi D, E, F lan tuot ta hinh chiéu cia I trén BC, CA, AB. Goi P=IBADF, Q=IC ADE. Hai dieing tron ngoai tiép cic tam gide IFP va 1EQ nhau tai K #1. Ching mink rang KI di qua trung diém ciia BC. Loi gidi. Cae tte giée BDIF, CDIE noi tiép nén suy ra: E FDI = FRI = BCT F va EDI =ECI=CBi. B Do ¢6: PIO + PDQ = PIO + FDI + EDI DM c = BIC + BCI + CBi = 180° = tit gide PIOD ndi tiép. Tir 46 PQ =1DQ = ICE = IBC > PO I BC. KI cit BC, PQ lan luot tai M,N. Céc tir gide FKIP, BFID ngi tiép va PQ // BC suy ra: ine TORN HOS Sé 508(10-2019) NKP = IFP = IBC = IPN. Do dé; ANKPo> ANPI => NP? = NILNK. Tuong tu: NO” = NI.NK, suy ra NP = NO. Két hop voi PO // BC Suy ra: MB = MC (dpem). Bai ton 4, Cho AABC cain tai A cd A=120°. M la mot diém thay déi trén canh BC. Ké MDLAB tai D, MELAC tai E. Goi 1 la trung diém cia DE. Ching mink rang MI luén di qua mé6t diém cé dink. Loi gidi, Vé tam gid déu BCF véi F va A nim cing phia déi voi BC. Goi P va Q lan lot [a giao diém cia MD, ME vii FBEC, N=PQNFM. Ta c6: ABF = ABC = ACF = ACB =30" nén A ld tam cla tam gide déu BCP. Tir 46 MP /! OF (cing vuéng gée voi 4B); MO /I PF (cing vudng gée voi AC). Suy ra MPFQ 1a hinh binh hanh nén NP = NO. ABPM cé DBM = DBP va BDL MPnén DM= DP. Tuong te EM= EQ. Do dé DE la dudng trung binh cia AMPO nén DE |! PQ ma ID =IE suy ra M, I, N thang hang. Do dé M, J, F thang hing. Vay MI di qua diém 6 dinh F Bai ton 5. Tie diém AG ngodi during trén (O) vé tiép tuyén AB (B Ia tiép diém) va cat tuyén ACD khang qua 0 (AC < AD). Ve dieing kinh BE. Goi I va K lan lugt la giao diém ctia AO voi EC vé ED, Cling minh rang OI = OK. (Xem tiép trang 16)Huéng dn gidi DE THI TUYEN SINH VAO LOP 10 TRUONG THPT CHUYEN V’ H PHUC, nam hoe 2019 - 2020 vonG1 (Ding cho moi thi sinh thi vao invéng chuyén) Cau 1a) DK: x > jx 43x29, = eepaal Tn? aoe anes x-2 _ Wr+3-Ve_xG-ve) © G4VnG—Va)” Vr-2 Vr+3 xG—vx)_ “GH NG- 8, Wek de 1 Sag aetle-2=0 teas 2 Dat i fete ig tgcet t=—1 af +1-2=08| 2. 2 se b) P= Ve Hel (oan VetFE= ole = a2 4 3 3 9 (Cau 2. a) Thay m= ~2 PT tro thinh: ¥42x-6=06 by x =2(m+1)x+m—4=006 A =(m+1) —(m—4)=m? +m45>0,¥mER. Do dé PT ludn c6 hai nghém phan biét x,,.x,. ‘Theo dinh ly Viete ta cé: [: DEED, x, =m—4 Theo gid thiét: x? +23 ~3x,x, = 25 +(x, +x, —5x,x, =25 42 4(m+ 1 —Sm—4)=25 #4 + 3m—1= 068 m= Ima ‘Vay gid tri can tim la: m = " 1 ‘Ciiu 3. a) DK: *20 Ta c6: 4x? 43x43=4eyno3 +2y2e-1 e3(4x° a3 tx43}+(20—-1-2v2e—141)=0 =| fr+3~2x) +(s2e—1—1f = +3 =2x e ex=l ax-1=1 ‘Vay PT c6 nghigm duy nhatx = 1 » axi+3x°y=5 [8x7 +12x*y Dy + 6xy" = y+ 6x7 = al tees ax 43x7y=5 (2x+y) =27 " [axt+y=3 eg [28 43¥GB-2x)=5 | |4x° 9x7 +5=0 yo3-2x 32x el @- DEP —5x—-5)=0 y=3-2r Ix=hy=1 ele 5-105 8 54105. es ‘Vay HPT da cho co ba nghiém (x; y) la: (ut) 5-105 7+,/105 | {5+Vi0s 7—Vi0s “8 a SEB | S6 508(10-2019) en Maite 3Ciu 4. mi BMK PM BR = 45) = DR BMK. Suy ra MK la dung phin gide cia DMB. b) Xét hai tam gidc AMK va BNK cé: AK = BK, MAK = NBK,AM = BN. Suy ra AAMK = ABNK => AMK = BNK. c) Goi A la duéng thing di qua B va vudng goc voi AB. Dhrimg thing vudng géc voi BM tai N luon A tai mét diém E. Ta di chimg minh £ 6 dinh. Xét hai tam giée vudng AMB va BNE c6: AM = BN, MAB = NBE=7-s0 B31 Suy ra. AAMB = ABNE= BE = AB =2R (khong di). Vay diém £ cé dinh. Khi DE i/ AB ta cé BODE 1a hinh chi nhat =2R, AD= Job? +08 = RNS. =0D=BE= AM _ AB Mat khic, ta cd: AAMB ~ AAOD (g.2)=>—— = — eee 20 aD AO.AB _ 2NSR Wy AD 5 Mla diém nam ase, => AM = trén cung AK va cach A mot Khoang bing Ciiu 5. Ta c6: 8=(a+b\(b+ee +a) > Babe abe 8=(a+b\b+ehe+a) =(at+b+c\ab+be+ca)— = 8+ abe =(a+b+c)(ab + be + ca). Ap dung BBT: (x+y+2)' >3(xy+yz+zx), ta 06: ab + be + ca > V3abe(a+b+e) => 8+ abe =(a+b+c)ab+be + ca) >(at+b+e)y3abela +b +c) BVlatb+ey 9 5 i 81 3 2Vlatb+ey >> (at b+) vB3abe 3abe patb+es labe at Theo BBT Schwarz ta cé: uy Ties. 5 a+2b by ehda atb+e 1 2 1 —3_ >t fabe >2 athe Vabe “ . Vay minP = 2, > Vabe b+e” >P> abe Dang thite xay ra khi @= vona 2 > (Diing cho thi sinh thi vao chuyén Todn va chuyén Tin) (Cfu 1a) PT x? —2x—2¥x° -2x42-1=0 x) 2x 4+2—2yx? -2x4+2-3=0 (1). Dat t=¥x* —2x +2 =y(x-1¥ +1 (BK: #21). r=-1 PT(1) tro than: p-21-a-00 5 t= TOAN HOC 4 * CTuditre ‘S6 508(10-2019) Két hop véi DK ta duge t= 3. Voi ¢=3, ta cd: V8 =2x+2=300-2x42=9 =14+2y2 -w2 Vay PT o6 hai nghiém phan biét la Bx -2x-T=06x=1+2y2;x=1-22. ) han xét: tl>Z50vreR B78 Do d6 2x —x43>0; 2x7 24750 2 —s41=2/2—1 q Dat r= 2x? —x 41 (kK: #27) PT da cho tres think: 1,3 — 10 t +2 1+6 (t+ 2Yt + 6) + 31(1+ 6) = 10H(¢ +2) r= V6i t=2 06: 2x°-x+1=2<] 1 2 Vay PT cé hai nghiém la: x =1; + ) Ki higu |2¥* +37 +2 -3fy=yx42 Y tay ta? =4y +1 @ x+3y+2>0 DK: {x+2>0 00 y>0 (yes2yet3y +2 = Vx 4243yy 34x $3y 42) = 24249) 4 6¥y +2) @4+2)-Watdy +y=0 (r+2 ~ Vy =06 y=x4+203), Thay (3) vao (2) ta duge: Jx=I=>-y=3 3x +2x-S=0<9] 5 1 (théa man (*)) xaJoy=5 ‘Vay hé co hai nghiém (x; y) la: an{-$ 4 Cfiu 2. a) Ta 6 9x? —3xy—24x—2y? +y4+28=0 (9 +3x—-3)Qy—3x+5)=13. Do xyeZsy+3x-32y—3x4+5eZ va y+3x—3:2y—3x+4+5€U(3)nén ta c6 bin truéng hgp sau: pre-3=L ay jmidey-dorad 2y—3r4+5=13 Ha: 487-3 -1 yaaa 2y-3x+5=~13 Sgt iit SS (loa 317 Com ae p PI op pide henge 2y—3r+5=1 Ha: P+32-3=—13 4, ye ag 2y—3x-45=-1 -16 y= (loa 15 (loai). Vay phuong trinh cé hai nghiém nguyén (x9) = ;4):(e,y) = (44). b) Gia st tim duge céc sé nguyén duong p.m,n théa man yéu cau, Tit 2" p? +1=n° suy ran lé van> 1. Ta cé: 2" p =n -1452" p? =(n—-1)(n' tn +n +n41) Dit g=n'+m4+rintiog |e va q>n+l1>n—1>L. Khi dé 2" p* =(n—Dg () Néu p = 2 ta duge 2"? =(n—Nq 327g (v6 ly do g lé va g> 1), Vay p 1A s6 nguyén t6 le. Tit 2" p? =(n—Dq suy ra: (do q> 1). THI: n— (khong théa man q >» — 1). TH2: n—1=2";q= p’.Dat p=2k+1.Tacd: 2" psq= p> n-1=2"p>p=q mtn tn +n+l=gent? +D(n4l)= p’ $9 (2 42.2" +2)(2"" 43.2" +2) = 4k +1) (*) Néu m>2, VI(*) chia cho 8 du 4, nhung VP(*) chia hét cho 8 (v6 ly). Vay m= I. Khi d6 thi = 3 va p= 11. Thir lai thay thea man. Vay Sé 508(10-2019) Tomes 5m=1,n=3,p=11. Cau 3, Ap dung BDT Schwarz, ta e6: a b c lt pp hy Vb+vac e+Vab Ya+vbe - (a +Vo+ver a © Yo+ Vac +e+Jab + a+ Voc Bing thie xiy ra khi ab Ap dyng BDT Cauchy, ta c6: = id. wtb + Vac) < 2+b+Vae & we ova Twog it fervab oe @: Jaadbe <2tatvbe wy, 22 Tir(1), (2), 3) va) suy ra: ee re b+Jac le+Jab Ja+doc a 22cla+Wo+Ver “(2+b+ac)+(2+e+ ab) +2-+a+vbe) a b © 22a +vb + ver Gp NOONE ~asbte+Vac +Vab +Vbe +6 Ta ching minh: 2a +Vb+Vey" od ¢ atbte+vac+Vab+Vbe+6 V2 ‘That vay: (5) 2 4¢la +b + Ver =3atbte+Vab +ybe + Vea +6) eath+et sab +Vbe +Vea)>18 (6). Ap dung BDT Cauchy, ta cé: a4b+e>3Wabe >3; stlab +Vbc +lea)>5.3alarbc? > 15 6 pe clad 86 508(10-2019) Vay (6) diing. Do 46 3 a b c ee Vorvac Vet+vab Jatvbe V2 ‘Bling thite xay ra khi a= b Cau 4. s ia a) Ta cé: INL PQ-INP=[EP=90> ti gic INEP ndi tiép duong tron (1). Tuong ty: iNQ =1FQ=90°=> ti gic INOF néi tiép (2). Mat khic AEF can tai [ nén TEN = TFN (3) ‘Tw (1) suy ra IPN =JEN, ti (2) suy ra JON =IFN. Do 46 IPN =I0N =AIPO cin tai b) Theo a) A/PQ can tai J, suy ra N 18 trung diém PQ. Kéo dai AN cat BC tai M’, cit IK tai H. Khi dé ap dung dinh ly Thales ta ¢6: OY. __zAN NE —_= BM" BM’ AM M'C Vay ba diém A, N, M thang hang. M'C=>M'=M. Xét AAIK ce: NKLAISINLAK (do AKJBC) + N la tre tim AAIK = AN LIK. ¢) Dat J = EF OAI;T = IMODK. Tacé: AIAH ~ AIKI (g.g), Suy ra: ae IHIK=1.1A (4) (Xem tiép trang 8)Dénh cho thi sinh thi vio lip chuyén Todn, Théi gian lam bai: 150 phiit. (2 diém). 1) Gidi phuong trinh P43x48=(x+5)ye $242. 2) Gidi hé phuong trinh ay =8r' —6x +1 P+ee—et1 | Bai II (2,5 diém), 1) Cho p,q 1a hai s6 nguyén t6 lon hon 5. Chimg minh p* +2019q* chia hét cho 20. 2) Cho cdc sO nguyén duung a,b,c,d_ thoa man ab-+c. b) Chimg minh @ 1a m6t sé chinh phuong. Bai III (1,5 diém). 1) V6i_ x,y,z Ja cae 86 thye théa min xyz =1, chimg minh | aytxtl yety+l tet 2) Véi x,y,z La cde sé thye duong thay déi va théa man 144413 tim gid tri ton nhdt coa ety Bai LV (3 dicm). Cho tur gide ABCD (khong 6 hai canh nao song song) ndi tiép duong tron (0). Cée tia BA va CD cét nhau tai diém F. Goi E la giao diém cia hai dudng chéo AC va BD. Véhinh binh hinh AEDK. 1) Chimg minh tam gide FKD dong dang voi tam gidée FEB 2) Goi M,N tuong (mg Ia trung diém ciia cdc canh AD, BC. Chimg minh duimg thing MN. i qua trung diém ciia doan thing EF 3) Chimg minh dudng thing EF tiép xic voi dung tron ngoai tigp cua tam giée EMN. Bai V (1 diém). Cho tap hop Sa(xeZ|1 1, tim gid tri lon nhat eda biéu thie ——— sorted] Bai IV (3 dim). Cho tam giée nhon ABC cin tai A, duéng cao BE va ndi tiép duong tron (O.R). Ké duong kinh BD cia duong tron (0). Duéng thing BE cit cée duémg thing AD va AO Ian lugt tai cde diém 1 va H. 1) Ching minh BH.BI=2R° 2) Goi M 1A trung diém cia canh AB. Lay diém N thuge tia déi cia tia OA sao cho ON=—- Ching minh tir gio AMNC 1a tit wl gide ngi tigp. 3) Goi K 1a trung diém ca canh BC. Ching minh dudng thing KE di qua tring diém cia doan thang O/. Bai V (1 diém). Trén m6t dudng tron cho 2018 diém phn bigt. An va Binh cling choi tr choi nhu sau: Méi lugt choi, mét ban sé ndi 2 diém trong 2018 diém da cho dé duge mét diy cung sao cho day cung vita duge vé khéng cé diém chung véi bat ki day cung nao da ve truée dé, Hai ban luin phién thye hign lot choi cia minh. Ban dau tién khong thé thu hin dure Iuot choi cia minh 1a ngudi thua cuge. Néu 4n 1a ngudi di trudc, hay chi ra chién thudt choi 48 An luén 1a nguoi thing cudec. DUONG TU (Ha Noi) Giéi thigu HUONG DAN GHAI... Taco: AVE ~ AIEA (g.2), suy ra: WHE IIA IA (Tigp theo trang 6) IE Tir (4), (5) suy ra: HK = 1D? >= + AIHD ~ AIDK (¢.g.0)- IDH =IKD (6) Lai cé IHM = IDM =90" = tir gide IDMH noi tigp, suy ra [DH =IMH (7) Tir (6), (7) suy ra: ITK = 180° —T1K — ikD — 180° — 71K —iMH HM =90° IM 1 DK. Cau 5. Ky higu (x, d, v) la b6 gom x bi xanh, d bi dé va v bi ving sau lan thy hién theo quy tie cla tro choi. 8 Tomes ‘$6 508(10-2019) Khi d6, 6 Jan thir k + 1, Binh c6: hode (x +2, d—1, v1) hoe (x 1, d+ 2, v= 1) hoae (x= 1, d—1, v + 2). Dé y ring: (+2)-(d-1) = @-1)- +2) a 1)-(d= 1) = x-d (mod 3), nén sé du ciia x ~ d khi chia cho 3 khéng d6i in di mau. Sau méi ln thye hign quy tic trén thi tong s6 bi 1a khong thay déi. Gia sir sau mét s6 hitu han bude thye hign, Binh thu duge toin bi mot mau, tic 1a Binh thu duge ho8c (63,0,0) hoe (0,63,0) hole (0,0,63), te 18 x — d; d - vy v= x 13. Nhung ban dau Binh c6 x —d= 19-21 d-v=-2; v—x=4 ddu khong chia hét cho 3, Vay khong thé thu duge toan bi mét mau bang quy tie déi mau trén. TRAN MANH CUONG (GY THCS Kim Xa, Vinh Tieig, Vinh Phe) Git thiguNam hoc 2018-2019 chinh thire khép lai vii ky thi THPT Quéc gia. Bai thi mén Todn nim nay, néi dung dé thi nam trong chuong trinh cip THPT, chit yéu la chuong trinh 1ép 12, dim bio nguimg co ban dé xét t6t nghigp THPT va cé 46 phan héa phi hop 8 cdc co sé gido dye dai hoe, gido dye nghé nghigp lim co sér cho tuyén sinh. So véi nlm 2017 va 2018 48 thi nim nay c6 sy phan héa t6t hon va tranh dugc tinh trang "mua diém 10" nhu nam 2017. ‘DE thi gdm 24 ma dé duge sinh ra tir 4 ma dé oe 101, 102, 103, 104, Cac ma 48 géc cd ndi dung tuong ty nhau, trong 46 30 cau dau & mite 46 nhgn bidt, thong hiéu duge ra trong cac ma dé nhim kiém tra kién thire co ban ciia Ip 11, lép 12; ti edu 31 dén cau 40 6 mite d6 van dyng, tir cau 41 dén cau 50 6 mite d van dyng cao da thé hign rd tinh phan hod bing cach sir dung téng hgp cdc kién thite trong chuong trinh THPT. Céc em ¢6 hge lye kha, gidi 06 ky ning phan tich, tng hyp, tinh toan, lién hé tt thi méi cé thé hoan than t6t bai thi. Dé cé cai nhin mét cach toan dién vé dé thi mén Todn nam 2019, bén canh viée chi ra nhimg kién thite co ban van dung, nhimg ky mang can thiét dé tra Iii nhanh céu hoi tric nghiém va dinh huréng phat trién ho&c tong quat hoa bai toan. Ban quan tri Nhém Toan VD-VDC xin gidi thigu véi quy thay c6 va cde em hoe sinh bai viét: “Phan tich, binh ludn dé thi THPT Quée gia nam 2019". Hy vong, bai viét st gitip quy thay c6 c6 cai nhin toan dign, cdc em hoc sinh rén luyén t6t ky nang thi trie nghigm bai thi mon Toan, Cfiu 31. Ho tat ca cée nguyén ham ctia ham sé 2x-1 es) erly trén Khong (I;+2) la 3 A. 2in(x+1)+—2—+C. B, 2in(x+1)4+—- 46, x+l x41 2 dw C. 2in(x+1)-——+C. D. 2in(x+1)-——+C. xl atl Loi gidi, Ta c6: _ 2-1 _%e4)-3 2 3, 40" Tay Gel? xe] Gt wf yy = J f@ax=2| a Te = Binet 1)+ 5 +6, vre(-1;42) = chon B. ay [a dang todn tim nguyén him phan thite hiru ti quen thudc, xudt hign thurimg xuyén trong nhtng nim gin day. Trong 4é tham khao 2019 efing di dé cp dén dang nay. Do 46, hoc sinh da phan lam t6t cu nay. Déi vi dang phan thite bién déi thanh tong. cdc biéu thite dang (ac+1l Chu 32. Cho ham sé f(x). Biét f(O)=4 va F(x) = 208" x+1, Vee, khidé | {ode bing 4 ¥ 4 16 16 we +16244 +167 +16 16 16 Loi gi. Ta ob: fla) = f/"(ahde= | Rees" x+Nde = Jieoos2nae=2+4sinae+c. vi J(0)=4=920+4sin0+C=4e20=4 3 Sla)= es Fsinde 4, Vay: Jrere = {zee fum axes) -( 2 60s2e | 4 + hon C. SS 508(10-2019) i s cee 9Day 1a cau hoi, mac di co ban, nhung hoc sinh it 6n tap nén sé giy khé khan cho khong it hgc sinh. Vige Jdng hai dang todn vio mt cau hoi cing lim ting thii gian tinh todn cia hoc sinh, (Cau 33. Trong khéng gian Oxyz, cho cde diém A(1;2;0) B(2;0;2), C(2:-1;3) vd D(1:1;3) Duong thang di qua C va vuéng géc vai mét phang (ABD) cé phuong tink lis x=2441 -2+4 4434 D. z=2+1 Loi gidi. Ta co AB =(1;-2;2), AD =(0;-1;3). Mat phing (ABD) c6 mét VIPT la i= (AB, AB] =(~4;-3;-1). Duéng thang di qua C va vudng géc voi mat phing (ABD) 06 VICP la v= =(—4;-3:-1). Phuong trinh dudmg thang can tim 1 x=-2+dt y=—4+31=>chon C. ra2t Cau héi nay, cing léng ghép hai dang toan quen ‘thuge; mat phing qua 3 diém va dwéng thang qua mot diém va vudng géc véi mét mat phing. (Clu 34, Cho sé phite = théa man 3(z+i)-(2- +103. Médun ctia z bing ach, B. 5. c. V5. pv. V3. Lot gig, DR z=a+bi,(a,beR). Thay vao gid thiét ta duge: 3[.a+(1-b)i]-(2-i)(a+bi) =3+107 © (ab) +(a—Sb+3)i=3 +108 a-b=3 a=2 2 ° a-5b+3=10~ [b=-1 => 2=2-i=|:|= v3 > chon C. 10 eS ‘Sé 508(10-2019) Day [a cau hoi chi cin hoe sinh thanh thao cde phép toan trén tip s6 phitc la gidi quyét duge. CAu 38. Cho him sd. f(x), bang xét dau cia f(x) hue sau: x f= 3 at 1 + fa) - 0+ O- 0 ¢ Ham soy = f(3—2x) nghich bién trén khodng nao chet dy? A. (4-400). B. (231). C. (254). D. (452) Loi gidi, Day dang todn xét tinh don digu cia ham sé y=f(u(x)) dua vao bang xét dau cia f'(x) ote dé thi him sé "(x). Hoc sinh khi lam dang bai tip nay can liu ¥ céng thie tinh dao him cia him hyp. Tacé y'=[/(3-2x)] =-2/'(3-2x) Cho y'=0¢53-2x=-3V3-2x=-1v3-2x=1 eoxs3vxs2vae x [= 1 2 3 +0 f@) - 0+ 0 - 04 Vay ham sé nghich bién trén cdc khoaing (—00;1) va (2;3)=> chon B. Cha y ring néu ham sé f nghich bién trén khoang: K thi né cing nghich bién trén mdi khodng Ia tap con ciia K. Cau 36. Cho ham sé f(x), ham sé y= f(x) lién me tren R va cd dé thi nh hinh ve bén. Bdt phuong trinh fQx) f(Q)-2. D. m> f(0) Loi gid. Ta cb: f(x) fix)—x,¥x€ 0:2) Xét him s g(x) = f(a)—x 66 g(a) = f'()-1<0, Vx = (0:2) (do trén khoang (0;2) thi #"(x) <1),Bang bién thién x [0 — 2 Bi) = a0) B(x) Pa «© Suy ra: m > g(x), Vx € (0:2) <> m2 g(0) <> m2 f(0)= chon B. Diy la cau hoi wong 1 nhu edu hoi trong 48 tham Khio 2019 cla BO GD&DPT. Déi voi dang toan tim. tham sé m dé bat phuong trinh dang A(x,m) >0 (hoge A(x,m) <0) nghiém ding véi moi x thude Khong (a:b) cho tude thi ta thudng cO lap tham sé, dua bat phuong tinh da cho vé dang S(m)> glx), Yxe(a;b) hoje f(m)< g(x), Vx €(a;b), Sau d6 khao sit ham sb_y = g(x) ten khoing (a:b). Dang ton nay khong qué khé, chi yeu cdu hoe sinh bigt 6 lap, khéo sat ham va phai can than lum ¥ c6 déu “=" hay khong c6 “=" khi két luan. Céu 37. Chon ngdu nhién 2 sé. te nhién Khée nhau tir 25 36 nguyén deomg dw tién, Xe sudt dé chon diege hai 6 cb ting ka mot sd 1 B 313 As. B=. es ae 2 25 25 625 Loi gidi. Sé phin tir cia khong gian miu la n(Q) = C2, =300. Goi ¥ 1a tap hop 25 sé nguyén duong dau tién, X = X,UX,, voi X, = (153;..2325}, Xp = (2450s 2524}. . Goi A a bién cd: "Chon duge hai sé e6 tng li mot 86 chin”. Bé chon ra 2 s6 thoa man yéu cau bai toan thi hai sO dé cing tinh chin 1é, do dé ta chon 2 86 thuge tp X, hofe 2 s6 thuge tap X,. Suy ra n(4 144, Xac suat cba bin ob Ala P(d)=7 ‘DE tim duoe 86 phan tir cia bién 6 A, hge sinh phai nan xét duge: hai sé duoc chon ¢é cing tinh chin Ie. fiu 38. Cho hinh tru c6 chiéu cao bing SV3. Cit inh tru da cho boi mat phing song song véi truc vie eich truc mét khoding hing 1, thiés digs dién tich bang 30. Dign tich xung quanh cia hinh try dai cho bing A. 10N3x, B. 5V392. C. 2037. Loi gigi. Goi hinh try c6 hai day 1a (Q), (O') va ban kinh R Cit hinh tru 4% cho bei mat phang song song voi true nén thiet dign thu duge li hinh chit nhit ABCD voi AB la chidu cao cita hinh try, khi d6 D. 10397. 30 aa. Goi HW latrung diém cia AD tac OH =1 suyra AD edd é 4 4 AB=CD=SV3 = AD= BC R= OH? +. ‘Vay din tich xung quanh hinh try la S., = 2a Rh = 2.2.53 = 20V32 = chon C. Cau 39. Cho PT log, x° — log, (3-1 log, m (m Ia tham s6 thie). Cé tat ca bao nhieu gid tri nguyén ciia m dé phiromg trinh dai cho cé nghiém? A2 Bd, ee D. Vo 36. Lai gi BKx>t vii m>0. PT tuong duong vi log, log, (3x-1)=—Log, me>10g, 2=—! =10g, m x oma m= fx) vi fy =! x x Xét S(sj=2 06S". Bang bién thién z #43 +6 £0) + | —<——* Suy ra phuromg trinh c6 nghiém 20m=1m=2 = chon A. Diy ld bai todn tim tham sé dé phuong trinh ¢6 nghiém. Hinh cau hoi cé dang f(x) = g(m), Tit dé ta nghi ngay toi phuong php thie cia S6 508(10-2019) bit es 11ham sé (dya vao bang bién thién) dé dira vao bing bién thién giai quyét bai toan nay. CAu 40. Cho hinh chép S.ABCD cé diy ls hinh vudng canh a, mat bén SAB Ia tam gide déu va ndim trong mat phdng vuéng géc voi mat phang day. Khodng cach tie A dén mdt phing (SBD) ala yp vila Yea 14 7 2 Loi gigi. Goi H Ta trong ém AB => SH 1 AB (do ASAB déu) = SH (ABCD) (do (S4B) | (ABCD)). H.SBO Wa tam dién vung tai H nén secre ines de @(H(SBO)) HS HB HO? 3a* = d(H.(SBD)) = aa .Suy ra: d(A,(SBD)) = 2d(H,(SBD)) 2 chon. Day J cfu hoi tink khodng céch rét quen thude, da phan hoc sinh da duge On luyén nhiéu. Nhung da phan hoc sinh chua phat hién ra "tam dign vung" nén vige tinh todn cin dai, lm mat thei gian, Céu hoi nay kiém tra kién thite vé ti sé khodng céch, dymg hinh chiéu; phan héa tét hoc sinh: khéo 1éo trong xir ly tinh hudng. (C4u 41. Cho ham sé f(x) 6 dao ham lién tue trén R. Biét f(A)=1 va [xf(axde=1, hi db je "(ede bang AL 2. B. -16. C8 D. 14. Loi gid. Dut t= 4x =>dt =ddx. Khi do: it =agl* Sf(xyde 2 fy (oe=ts ‘Ap dang-cing iis 1a Gtiin = ‘du = 2xdx tig phiin voi f. # ={ tach: av= f(r (v= FO) 12 be Suates ‘$6 508(10-2019) Je rende=x foo), -[2xfeade=16,f(4)- 3 : =16~2.16=-16 = chon B. Day 1a dang todn tinh tich phin him chwa xéc dink cy thé hay con goi la ham an. Dé tinh tich phan dang nay ta sir dung dinh nghia va phuong phép tinh tich phan timg phin dé dua tich phan can tinh vé tich phan di cho true. Cau 42. Trong hing gian Oxyz, A(0;4;-3). Xér dieing théing d thay dé v6i truc Oz va cach truc Oz mot khoding bing 3. Khi khodng cach tie A dén d nho nhdt, d di qua diém nio dedi di cho diém i, song song B. M(0;-3:-5). D. 9(0:5;-3) Lai giak Goi H, K ln luot 1a hinh chiéu cha 4 len tye Oz va duéng thing d. Ta cd H(0;0;-3) = AH =4 va cing © 1 (AHK) Néend 1 KH,HK =3. Ta : d(4;d)= AK >|AH —HK|=1 (dau bang xay ra khi A, H, K thing hing va K thudc doan AH). Khi 46 AH =4AK => K(0;3;-3). Suy ra li duéng thing di qua K va song song voi Oz. x=0 6 phuong trinh las} =3 z=-3+8 Cha ¥ ring tip hop cde dudng thing d théa diéu kkign da cho [a mat try c6 truc 1a Oz. Bling tre quan 8 thdy vj tri cua d dé khoang cach tir A dén d lon nit hay nho nhat, ‘Cau 43. Cho ham so béc () 6 dé thi nw hinh vé bén. SB nghiém thee cia phwong ‘rink => chon C. ba y= [7 -30|= A. 3.Lai gigi. Dit t= x’ -3x, ta.c6: ' =3x°-3; 1 =Oeox=41 oy ting mbi gid tr] re (20:2) (2; +20) ta tim durge ‘mot gid tri cla x (*). Ta co: 4 |fG°-38)= [fer -3u)-5 (a €(-2:0)5a, €(0;2),a%, € (25400); € (-29;-2)) Tir ("), suy ra, phuong trinh da 343+141=8 nghigm = chon B. iy 1A cu hoi tim s6 nghiém cia mét phuong trinh bing phuong phap 4% dn phy. Khi a%t dn phy 1 =u(2), ta phai xée dinh duge méi lién hé: méi gia. tr] ¢=u(x) tim duge bao nhiéu gid tri x trong tmg. Ngoai ra, hinh thite cia cau héi e6 dau gia tri tuyét doi, dé din dén hoc sinh sa di vao vige vé 46 thi ham chira gid tri tuyét déi, mc di vin giai quyét durge nung phirc tap hon! cho 06 Clu 44. Xét cde sb phike z théa man V2. Trén mat phang toa dé Oxy, tép hop diém biéu dién cita eile sf prise wot ta mit insding tren oi Bain kinh bang A. V34. B26. C34, D. V26. Léi gidi. Dé tim duge tap hop diém biéu dién sé phitc w, ta bién ddi tir diéu kién |2|= /2 vé médun cha 36 phite 6 chira w, sau db dit w=x+yi va tim méi lién hg cia x,y. Dat w=xtyi(ay eR). cox ty? +8x—4y-14=069 (x +4) H(y-2)' = 34, ‘Vay tap hop diém bigu dién cua cde s6 phite w 1a during tron cé ban kinh ¥34 = chon A. Dé tim duge tap hop diém biéu dién sé phic w, ta rit 2 tir we AE sau 6 ly médun hai vé, tir +2 dé chuyén vé dang toan quen thuge. Cau 45. Cho ding», thing y=x va parabol eta (a la tham sd the dueong). Got SiS, dein hegt la dign tich hai hinh phiing doe 16 dm trong hinh vé bén, Khi S,=S, thi a thube khong nio duedi dy’? Pour): ap. (tt Ak of a.[34). plot) «[t D. Ga} ® (5) ls} P8 Léi giéi. Phuong trinh hoanh @@ giao diém cia dé thjbim sb y=x vi parabol yor tal: de ya-reete—xta=0, z Zz Goi s la nghigm Ién nhat cia phnrong trinh (s > 0), Tacd: S,=5, 2 5,-5,=0 Chu 46. Cho ham sé f(x), bing bién thién cia ham so f'(x) nue saw ais +0 2 0 by Z So diém cue tri ctia him 6 y= f(x ALD, B. 3. c.7. Sé 508(10-2019) Toes 1 3Loi gidi. Dé giai bai toan nay yéu cau hoe sinh phai nim ving cfc kién thie: dao ham cua ham hop [ron] =/'a'(e), dink gid nghigm dua vio ‘wong giao dé thi, Nhung lai khé cho hoe sinh 6 tuong giao lai ra cde nghigm thude khodng, nh vay hoe sinh muon tim chinh xa¢ s6 nghigm cua fu) edn nim bit vé a thi. Xét ham sé y= f(x? -2x)> y' =Ax-D fe -23) , x 2 Ax-N SC? 2x) =0 Pare -2x=ae(-x;-1) (1) 2x=be(-L0) (2) 2x=ce(0;1) (3) Qe=de(te) (4) Dya vao dé thi ta thay: phuong trinh (1) phuong trinh (2),(3),(4) mdi phwong trinh ¢6 2 nghigm khiéc 1. Céc nghigm déu phin bigt nhau. Vay phiromg trinh y'=0 6 7 nghiém phan bigt nén ham sé v6 nghigm. Cac a x y= f(a? —2x) 66 7 diém eye tri > chon C. Dé gidi duge cau hdi nay, yéu cu hoc sinh phai nam ving kign thite va k¥ ning vé: dao ham ctia ham hop [/eo] = /'@'), dinb gid nghigm dya vao sy tuong giao dé thi, Nhung, khé khan 6 ché: dua vao sit trong giao chi ue Iugng duge cae nghigm chit khdng ra ngay con s6 cy thé; nhur vay hoe sinh muon ‘tim chinh xde s6 nghiém cia /"(w) can phai c6 ki nang t6t trong vige “dge” dd thi, Cau 47. Cho lang try ABC.A'B'C’ 6 chiéu cao bang 8 vi ddy la tam giée déu canh bang 6 Goi MN va P lin hot la tim ctia cde met ben TOAN HOC 14 * CTusitre _Sé 5080-201) ABB'A', ACCA va BCC'B. Thé tich cita khoi da dign Idi co cae dinh la cdc diém A,B,C,M,N,P baing A273, B2IV3. C.30V3. D. 36V3, Loi gidi. Goi 4,,B,,C, lan lugt la trung diém coa cic canh 44’, BB'CC’. Khéi ling try ABC.AB,C, c6 chiéu cao la 4 va day 1a tam gide déu canh 6, Ba Khéi chop 4.4,MN , B.B,MP , C.CNP déucé chiéu cao 1a 4 va day la tam gide déu c6 d6 dai canh bang 3, Tacé: arcane =Vaac-anc, ~(Vaqua +¥aaue *¥ocxe) Fas! 2B. 4-2 chon Day khOng phai la mot bai qué dai va kho vé thé tich khéi da dign. Nhung muén gidi quyét nhanh thi hoc sinh phai ¢6 nur duy hinh hoc, ey thé 1a cét ehép hinh ‘va ti é thé tich. Cau 48. Trong khéng gian Oxyz, cho mat cdu (s) etyte(zev2) =3. C6 tat ca bao nhiéw diém A(azb:c) (a,b, la ede sé nguyén) thude mdi phiing (Oxy) sao cho cé it nhdt hai tiép tuyén ctia (S) di qua A va hai tiép tuyén dé vudng gée voi nhaui? A. 12. B. 8. C16 D.4. Loi gidi, Khi A thude mat cau (5) thi qua Aludn ve duge hai tigp tuyén dén (S) vudng gée pznhau. Khi 4 ongoai mat chu (), gid sirqua A ve duoc hai tiép tuyén AP,AK vudng géc nhau ( P,K la cdc tigp diém), Khi K di dong, thi PK thay Gi tt 0 dén dudng kinh PQ. Nhu vay, PAK thay d6i tir 0° dén PAQ. Do dé yéu cau bai toan <> PAQ > 90" <> PAL 245" > 14s 2K. Vay tir A ké duge it nhat 2 tigp tuyén yudng goe dén mat cau khi va chi khi RSIAS RV. Do A(a;b;c) — thude phing (Oxy) nén A(a;b;0). RSISRYIO3SE +P +2S6e91Sa0 +P <4, ‘Tap cdc diém thoa dé 1a cdc diém nguyén ndm trong hinh vanh khin (ké ca bién), nim trong mat phang mat (Oxy), tao bai 2 dudng tron ding tim O(0;0;0) ‘ban kinh Kin lugt 1@ 1 va 2. Nhin hinh vé ta cé 12 diém thoa man yéu cau bai toan = chon A. Day lA mét bai toin hay vé tip tyén cia mit chu. ‘Néu hoe sinh khéng dé y tinh chat: Tir mot diém i trén mat cau (S) hudn ke durge it nhit hai tiép tuyén ‘yudng gée dén (S) thi st khong gidi han duge tip hop diém cdn tim. Ta chimg minh dugc két qua: Cho mit clu S(/;R) va diém 4 trong khéng gian, khi 46 diéu kign cin va di dé qua A cé thé ké duge it mhat 2 tiép tuyén vudng géc dén S(/;R)la RAP SOR Cau 49. Cho hai ham sé y= va y=|x+2|—x+m (m Id tham s6 the) cé a6 thi lan lugt la (C,) va (C,). Tap hop tat ca cae gid tri ctia m dé (C,) va (C,) edit nhaw tai ding bin diém phan bigt la A. (252, B. (2+). C, (-;2). D. 2+). Liv gidi. Cau nay thuge dang vé sy tuong giao cia hai dd thi, mot dang ton co ban ma hoc sinh thuémg, gap. Tuy nhién & bai ton nay, him 6 = xl xo2 x-l x duge cho cho 06 hinh thirc phite tap nhim danh lira nhing hoc sinh khéng hiéu séu vé phuong phap chung Khi giai logi todn nay, thém vao dé la sy xut hign biéu thite chira gid tr tuyét Ai trong ham s6 thir hai_y =|x+2|-x+m, Nhin vao dé bai ta nghi ngay dén viée dua vé xét phwong trinh hoanh 46 giao diém va tim m dé phuong trinh nay cé 4 nghigm phan biét, Dinh hwéng tiép theo sau 46 la ding phuong phap ham sé, c6 lip m, xét sy bién thién cia him sO va tir dé chi ra cée gid trim thoa min 4é bai. Xét phuong trinh hodnh 46 giao diém: BODE oe hi xe (-a03-2) -2 x1 x el Lh oa 3 (el a 1yid OF CS Ge Nén him sé y= g(x) déng bién trén méi khoang 2-1), CLO), O31), (152), Bree). Bang bién thién x[2 2 3 0 1 2 @ eat] +] +] + [+ OF 590 Vr e(-2t20)\ {HKD} 4230, vre(-on-2) “7 (2{Z |Z |Z Do dé dé (C,) va (C,) cat nhau tai dung bén diém phn biét thi phurong trinh (1) phai co 4 nghiém phan bigt. Diéu nay xiy ra khi va chi khi dung thing y=m cit dé thi ham sé y = g(x) tai 4 diém phan bigt <> m22 => chon C. 86 508(10-2019) Paes 15Nhdn xét: Hoc sinh thug ling ting 6 mot s6 dié su cau ky vé hinh thirc, biéu thie chita trj tuyét di ‘trong céc ham lm hoc sinh khong cé dinh hudng xit Ji, Hge sinh khé nbn thay ham s6 g(x) khong c6 dao ham tai diém x=—2, hoc sinh khéng biét cach xit li vé dao him cua g(x) Khi gap tri tuyét d6i, ham 86 g(x) 06 nhigu diém khéng xéc dinh tam hoc sinh ang ting, hoc sinh gap sai 1am khi tinh cdc giéi han cia g(x) tai cdc diém {-1,0;1;2} va khi x >to. (Cau 50. Cho phuong trinh (4log} x+log, x-5)V7'-m=0 (1) (m la tham sé thc). Cé tat ed bao nhiéu gid wi nguyén dong cia m dé plusong trinh da cho cé ding hai nghiém phin big’? A. 49, B47 C. V6 86. Lai gidi. Vi me N nén m>1. +Néu m= 1 thi (1) tré thanh (d1og3 x+109, -5)W 1 =0 x>0 D. 48. o [fesse =0 7-1-0 x20 ed] | 5 (théa man) log, x: ‘ [perry Nba 27, BK: P79 os F? ager 22 ORE m0 [eminem + -m=0 x=log, m eo] x=2 Khi dé (1) <> : 4log} x+log, x-5=0 a x=24 Phuromg trinh (1) ¢6 ding 2 nghiém phin bigt 4 4 24 chon B. Day la cau héi tim tham sé dé phuong trinh ma - logarit c ding » nghigm, Cau hoi nay xudt hién kha nhiéu trong cdc dé thi thir. Tuy nhién céch xéy dung cau hdi nay khai théc diéu kign xéc dink cia phuong trinh kha hay, day ld ché ma hoe sinh hay mic sai Lim. HER rarer roon i anon naS OHO E OEE SHES HE RSS OOHE HSE HEEN HEHEHE RISES HEE CHUNG MINH MOT DUONG THANG. (Tiép theo trang 2) Loi gidi. Vé OH 4.CD tai H, CF iv IK (F ¢ ED), CF ct BE tai J. Ta c6 ABO = AHO =90° => ABHO n6i = OBH = OAH = JCH => CJHB wi tiép => BIH = BCH = BED => JH FD. Mi HC = HD (OH CD) nén JC= JR. Ta lai c6 IK i! CF suy ra Ol= OK. BAI TAP 1. Cho tude dudmg trin e6 tim O va M li mot diém bat ky. Chi ding thude thing hay dung duong thing qua M va yudng goe véi dudng thing d cho tn. 2._ Cho trude dueémg tein c6 tim O. Chi ding thie thing hay dymg canh tam giée déu, canh hinh vudng, canh Ive gide déu ndi tiép durdmg tran (0). 3. Cho hinh thang ABCD (4B i! CD). Goi 16 TORN HOS $6 508(10-2019) O=ACOBD, Qua O vé dung thang song song voi AB cit AD, BC lan Iugt tai M, N. Chimg minh OM=ON. 4, Trén céc canh AB, BC, CA cia AABC lan uot lay cde diém D, E, F sao cho AE, BF, CD ding quy tai , Duong thing qua 7 va song song voi BC cit ED, EF tai M,N. Chimg minh ring IM = IN. 5. Cho A4BC 06 BC < BA, dong phin giac BE va dutmg trung tuyén BD. uimg thing qua C va wung gc vii BE cit BE, BD lan lugt tai F, G. ‘Chimg minh ring duréng thing DF di qua trung diém cla GE. 6. Cho AABC. Lay cdc diém M, N, P lin lugt trén cae canh BC, CA, AB. Noi AM cit BN va CP lan luot tai J va K, BN c&t CP tai J. Chimg minh ring néu San = Sar = Serre = Sure thi Sarin = Seanes = Some 7. Hai dutmg tron (0) va (O°) cit nhau tai A va B. Ve tiép tuyén chung CD (Ce (O),D<(O') va CD gin B hon A), Qua 4 vé EF // CD (Be(O),F (0. Duong thang vuéng géc voi EF tai A clit EC tai I. Goi Mla trung diém cia EF. Chimg minh ring CD, IM vi AB ddng quy.Tir “nghich 1" thudng duge hiéu theo nhimg nghia sau day. Nghia thir nhat: 6 1a nhimg lap Inn nhin bé ngoai thi ding nhung Iai dua dén nhimg mau thudn (ching han, cac nghich ly Zenon (490 ~ 430 tr. CN). Nghia thir hai: Khang dinh thi ding nhung khéng phi hop voi nhan thite true gidc (chang han, nghich ly G. Galilei (1564 — 1642) noi hon khéng chita nhiéu diém hon don thang ngin, ...). 1. Nghjeh ly Zenon Ta dinh d6i loi dé néi vé Zenon, nha triét hoc ndi tiéng cia Hy Lap Cé dai. Ong sinh ra & thinh 1g doan thing dai Elade, min nam Tialia, mét thude dia cla Dai Hy : 2 Zenon Lap. Tuong truyén ring 30 tr. (490 Ong nbi tiéng vi hoc gidi, thng minh va 1a gido su n6i tiéng. Ong con 1a nha hing bién da dua ra nhidu aporia (tiéng Hy Lap, nghia la: nghich ly, ng@ cut) lam nay sinh nhieu cugc tranh luan si ndi. Nguoi ta cing cho rang Ong la ngudi phat minh ra phép bién chimg va dé 1a déng gop to lén cta Ong, Da hon hai muoi 1am thé ky rdi ma cde nghich Iy nay van cdn cudn hit cée nha toin hoc. Moi thoi dai déu dua ra cdch lun giai cia minh vé cic nghich ly d6, Hign nay & Phuong Tay cae nghich ly nay vin cdn 1a dé tai day site hap dan, Theo truyén lai thi Zenon da dé lai cho déi sau hon bén muoi nghich ly. Do that truyén nén chi cé chin nghich ly dén duge véi ching ta nh cdc cong trinh cia hi bée hoc vi dai Aristoteles (384 — 322 tr. CN), Ban thin Zenon da khong dua ra cach giai quyét nao d6i véi mau thudn ma Ong dai néu ra trong cdc nghich ly. Diéu 46 6 18 khéng khé hiéu vi cdc mau thuan 46 c6 ngi dung vuot xa tim cia Hy Lap Cé dai nhu: hau han va v6 han, lién tue va roi rac, vin dong, va ding yén. Dic bigt trong cée nghich ly cla minh Zenon cting 43 sir dung kha nang chia duge v6 han djnh cac doan thing hay vat thé va sau d6 xuat phat tir gid thiét dé di dén mau thuan trai voi trai nghigm cam tinh. Khéng kho hiéu vi ngay N. Bourbaki (but danh xudt hign tir dau nhing nam ba myoi cia nhém, céc nha toan hoc néi tiéng Phap) da vi 7 “Van dé chia v6 han khong gian, nhw ta biét, da dain dén nhiing khé khan rat lon trong wiét hoe (va todn hoc!): Tir thoi Eléat (thé ki VI-V tr. CN) dén B.Bolzano (1781 ~ 1848) va G.Cantor (1845 — 1918) cdc nhés todn hoc va wiét hoc Khong dit stec gidi quyét nghich bi lam sao més mt dai leong hitu han lai cé thé lap nén tir v6 6 diém khang o6 kich thuecie”. S6 508(10-2019) e ' Susiies 17Trong s6 cdc nghich ly Zenon dé lai, hai nghich ly “Phép hedng phan” (dichotomy) va “Achilles vd Ria” la ndi tiéng va sau sé hon ed. D6 1a hai nghich ly vé chuyén déng. 1. “Phép lwéng phan” (dichotomy: phép chia doi) NOi dung ciia nghjch ly la: Chuyén déng khong bao gid’ cé thé bit dau, Zenon lap luain nhu sau. Gia sit vat chuyén d6ng theo duéng thang tir dia diém 4 dén dia diém B. Dé dat dén dich B, dau tién vat phai vuot qua mét nira la AP; cla khoang cach AB. Dé dat dén trung diém P, dau tién vat can dén dich P) la trung diém cia AP; va cit thé chia adi dén vo. cling, khéng bao gid’ két thie. Tir 46 Zenon két an: Chuyén dong khong bao gid cb thé bat dau, tite la khéng cé chuyén dong. Rét cud vat chi dimg yén 6 vi tri ban déu. Do dé, theo ‘Ong, thita nhan van ddng 1a sai lam. Bén canh cach lap ludin trén day con c6 bién thé khac twong ty va di dén két lugn vat chuyén dong tir A dén B khong bao gitr dat dén dich B. Lap ludn 46 nhu sau. Dé dat dén dich B vat can ‘vuot qua phan nira con during dén dich dy. Con phan mita thir hai tiép theo, tarde hét phai vurgt qua phin nita cita phan nita dy, v.v. va ctr thé tigp tue dén v6 han. Diéu dé cfing cé nghia ring vat khéng bao gid két thiic chuyén d6ng 6 vi tri B vi nd khéng thé vuot qua vo sé trung diém cua céc mira trong khoang théi gian hitu han. ‘Néu gid thiét dist(4, B) = | thi tt cach lap luan trén ta c6 chudi sd be hoi wy va Lee! Tuy nhién nghjch ly “Luéng phan” khong thé giai quyét duge bai ly 1é dya va sy héi ty cia 1 chub se TOAN HOC 18 = hee Sé 508(10-2019) Dé ly’ giai ci kh6 khan 6 day, H. Weyl (1885 — 1955) — nha ton hoc ndi tiéng Hoa Ky da din ra vi dy rdt ly tha sau day. Hay hinh dung ta c6 mt may tinh hoan think phép ton thir nhat trong u phiit, phép toan thir hai trong, L phat, phép toan thir ba trong i phit, v.v. Dén cudi phut thir mhat (tire 1a gan hét mét phat!) may tinh nay da dém xong hét mot uot toan 6 tu nhién N. H. Weyl két luan ring khong thé xy dung mét may tinh cé thé thuc hién mot ti phit Nhung mat khde, vi trudc mit ching ta hing ngay... nghia la... 06 1é chang nhimg may méc dé duge ché tao dé hop dém duge céc phép tinh trong vong mét it thé chuyén dng dién ra dang... Vay cdi bi mat cua cau chuygn an nau é dau??? 2. “Achilles va Rua” hay Chién binh Achilles thin téc khong dudi kip Rita ... ba) Gia sit lie dau Achilles 6 vj tri A edn Rita 6 vi tri B phia ding truée Achilles va cach A mot quang duimg 4p (6 ngudi goi 4y 1A Khoang cdch cao qu’ ma Achilles dinh cho Riva!) Trong cling mét thai diém ed Achilles va Riia déu xuat phit: Achilles xudt phat tit A huéng dén B véi vn toc v, dé dudi theo Rita, con Ria xuat phat tir B bd trudée Achilles véi van téc vp. Nha triét hoc Cé Hy Lap Zenon khing dink chay nhanh nhat ring trong cud dua nay ngué + chién binh Achilles - khong bao git dudi kip Rita bo cham chap, thim chi chang Achilles con khéng chay dén duge dia diém B. Doi voi khang dinh thir nhat Zenon lap Iudn nhu sau. Sau lénh xudt phat, Achilles bat diu cuge rugt dudi theo Risa. Achilles phai lién tiép dat t6i nhig vi tri ma Rita vita dén va da ra di,nghia IA Achilles phai vugt qua vd s6 doan dudng va mit khoang théi gian v6 tin. Diéu do cing c6 nghia ring Achilles khéng bao gid dudi kip Risa. Diéu khing dinh thir hai chinh 1 bién thé “Phép hedmg phan” 6 trén, Tom lai, Achilles van khéng dudi kip Ria. Nghich ly “Achilles va Rita” c6 thé dién ta bang toan hoc nhu sau. Diu tién, Achilles chay het doan dudng s,=A, dé dén vi tri B voi thoi gian 1, =2°. Tuy chim chap nhumg Rita cing Ya bd duge doan dung s, Khi Achilles chay hét doan s; voi t= thi Ria cing ba duge doan s, cir thé tip tue. Tir dé téng thoi gian ma Achilles tiéu hao trong cude ruot dudi la A. 0<** <1. (*) » wt Va M4 ] Theo Zenon thi tong & vé phai cia (*) bang oo va do do Achilles khéng bao git dudi kip Ria hay ké cham nat ludn luén dan dau, Ai khé cia nghich ly “Achilles va Ria” cn thé hién & khia canh khac. That vay tuong ty nhu (#) ta cé biéu thite sau day vé tong cic quing duimg / 1 Ith ttt, to bg tai ie E(t) snas 3 M4 Gia sit Achilles chay nhanh gip m lan Ria va gia str Achilles dudi kip Riva & thoi diém Ty, Khi 6 Achilles chay duge qung duimg Ad A i= Ay ttt o) mom va Rita cling bo duge quing dung ory Gia str s6 doan dudng ma Risa da bd qua duge cho dén thoi diém gap nhau duge ky higu 1a 2 Khi do, sé doan dudng ma Achilles 43 chay qua la 142 do Achilles chay nhiéu hon Risa mot doan A,va vi vay 144=2. Dé la nghich ly Galilei “Toan thé bang bo phan” Cae nghich ly “Phép heding phan” “Achilles va Rita” déu dua trén sy van dung chua that tinh té khai nigm chudi hoi tu. Neu cing nhu trong nghich ly “Phép luing phan” cdc phan cia phép chia lién tiép dén v6 han doan thing 1p thanh chudi hoi ty do diéu kign cua bai toan thi ta khéng co quyén, nhw Zenon da lam, xem chudi lip nén tir cae Khoang théi gian tuong ting la chudi phan ky. Trong nghieh ly “Achilles va Rita” Zenon cfing dura trén chinh nhimg luén gidi khong nbat quan dé. Cae nghich ly da xuat hién chit yéu khi déi dign véi cai v6 han trong cde lp Iudn todn hoc hodc triét hoc. Dac biét, vio thai dé con bao khang hoang co sé toan hoc Hy Lap dang hoanh hanh nén nhimg nghich ly — ngO cut nay cang lim cho khing hoang thém tram trong. Nhung rdi khuing hoang cing qua di, ngudi Hy Lap cing da ¢é ech tim cho minh con dung phat trién toan hoc sau bao t6 hung hoang.... IL. Mét sé nghich ly trong Ly thuyét tap hop (LTTH) Neudi ta cho rang nghich ly logic néi tiéng nhat, tha vj nhat va cd xua nhit 1a nghich ly “Newoi ndi doi”. No da lim rang danh ngudi khdm pha ra né 1a nha triét hoc Hy Lap 6 dai Eubulid xit Miletos (thé ky IV tr.CN), Nam 1908 nghich ly nay duge B, Russell (1872 = 1970) dat & vj tri dau tién trong danh sach cdc nghich ly toan - logic. Ong phat biéu nghich ly gon lai nur sau: “7éi dang néi déi” (hay “Loi 36 508(10-2019) ee 19nhén xét ma t6i néu ra bay gid la déi” hode “Loi nhéin xét d6 Ia dé?”) Khi gidi quyét nghich ly ngudi ndi déi ngudi ta gap phai tinh hudng kié thudc hay khéng thuée mét tap hop déu mau mot phin tir nao a6 thuiin. 1. Nghieh ly Cantor Nam 1899 G. Cantor (1845 — 1918) 4% khdm phd ra m6t nghich ly va Ong da thong bao digéu nay cho R. Dedekind (1831 — 1916). Nam 1901, nghich ly nay 44 dc biét thu hit sw quan tam cia nha bic hoe Anh B. Russell. Nghich ly hop tat ca cée tap hop cé thé cb va Mt, Na tap G. Cantor (1845— 1918) 6 nhu sau. Gia sir 1a tp hop moi tap con ctia tép hop @. Theo dinh ly Cantor khang dinh ring die rong ctia tap hop tat cdc tép con ciia bat cit tap hop khded nao cing lin hom lee heong ciia chinh tap hop a (1878) ta thu duge két qua la lye lugng cua tap hop .# phai lén hon lye lugng ciia chinh @, tire 1A card.m,) > card. Mat khée tap @ 1a tap hop tat ca cdc tap hop cé thé e6 wen Mc la tap hyp con cia @(%, 1a mét phin tir cia &. Nhung hye lugng cia tap hop con, khong 1én hon lye lugng cua @ nén cardim, ) < card, Mau thuan. Nhu vay, chinh ngudi sang tao ra LITH, G. Cantor, da nhin thay chd khuyét nghiém trong trong khdi nigm co ban trong Ly thuyét minh. Nghich ly ndi tiéng nhat trong LTTH 1a nghich ly do B. Russell khém pha ra nam 1902 va cong bé nam 1903. 20 TORN HOS ‘Sé 508(10-2019) 2. Nghjch ly Russell Trong LTTH ton tai nhting tap hop ty chia né nh mét phin tu, Chang han, hop at moi tap hop thé 06, RO ring la tap hyp mM tu chita né nh mét phan tir vi ban than cfing la mot tap hop. Hay, tip hop cdc khai nigm trim tugng efing ki mot khai nigm triru tong. B. Russell 1872 - 1970) Nhiing tip hgp kiéu nay durge goi 1A tap hop bat throng. Va, do véy hing tip hop khong ty chita no nhur mdt phan tr durge goi 1a rép hop thing Unedng (ching han, tap hop N ahién kh6ng phai 18 s6 ty nhién, d6 1a tap hop thong thurémg), Gia sir xét tap hgp tat cd cdc tap hop thong thudng. Ta ky higu né boi a¢. Thé thi 9¢ 1a tap hop thong thudng hay bat chung. a) Gia sir dau tién 9¢ la tap hop thong thudng. Theo dinh nghia tp hop N thi moi phan tir ca no déu la nhiting tp hop thong thudng (ké ci a do gia thiét a 1a tap hyp thong thudng). Didu dé c6 nghia ring tap hop 4¢ ty chira né nhu mot phan tir, Do vay, @¢ 1a tap hop bat thudng, Mau thuiin. b) Bay gitr gid sir ¢ 1a tap hop bat throng Khi 6, theo dinh nghia tap hop bat thudng thi tap hop N nay phai tyr chita né nh mét phan ti. Nhung moi phan tir ca tip hop a¢ déu 1a nhiing tap hgp théng thudng. Do a6 4¢ phai la tap hop thong thuéng. Lai mau thufin. Nam 1918, dé giai thich va minh hoa nghich ly cia minh mot cach don gidn va phé cp hon, B. Russell 48 néu ra mot bién thé cia nd: Nehich ‘Ngwéi the cao réu”.. (Xem tiép trang 31)