rated sulphuric oxidises copper to form copper(II) sulphate.

2,-2.,0-4.+ ,-4.+2,-2.+ ,-2.

however dilute sulphuric acid does not react with copper. Dehydrating agentWhen concentrated
sulphuric acid is added to sugar, a violent reaction occurs.
The water content in the sugar is extracted by the acid and the sugar becomes carbon.
,-6.,-12.,-6.,6-2.+6
Strong acidIt reacts with the salt of the weak acid such as sodium ethanoate to form a weak acid
,23.
1

11 11

222222222
22
222222222222222#22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 222
2 2222 22 2222222222222 222 222 222 2 22 22 22
22 22 ,2 2 b2 222222222222 2222222222 222 222 22 22 2paint
and pigments

Manufacture of sulphuric acid

The Contact process The most important process for making sulphuric acid in industry is the
Contact process. We can think of the Contact process as involving three stages. Look at the process
shown in below:
/
Stage 1
Sulphur is imported from Poland or the USA. We can also obtain sulphur from the impurities in fossil
fuels such as coal. In the first stage of the process, sulphur is burned in air to make sulphur dioxide gas:
Sulphur + oxygen
2222J
2

22 22

333333333
33
333333333333333#33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 333
3 3333 33 3333333333333 333 333 333 3 33 33 33
33 33 ,3 3 b3 333333333333 3333333333 333 333 33 33 33
33333333333333333 3 33 33 33 3333333333333 333333
33333333333333333333333333 33 333333 33 3
h3333333333333333333333333333333333333 33333333 333333 3 333333333 03
33 3 33 33 3 33 33333333333333333333333333333 up the reaction. As much
sulphur dioxide as possible is changed into sulphur trioxide, and releases of sulphur dioxide are
prevented because it is a gas that causes acid rain.
Stage 3
In the final stage, the sulphur trioxide is converted into sulphuric acid. The sulphur trioxide
gas is absorbed into very concentrated sulphuric acid (a 98 per cent solution of H2SO4 in water),
producing a thick fuming liquid called oleum. The oleum is mixed carefully with water, and the
sulphur trioxide in the oleum rea
33 33

444444444
44
444444444444444#44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444
4 4444 44 4444444444444 444 444 444 4 44 44 44
44 44 ,4 4 b4 444444444444 4444444444 444 444 44 44 44
44444444444444444 4 44 44 44 4444444444444 444444
44444444444444444444444444 44 444444 44 4
h4444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 444444 4 444444444 04
44 4 44 44 4 44 44444444444444444444444444444fine mist of sulphuric acid
that is difficult to condense and could escape to pollute the air.
Q: Which step in the Contact process involves a reversible reaction? O Burning sulphur O
Changing sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide O Changing sulphur
trioxi
44 44

555555555
55
555555555555555#55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 555
5 5555 55 5555555555555 555 555 555 5 55 55 55
55 55 ,5 5 b5 555555555555 5555555555 555 555 55 55 5, the
vanadium(V) oxide catalyst will not work below 400 C, so the reaction is conducted at 450 C to
increase the rate of reaction. You still get an excellent yield of sulphur trioxide (97 per cent) at this
temperature, and at a reasonable rate with the help of the catalyst.
The forward reaction is also favoured by high pressures. But with a yield of about 95 per cent
anyway, it's not worth spending more money to compress the reacting gases. The pressure used is just
enough to move the gases through the plant.

Sulphur dioxide and environmental solution

Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) is the HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"chemical compound with the formula
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"O2. It is released by HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" and in various industrial processes. Since HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"coal and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"
often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur compounds
are removed before burning the fuel. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst
such as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide"NO2, forms HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid", and thus HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain"acid rain. Sulfur dioxide emissions are also a precursor to
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates#Sulfate_aerosol" in the atmosphere. Both of
these impacts are cause for concern over the environmental impact of these fuels.
Structure and bonding
SO2 is a bent molecule with C2v HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_point_group"symmetry point group. In terms of

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting" formalism, the sulfur atom has an

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state"oxidation state of +4 and a HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge" of 0. It is surrounded by 5 HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_pair"electron pairs and can be described as a HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervalent_molecule". From the perspective of HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory"molecular orbital theory, most of these valence
electrons are engaged in SO bonding.
/
Three HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" of sulfur dioxide
Although sulfur and oxygen both have six HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron"valence electrons, the molecular bonds in SO2 are not
the same as those in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone". The SO bonds are shorter in
SO2 (143.1 pm) than in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide"sulfur
monoxide, SO (148.1 pm), whereas the OO bonds are longer in ozone (127.8 pm) than in
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen#Allotropes", O2 (120.7 pm). The mean bond
energy is greater in SO2 (548 kJ/mol) than in SO (524 kJ/mol), whereas it is less in O3 (297 kJ/mol)
than in O2 (490 kJ/mol). These pieces of evidence lead chemists to conclude that the SO bonds in
sulfur dioxide have a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order"bond order of at least 2,
unlike the OO bonds in HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia
6FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 66 66

777777777
77
777777777777777#77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 777
7 7777 77 7777777777777 777 777 777 7 77 77 77
77 77 ,7 7 b7 777777777777 7777777777 777 777 77 77 77
77777777777777777 7 77 77 77 7777777777777 777777
77777777777777777777777777 77 777777 77 7
h7777777777777777777777777777777777777 77777777 777777 7 777777777 07
77 7 77 77 7 77 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
l7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 77 777777777777777777
777777777777777777 777 777 777
777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
7 777 777 777 777 777 777777777777777 7,77@7777
777 777 7777 7777
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777O2
Sulfur dioxide is typically produced in significant amounts by the burning of common sulfurriding wool, hair, rubber, and foam rubber such as are found in mattresses, couch cushions, seat
cushions, and carpet pads, and vehicle
tires.OOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 77 77

888888888
88
888888888888888#88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 888
8 8888 88 8888888888888 888 888 888 8 88 88 88
88 88 ,8 8 b8 888888888888 8888888888 888 888 88 88
8rgy)"roasting of sulfide ores such as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"pyrite,
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite"sphalerite, and HYPERLINK
"n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar"cinnabar (mercury sulfide) also releases SO2:
4 FeS2 + 11 O288888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
8
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgggggggggggggg
hhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
88 88

999999999
99
999999999999999#99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 999
9 9999 99 9999999999999 999 999 999 9 99 99 99
99 99 ,9 9 b9 999999999999 9999999999 999 999 99 99 9s
Sulfur dioxide is a by-product in the manufacture of HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate"calcium silicateINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"cement: HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate"CaSO


9sssssssssssssssttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvxxxxxxx 99 99

101010101010101010
10101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
01010#101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010 101010 10 1010101010101010
101010101010101010101010 10 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 ,10
10 b10 101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010 101010 101010
1010 1010 1010 1010101010101010101010101010101010 10 1010 1010
1010 10101010101010101010101010 101010101010
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010te
Sulfite results from the reaction of aqueous base and sulfur dioxide. The reverse reaction
involves acidification of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sodium metabisulfite:
H2SO4 + Na2S2O5 2 SO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Reaction
10

1010
1010

111111111111111111
11111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
11111#111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111 111111 11 11111111 1111 11111111
111111111111111111 111111 111111 111111 11 1111 1111 1111 1111
1111 ,11 11 b11 111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111 111111 111111 1111 1111
11tp://en.wi.org/wiki/Reducing_agent"reducing agent. It is oxidized by halogens to give the sulfuryl
halides, such as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuryl_chloride"sulfuryl chloride:
SO2 + Cl2 SO2Cl2
Sulfur dioxide is the HYPERL

1
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
3 S +1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
2 H2O
The sequential oxidation of sulfur dioxide followed by its hs used in the production of
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"sulfuric acid.
2 SO2 + 2 H2O + O2 2 H2SO4
Laboratory reactioide can

1
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.ecursor to
sulfuric acid
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide"sulfur trioxide, and then to HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wi

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halemaumau_Crater"Halemaumau vent, glows
at night
Sulfur dioxide is a noticeable component in the atmosphere, especially following volcanic
eruptions. According to the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un

KNILREPYH mrof ot edixoid ruflus h

:etiflus muiclac"etiflus_muiclaC/ikiw/gro.aidepikiw.ne//:ptth"
CaO + SO2 CaSO3
Aerobic oxidation of the CaSO3 gives CaSO4, HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrite"anhydrite. Most gypsum sold in Europe
13

1313 1313

141414141414141414
14141
4141
4141
4141
4141
4141
4141
41414#141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141
4141414141414141414141414 141414 14 14141414 1414 14141414
141414141414141414 141414 141414 141414 14 1414 1414 1414 1414
1414 ,14 14 b14 141414141414141414141414
14141414141414141414 141414 141414 1414 1414 1414 1414141414141414
141414141414141414 14 1414 1414 1414 14141414141414141414
1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414 1414 141414141414 1414
14 h14141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
1414141414141414 141414141414 14 141414141414141414 014 1414
14 1414 1414 14 1414
141
414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
141414
l141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141
41414141414141414 1414 141414141414141414141414141414141414
141414141414141414141414141414141414 141414 141414 141414
141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141
414141414141414141414141414141414141414
14 141414 141414 141414 141414 141414 141414141414141414141414141414
14,1414@14141414 141414 141414 141414
14 14141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414
14141414141414141414

.4- 2 +. 2-(.4- .2- ) .2-(.4- ).3- +.4- .2- 21414 ,
a sulphate fertilizer:
it is manufactured by the reaction between sulphuric acid and ammonia
,2-3.+ ,-2.,-4. (,-4.,)-2.ulphate:
it 3 S + 2 H2O
The sequential oxidation of sulfur dioxide followed by its hydration is used in the production
of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"sulfuric acid.
2 SO2 + 2 H2O + O2 2 H2SO4
Leactions
Sulfur dioxide can
14

1515 1515

161616161616161616
16161
6161
6161
6161
6161
6161
6161
61616#161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161
6161616161616161616161616 161616 16 16161616 1616 16161616
161616161616161616 161616 161616 161616 16 1616 1616 1616 1616
1616 ,16 16 b16 161616161616161616161616
16161616161616161616 161616 161616 1616 1616 1616 1616161616161616
161616161616161616 16 1616 1616 1616 16161616161616161616
161616 161616161616 1616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616 1616
161616161616 1616 16
h16161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
1616161616161616 161616161616 16 161616161616161616 016 1616 16
1616 1616 16 1616
161
616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
161616
l161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161
61616161616161616 1616 161616161616161616161616161616161616
161616161616161616161616161616161616 161616 161616 161616
161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161
616161616161616161616161616161616161616
16 161616 161616 161616 1616161616161616161616161616 1
6,1616@16161616 161616 161616 161616
16 16161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
1616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
1616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
1616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
1616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616
16161616161616

,16162-2.,-4.+ ,-3.(,-4.,)-2. ,(-2.,-4.,)-2 .+

2,-4.
ammonia sulphate fertilizer:
it is manufactured by the reaction betweenid and ammonia
,2-3.+ ,-2.,-4. (,-4.,)-2.,-4.
potassium sulphate:
it is manufactured by the neutralization of sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide.
2+ ,-2.,0-4. ,-2.,0-4.+2,-2.
Initially sulphuric acid is produced by the reaction between sulphuric acid and hydrocarbon
compounds.
Sulphonic acid than

rated sulphuric oxidises copper to form
copper(II) sulphate.
2,-2.,0-4.+ ,-4.+2,-2.+ ,-2.

however dilute sulphuric acid does not react with copper. Dehydrating agentWhen concentrated
sulphuric acid is added to sugar, a violent reaction occurs.
The water content in the sugar is extracted by the acid and the sugar becomes carbon.
,-6.,-12.,-6.,6-2.+6
Strong acidIt reacts with the salt of the weak acid such as sodium ethanoate to form a weak acid
,2-3.+,-2.,-4. ,2-3.+,-2.,-4.
Uses of sulphuric acid in the laboratory
General uses of sulphuric acid
*fertilisers
*fibres and colours
*leather in industry
*soap and detergents
*cleaning materials
*plastic and chemicals
*

(g)2OS
(g)2O + (l)S edixoid ruhplus
1717
Stage 2
In the next stage, we convert the sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide: Sulphur dioxide + oxygen
sulphur trioxide
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g)
The reaction happens on a catalyst of vanadium(V) oxide to speed

:swollof sa retaw eht htiw
Sulphur t + water sulphuric acid SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)
You may wonder why the sulphur trioxide is not mixed directpure water. The problem is that this is a
highly exothermic reaction, which would produce a

1.
Uses
Precursor to sulfuric acid
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide"sulfur trioxide, and then to HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
17

1717 1
717

181818181818181818
18181
8181
8181
8181
8181
8181
8181
81818#181818181818181818181818181818181818181818181818181818181818181
8181818181818181818181818 181818 18 18181818 1818 18181818
181818181818181818 181818 181818 181818 18 1818 1818 1818 1818
1818 ,18 18 b18 181818181818181818181818
18181818181818181818 181818 181818 1818 1818 18HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halemaumau_Crater"Halemaumau vent, glows at night
Sulfur dioxide is a noticeable component in the atmosphere, especially following volcanic eruptions.
According to the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un