Introduction

Big Bang Model

Universe Expanding Hubbles Law with Red-shift measurement and CMBR relic background corresponding to 2.7 K at present which has been cooled from 4000 K (when photons decoupled from matter) through exponential expansion Physical Universe

Radiation and Matter Very Early Universe

Radiation

dominated

over

Matter (Radiation Era) Earlier Universe Matter and Radiation (Particle Era) Present Universe Matter dominated over Radiation as Matter density 10-30 gm/cc and comparable

Radiation density 10-33 gm/cc (matter equivalent) Radiation Two types emitted by celestial object (entire region of EM spectrum) and background radiation (Microwave region i.e. CMBR)

Matter Two types - Luminous (Baryonic proton, neutron participate in Strong Interactions) that we observe in Stars, Galaxies and Non-Luminous ( Non Baryonic either Leptonic electron, muon, tau lepton and their respective neutrinos which participate in Weak Interaction or any other exotic particles yet not seen in laboratory) that is Dark Matter. The ultimate fate of the

Universe if matter density is above a critical density it is Closed Universe i.e. expansion eventually stops and it will start to recollapse but if it is lower than that it will expand forever and called Open Universe and here Dark Matter is critical as that finally decides the actual matter density. Critical Density simple not rigorous

M(R) = (4/3) R3 Newtons law suggests, v2esc. = 2G M(R)/R = (8/3) GR2

Hubbles law v = H R For ever expanding Universe v2 > v2esc. i.e. or H2R2 > (8/3) GR2 < 3H2 /8 G i.e.
c

3H2 /8 G

Early Universe
Just 10-4 sec. after the Big Bang Temperature 1012 K not sufficient for proton-antiproton pair formation primordial soup consists of proton, neutron, electron, positron, muons-antimuons, neutrinos-antineutrinos and photons energy (mass equivalent) density enormous ~ 4 billion kg/litre expansion so fast that doubling its size every 10-2 sec. statistical mechanics of these particle suggest nearly equal abundance of electron, muons, neutrinos and photons and relative abundance of protons was roughly 1 proton to billion photon. Neutron was not exactly equal to protons as it is somewhat heavier thus making conversion of neutron into proton with electron a bit favored. Slight excess of electron over positron compensating the extra positive charge of protons 10-2 Sec. after Temperature 1011 K less energy for muons-antimuons pair formation but

annihilation continues and thus muons disappears Universe continues to expand and hence cooled shifting the ratio in favor of proton 1 Sec. later 3 protons for each neutron. Nearly 13 Sec. later Temperature ~ 3 x 109 K
3

- insufficient for electron-positron pair formation but annihilation continues to see positrons dissappearence - here ratio decisively shifted in favor of proton 17% neutron and 83% protons. Protons and neutrons continue to collide and interact but cannot hold together at such a higher temperature Just above 3 Min. Temperature ~0.8 x 109 Neutron 12% and proton 88% - deuterium nucleus holds which on further collision convert into Helium Within 30 Min. consuming all the neutrons 24% Helium is formed along with 76% Hydrogen (proton) Excess electron cannot combine with positively charge nucleus to form stable atom as high energy photon tear them apart. Nothing except expansion and cooling for next 700,000 Years - Temperature dropped to 4000 K electron combines with helium and hydrogen nuclei to form stable nuclei - formation of neutral atoms effectively decouples radiation from matter it is this decoupled radiation from matter continues to cool with the expansion of the Universe and appears today as CMBR.

The whole process can be summarized by the following fig.