DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD Heat Transfer Fluids In Thermal Energy Storage

Application Guide

CONTENTS

Introduction About this guide .......................................................................... 1 Types of thermal energy storage systems .................................... 1 Other literature available ............................................................ 1 Product Descriptions and Benefits DOWTHERM SR-1 fluid ........................................................... 2 DOWFROST HD fluid ............................................................... 2 Typical product physical properties ............................................ 2 Specially formulated inhibitors prevent system corrosion ......... 2 Low freezing points prevent chiller freeze-ups............................ 2 Approved by ice storage system OEMs ....................................... 2 Backed by a comprehensive package of Dow support services ... 3 Selecting the best fluid for your system ...................................... 3 System Design and Preparation Materials of construction ............................................................ 3 Automatic water make-up .......................................................... 4 Expansion factor .......................................................................... 4 System cleaning........................................................................... 4 New systems ................................................................................ 4 Existing systems ........................................................................... 4 Preparing Solutions of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST Fluids Dilution water quality ................................................................. 5 Solution make-up ........................................................................ 5 Introducing the fluids into your system ...................................... 5 Maintaining DOWTHERM and DOWFROST Fluids Free analytical service ................................................................. 6 How the service works ................................................................ 6 Analytical tools for self-testing ................................................... 6 Physical Property Data Physical properties of solutions DOWTHERM SR-1 .............. 7 Typical freezing and boiling points DOWTHERM SR-1 ....... 7 Pressure drop charts DOWTHERM SR-1 ............................ 8-9 Physical properties of solutions DOWFROST HD ............... 10 Typical freezing and boiling points DOWFROST HD ......... 10 Pressure drop charts DOWFROST HD ............................ 11-13

INTRODUCTION

About this guide

This guide provides general information on the use of DOWTHERM* SR-1 ethylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid and DOWFROST* HD propylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid in thermal energy storage systems. Included are product descriptions and physical property data as well as information regarding system design, preparation and maintenance. If you would like additional product information or specific engineering or operating assistance, call Dow toll free: 1-800447-4369.

coils of plastic or metal tubing immersed in a tank of water. A chilled glycol and water solution is circulated through the tubes to build ice on the outside of the tubes during the off-peak hours. When air conditioning is needed the same solution is circulated through the tubes to melt the ice and provide chilled glycol solution for building cooling. The second type of system works in the same fashion except the glycol solution is circulated through a tank filled with plastic containers of water. The ice forms in the containers and is later melted by the same glycol solution when cooling is needed. For more detailed explanations of the different types of TES systems, please consult the manufacturers of the various systems.

Types of Thermal Energy Storage systems

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is the practice of making and storing chilled water or ice during nonpeak electrical usage periods such as overnight or on weekends, then using that stored cool energy to provide air conditioning during peak electrical load periods during the day. Most electric utilities encourage this practice because the electric chillers commonly used to provide building air conditioning account for a large part of the peak electrical demand during the summer cooling season. In many cases the utilities provide incentives such as cash rebates per kilowatt hour shifted and lower electric rates during off-peak hours. There are many technologies available for TES, but in this guide only ice storage systems are considered. Chilled water storage is also very popular today; however, because these systems generally dont use glycol solutions, they are beyond the scope of this guide. The two most common types of ice storage are ice on pipe systems (also known as "ice on coil" systems) and ice encapsulated in plastic containers. The ice on pipe systems consist of
*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

Other literature available

s

Engineering and Operating Guides

DOWFROST HD (No. 180-01286) DOWTHERM SR-1 (No. 180201190)

Fluidfile Software Program

(No. 176-01416)

Dow Product Line Guide

(No. 176-01419)

"How to protect your HVAC system from corrosion and high maintenance costs" (No. 180-1263) Material Safety Data Sheets Engineering specifications for closed-loop HVAC and refrigeration systems
DOWFROST HD (No. 180-01273) DOWTHERM SR-1 (No. 180-01274)

Cool Storage Ethylene Glycol Design Guide (EPRI publication) Design Guide For Cool Thermal Storage (ASHRAE publication)

P RODUCT D ESCRIPTIONS

AND

B ENEFITS

Low freezing points prevent chiller freeze-ups

DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD also provide a reduction in the freezing point of the solution to allow the manufacture of ice in the ice storage system. Generally, the DOWTHERM SR-1 or DOWFROST HD solution is chilled to between 20 and 26F to make ice. A 25% solution of DOWTHERM SR-1 fluid has a freezing point below 14F, while a similar solution of DOWFROST HD fluid has a freezing point below 16F. Both provide an adequate margin of safety below the typical operating temperature to prevent chiller freeze-ups.

DOWTHERM SR-1 fluid

DOWTHERM SR-1 heat transfer fluid is an industrially inhibited ethylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid. The formulation consists of 95.4% ethylene glycol with the balance corrosion inhibitors, water and dye. The fluid is dyed fluorescent pink for leak detection purposes.

industrial inhibitors that help prevent corrosion of metal in two ways. First, they passivate the surface of metals, reacting with the surface to prevent acids from attacking it. Unlike inhibitors used in some other fluids, Dow inhibitors perform this passivation process without fouling heat transfer surfaces. Second, the inhibitors buffer any acids formed as a result of glycol oxidation. All glycols produce organic acids as degradation products. This degradation process is accelerated in the presence of oxygen and/or heat. Left in solution, such acids lower pH and contribute to corrosion. Properly formulated inhibitors, such as those in DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids, neutralize these acids. These inhibitors are long lasting and usually do not need supplemental additions of other water treatment chemicals. All the necessary additives are already contained in the DOWTHERM SR-1 or DOWFROST HD fluids.

DOWFROST HD fluid
DOWFROST HD heat transfer fluid is an industrially inhibited propylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid. The formulation consists of 94% propylene glycol with the balance corrosion inhibitors, water and dye. The fluid is dyed bright yellow to aid in leak detection. Both fluids are typically used in a 25-30% solution with water as the heat transfer medium in ice storage systems. Typical specifications of these fluids are given in Table 1.

Approved by ice storage system OEMs

Following are some of the ice storage system manufacturers who have approved the use of one or both DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD heat transfer fluids in their ice storage systems:
s s s s s

Specially formulated inhibitors prevent system corrosion

Dow glycol-based fluids contain specially formulated packages of

Baltimore Air Coil Calmac Cryogel Dunham-Bush Fafco

Table

Typical

Product

Physical

Properties
DOWFROST HD Propylene Glycol-Based Heat Transfer Fluid 94.0 6.0 Bright Yellow 1.053 1.063 9.5 10.5 15.0 ml

DOWTHERM SR-1 Ethylene Glycol-Based Heat Transfer Fluid Composition (% by weight) Glycol Inhibitors & Water Color Specific Gravity (at 60/60F) pH of Solution (50% glycol) Reserve Alkalinity (min.) 95.4 4.6 Fluorescent Pink 1.1250 1.1350 9.0 9.6 11.0 ml

Backed by a comprehensive package of Dow support services

DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD heat transfer fluids are backed by a comprehensive package of Dow support services. Dow technical service personnel are available to help with the selection of the proper fluid for your TES installation as well as the design, operation and maintenance of your thermal energy storage system for maximum productivity and economy. Dow also offers a free fluid analysis service. More information on Dow support services is provided on page 6 of this guide.

S YSTEM D ESIGN

AND

P REPARATION
tions of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids. Packing and seal manufacturers should be consulted for materials appropriate to your application and operating temperature. Solutions of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids are also compatible with most plastics and elastomers. Generally, any material that can be use with uninhibited glycols may be used with DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids. Before using a particular elastomer, check with the manufacturer to determine the suitability of the material with ethylene or propylene glycol over the anticipated temperature and pressure ranges. If the use of a coating is desired (for example, to protect the vapor space of an expansion tank) several options are available. Suitable coatings include novolacbased vinyl ester resins (e.g. DERAKANE* 470-36 vinyl ester resin), high-bake phenolic resins, polypropylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride. To ensure that the coating is suitable for a particular application and temperature, the coating manufacturer should be consulted. Using dissimilar metals in a system is not recommended because galvanic corrosion may result. This type of corrosion can occur in electrolytic solutions when dissimilar metals (referencing the galvanic series in seawater) are in contact with or near each other. Aluminum directly connected to copper is an example. Solutions of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids are better than plain water, but still cannot protect against galvanic corrosion of dissimilar metals electrically coupled in a system. Electrical isolation eliminates galvanic corrosion concerns.
*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

Following is a general discussion of system design and other engineering considerations related to the use of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST heat transfer fluids. For information regarding a specific system problem or question, contact Dows Technical Service and Development staff for assistance. Call 1-800-447-4369.

Materials of construction
Standard system materials can be used with DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD heat transfer fluids. Steel, cast iron, copper, brass, bronze, solder and most plastic piping materials are all generally acceptable. The use of aluminum is not recommended at temperatures above 150F, because the inhibitors will not fully protect aluminum components in the system. Galvanized steel is not recommended because the zinc will react with the inhibitor in the fluids, causing precipitate formation, depletion of the inhibitor package and removal of the protective zinc coating, particularly above 100F. Precipitation can also lead to localized corrosion. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used with DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids. Reciprocating pumps are necessary where fluids must be pumped at high head pressures. Pumps can be made of ordinary steel or ductile iron because the fluids are inhibited. Piping, valves and fittings can also be made of ordinary steel or ductile iron. Use of gray iron components is not recommended. Typically, the same types of pump packing or mechanical seals used for water may be used with solu-

Selecting the best Dow fluid for your system

Since both products have a long history of excellent performance in closed loop heating and cooling systems, it is sometimes difficult to determine which fluid is best for a particular system. There are two major differences between ethylene and propylene glycol fluids: viscosity and toxicity. Ethylene glycol-based fluids are less viscous than propylene glycol-based fluids. Therefore, they generally provide superior heat transfer efficiency and better low temperature performance and are preferred for most heat transfer applications. However, in applications where toxicity is a concern, propylene glycol fluids are used because of their low acute oral toxicity vs. the moderate oral toxicity of ethylene glycol. Examples include applications where contact with drinking water is possible or applications in localities where local, state or federal regulations make the use of ethylene glycol undesirable. For additional toxicity information, see the Material Safety Data (MSD) sheets, available from Dow.

Automatic make-up water systems

Automatic make-up water systems should be avoided in order to prevent undetected dilution or loss of glycol and consequent loss of freeze and corrosion protection. A preferred system would be a low level alarm on the expansion tank to alert maintenance personnel in case of a low fluid level condition and prompt corrective action.

(net positive suction head) of the pump if the tank is a portion of the source of head. It should also be noted that in some ice storage systems, such as the ice encapsulated systems, when ice is made, the plastic containers expand. This expansion will cause the level of the glycol water solution to rise and should also be considered when sizing the expansion tank for this type of system. Manufacturers of this type of ice storage system can assist you with this calculation.

incompatible with the new inhibited glycol fluid. A Dow technical service representative can help you determine the compatibility of other fluids with DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids. If fluid containing silicates (such as automotive antifreeze) was previously used, it may be necessary to clean silicate residues from the system. It is also important to remove all rust, scale and sediment in the system. Traces of chloride should be removed whether from old fluid or residue from acid cleaner because chlorides can contribute to corrosion. For large systems or systems where corrosion is already evident, consult a professional cleaning organization. For heavily fouled or corroded systems, an optimum cleaning procedure includes the use of an inhibited acid followed by neutralization and phosphatization. This procedure is quite involved and should be done by a company experienced in industrial cleaning. If chemical cleaning is used, it is important that all traces of the cleaning agent be removed and the system thoroughly flushed with water.

Expansion factor
Like any fluids, solutions of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids expand as temperature increases. Therefore, expansion tanks must be sized appropriately. To determine the volume of expansion, use the following formula:

System cleaning
When preparing a system for the addition of DOWTHERM SR-1 or DOWFROST HD heat transfer fluid, certain procedures should be followed. The procedure will vary depending on whether you are retrofitting an existing system or filling a new system for the first time.

(TLOW)-(THIGH) Expansion _______________ x Volume = Volume (THIGH)

Where,

(TLOW) = the density at the (THIGH) = the density at the

New systems
New systems are typically coated with oil, grease or a protective film during fabrication, storage or construction. Dirt, solder flux, and welding and pipe scale can also cause problems. Therefore, thorough cleaning of new systems is recommended. A solution of 1-2 percent trisodium phosphate can be used with water for flushing the system. System volume can be calculated during this stage by metering-in the initial fill of the system or by chemical analysis of cleaning chemical after known quantities are introduced into the system.

lowest anticipated temperature. highest anticipated temperature.

Density data for DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD fluids are given in Tables 4 and 6 respectively. One method for sizing an expansion tank is to use the determined expansion volume to calculate the total size of the tank. A typical tank size would allow the fluid to fluctuate between the levels associated with 15% and 80% full. The tank size is calculated from:

Existing systems
In existing systems, all lines and materials should be cleaned and flushed thoroughly before charging the system with DOWTHERM SR-1 or DOWFROST HD fluid. This is especially important if fluid previously in the system is

Expansion Volume/0.65 = Tank Size

When using this method, ensure that the minimum amount of fluid in the tank will provide the NPSH 4

PREPARING SOLUTIONS OF DOWTHERM AND DOWFROST FLUIDS

Dilution water quality
Water used to dilute DOWTHERM SR-1 or DOWFROST HD fluids must meet certain standards for purity. Impurities in dilution water can increase metal corrosion, aggravate pitting of cast iron and steel, reduce the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors, increase inhibitor depletion rate, cause formation of scale and other deposits on heat transfer surfaces and cause clogging of system components. To assure inhibitor effectiveness, the levels of chlorides and sulfates in water used to dilute DOWTHERM or DOWFROST fluids should be less than 25 ppm each. Total hardness should be less than 100 ppm as CaCO3 (Table 2). Distilled or deionized water is recommended. If good quality water is unavailable, prediluted solutions of DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD fluids are available from Dow. tank systems available will have a certain amount of water left in the heat transfer tubes due to pressure testing at the manufacturing facility. This must also be taken into account. These considerations are most important when charging the system with a pre-diluted solution of fluid. Any water trapped in the system will lower the final concentration of the glycol in the system. As a result, it may be necessary to purchase a solution with slightly higher glycol concentration to achieve the desired final concentration of glycol in the system.

Following is the mixing procedure for installing DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWFROST HD fluids: 1. Calculate the quantity of fluid needed to achieve the desired concentration. Table 3, which provides the number of gallons per 100 feet of pipe, may be helpful in this calculation, as may manufacturers' information regarding the internal capacity of the ice storage components in the system. 2. Introduce a sufficient quantity of water to check the system for tightness. Pressure testing the system at this stage can be helpful. Pressure testing can often be accomplished during the initial cleaning or flushing of the system. 3. Drain enough water from the system to provide space for the inhibited glycol quantity as calculated in step 1. 4. Add the correct amount of fluid and any water needed to completely refill the system, allowing for liquid expansion or contraction as needed due to the operating temperature.

Introducing the fluids into your system

In most cases, solutions containing glycol-based heat transfer fluid are mixed on a volume basis. If you wish to mix DOWTHERM SR-1 or DOWFROST HD fluids by weight percent, use Tables 5 or 7 respectively to obtain the volumeto-weight conversion.

Table 2 Dilution Water Quality Requirements

Impurity Chlorides Sulfates Calcium Magnesium Level 25 ppm, max 25 ppm, max 50 ppm, max 50 ppm, max

Table 3 Gallons of Heat Transfer Fluid per 100 Feet Pipe (Standard Schedule 40 Iron Pipe or 40S Stainless Steel)
Nominal Pipe Size, Inches 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 5 6 8 10 Outside Diameter, Inches 0.405 0.540 0.675 0.840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 Wall Thickness, Inches 0.068 0.088 0.091 0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.226 0.237 0.258 0.280 0.322 0.365 Inside Diameter, Inches 0.269 0.364 0.493 0.622 0.824 1.049 1.380 1.610 2.067 2.469 3.068 3.548 4.026 5.047 6.065 7.981 10.020 Volume, Gallons per 100 feet of pipe 0.295 0.541 0.992 1.578 2.770 4.489 7.769 10.58 17.43 24.87 38.40 51.36 66.13 103.9 150.1 259.9 409.6

Solution make-up
As indicated above, good quality water must be used for fluid makeup. In addition, any flush water remaining in the system should be taken into account when introducing and diluting DOWTHERM or DOWFROST fluids. In a thermal energy storage system, it is not unusual to have hold-up of up to 20% of the total system volume, although 10% is more common. It is important to note that many of the modular ice

5. Circulate the system for at least 24 hours to ensure complete mixing. Check the liquid concentration with a refractometer or other method to assure that the correct mixture is obtained. Note: If fluid mixing is a concern, the solution can be premixed in a separate tank before introduction into the system, or the inhibited glycol and the water can be added together through a mixing tee." This will promote faster mixing of the inhibited glycol and water.

MAINTAINING DOWTHERM AND DOWFROST FLUIDS

Free analytical service

To help ensure that corrosion and freeze protection are maintained in customer systems, Dow offers a free fluid analysis service. It is designed to assure the long term performance of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids and help minimize replacement fluid requirements as well as system maintenance and repair costs. Typically performed on an annual basis, the analysis includes determination of current inhibitor and glycol levels plus Dows recommendations for maintaining proper corrosion protection. Dow has developed special Thermal Fluids Sampling Kits for use by customers participating in the analysis program. These kits permit easy and accurate labeling of fluid samples and safe shipment of samples to Dow for analysis. Kits may be obtained by calling 1800-447-4369. Or write: Thermal Fluids Testing Lab The Dow Chemical Company Larkin Lab 1691 North Swede Road Midland, Michigan 48674

sample kit provided by Dow. Proper sampling is essential to ensure meaningful assessment of fluid condition. Approximately three weeks after the sample is received by Dow, a report will be sent to you detailing results of the analysis, discussing unusual or troublesome conditions (if any), and offering recommendations.

Analytical tools for selftesting

It may also be desirable to perform some simple, on-site analysis of your system to properly maintain the glycol concentration. A useful tool for this type of analysis is a Misco Products refractometer, model 7084VP (F) and 7064VP (C). These refractometers measure the glycol solution concentration of DOWTHERM and DOWFROST fluids and give the freezing points of the fluids. The freezing point can be translated to glycol concentration from the tables on pages 7 and 10. This instrument requires only a few drops of fluid for testing and requires no adjustment for fluid temperature. Diluted solutions with concentrations from 0 to 60% glycol may be tested directly. Stronger concentrations require a simple dilution procedure prior to testing. Contact Misco Products at 1-800-358-1100 and ask for the Dow discount.

How the service works

After the system has been filled and circulated for several days, an initial four-ounce sample should be withdrawn and sent to Dow using one of the Thermal Fluids Sampling Kits. After the system is in operation, it is recommended that samples be taken once a year. Before withdrawing the sample, the fluid should be well circulated in the system so the sample is representative. Remember to closely follow the sampling instructions included with the 6

PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA Table 4 Physical Properties of Solutions of DOWTHERM

SR-1 Heat Transfer Fluid
Temp. F Density lb/ft3 Viscosity cps Thermal Cond. Btu/(hr ft2)(F/ft) Specific Heat Btu/(lbF)

(30 volume percent ethylene glycol) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 65.93 65.85 65.76 65.66 65.55 65.43 65.30 65.17 6.83 5.38 4.33 3.54 2.95 2.49 2.13 1.84 0.238 0.243 0.247 0.251 0.255 0.259 0.263 0.266 0.849 0.853 0.86 0.861 0.864 0.868 0.872 0.876

(25 volume percent ethylene glycol) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 65.34 65.26 65.17 65.06 64.95 64.83 64.70 4.40 3.59 2.98 2.50 2.13 1.84 1.60 0.253 0.258 0.262 0.267 0.271 0.275 0.279 0.875 0.879 0.882 0.886 0.889 0.892 0.896

Table 5 Typical Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of DOWTHERM SR-1
Wt % Ethylene Glycol 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0
Typical

Vol % Ethylene Glycol 0.0 4.4 8.9 13.6 18.1 19.2 20.1 21.0 22.0 22.9 23.9 24.8 25.8 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.6 30.6 31.6 32.6

Wt % DOWTHERM SR-1 0.0 5.2 10.5 15.7 20.9 22.0 23.0 24.1 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.5 33.5 34.6 35.6 36.6

Vol % DOWTHERM SR-1 0.0 4.6 9.3 14.2 19.0 20.1 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.2 31.0 32.0 33.1 34.1

Freezing Point F 32.0 29.4 26.2 22.2 17.9 16.8 15.9 14.9 13.7 12.7 11.4 10.4 9.2 8.0 6.7 5.4 4.2 2.9 1.4 -0.2

Boiling Point F @ 760 mm Hg 212 213 214 215 216 216 216 217 217 218 218 218 219 219 220 220 220 220 220 221

Degree Brix 0.0 3.8 6.8 9.9 13.0 13.7 14.3 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.2 19.8 20.4 21.0 21.7 22.3

Refractive Index 22C 1.3328 1.3378 1.3428 1.3478 1.3530 1.3540 1.3551 1.3561 1.3572 1.3582 1.3593 1.3603 1.3614 1.3624 1.3635 1.3646 1.3656 1.3667 1.3678 1.3688

Degree

properties, not to be construed as specifications. Brix is a measure of the sugar concentration in a fluid and is important in fermentation and syrups applications. Although there is no sugar present in DOWTHERM heat transfer fluids, the glycol affects the refractive index of the fluid in a similar fashion. NOTE: Generally, for an extended margin of protection, you should select a temperature in this table that is at least 5F lower than the expected lowest ambient temperature. Inhibitor levels should be adjusted for solutions of less than 25% glycol. Contact Dow for information on specific cases or for further assistance.

Figure 1 Pressure Drop at 25% Volume Ethylene Glycol (Schedule 40 Pipe, 25F)
100
Factor Factor

1.03 1.10 1.02 1.05

Temperature Correction

10
LO CI TY ,f t/s ec

8 6

VE

10
PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of pipe

Multiplier Factor Correction T emperature Multiplier Factor 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.98 0.85 0.97 0.80 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Temperature, F F T emperature,

85

2 1/2 "

3/4
1.0

"

1" 1-1 /2"

0.1

2"
SC H

2-1

/2"
40

3" 4"
PIP E

ED U

LE

6" 8" 10" 12"

1000 10,000

0.01 1 10 100 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

Figure 2 Pressure Drop at 30% Volume Ethylene Glycol (Schedule 40 Pipe, 25F)
100
Factor Factor

10

1.03 1.10 1.02 1.05 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.98 0.85 0.97

Temperature Correction Multiplier Factor Correction T emperature Multiplier Factor

TY ,f t/s e

8 6

O VE L

CI
10
4

PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of pipe

0.80 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 15 25Temperature, F 35 45 55 65 T emperature, F

75

85

2 1/2 "
3/4 "

1.0

1" 1-1 /2"

0.1

" SC HE DU LE

2" 2 -1/2

3" 4"
40 PIP E

6" 8" 10" 12"

1000 10,000

0.01 1 10 100 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

Figure 3 Pressure Drop at 25% Volume Ethylene Glycol (Steel Tube, 25F)
100

1.10 1.03 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.95 1.01

Temperature Correction Temperature Correction Multiplier Multiplier Factor Factor

10 8
c CI TY , ft /se

Factor Factor

0.90 1.00 0.85 0.99 0.80 0.98 0.75 0.70 0.97 15 25 35 45 55 65 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Temperature, F Temperature, F 75 85

LO
10

PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of tube

2 1/2 " 3/4 " 1"

1.0
ST EE LT UB

VE

1-1

/2" 2" 2-1 /2"

0.1 0.1

1.0

10 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

100

1000

Figure 4 Pressure Drop at 30% Volume Ethylene Glycol (Steel Tube, 25F)
100
Factor Factor

1.03 1.10 1.05 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.95 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.99 0.80 0.98 0.75 0.97 0.70 15 55 55 85 75 15 25 35 45 45 65 7565 35 Temperature, F Temperature, F Temperature Correction Temperature Multiplier Factor Correction Multiplier Factor

10 8

/se CI TY , ft

c
6

85

VE LO
10

PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of tube

2 1/2 " 3/4 " 1"

1.0
ST EE LT UB

1-1
E

/2" 2" 2-1 /2"

0.1 0.1 1.0 10 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute 100 1000

Table 6 Physical Properties of Solutions of DOWFROST HD Heat Transfer Fluid

Temp. F Density lb/ft3 Viscosity cps Thermal Cond. Btu/(hr ft2)(F/ft) Specific Heat Btu/(lbF)

(30 volume % propylene glycol) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 65.64 65.53 65.42 65.30 65.17 65.02 64.87 64.71 13.44 9.91 7.47 5.75 4.52 3.61 2.94 2.43 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.247 0.251 0.254 0.258 0.261 0.882 0.886 0.89 0.894 0.897 0.901 0.905 0.909

(20 volume % propylene glycol) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 65.11 65.01 64.90 64.77 64.64 64.50 64.35 6.97 5.47 4.35 3.52 2.88 2.39 2.01 0.25 0.255 0.259 0.263 0.267 0.271 0.274 0.908 0.911 0.915 0.918 0.921 0.924 0.928

Table 7 Typical Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of DOWFROST HD

Wt % Propylene Glycol 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0
Typical Degree

Vol % Propylene Glycol 0.0 4.8 9.6 14.5 19.4 20.4 21.4 22.4 23.4 24.4 25.3 26.4 27.4 28.4 29.4 30.4 31.4 32.4 33.5 34.4

Wt % DOWFROST HD 0.0 5.3 10.7 16.0 21.3 22.3 23.4 24.5 25.5 26.6 27.7 28.7 29.8 30.9 31.9 33.0 34.0 35.1 36.2 37.2

Vol % DOWFROST HD 0.0 5.1 10.2 15.4 20.6 21.7 22.8 23.8 24.9 26.0 26.9 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.3 32.3 33.4 34.5 35.6 36.6

Freezing Point F 32.0 29.1 26.1 22.9 19.2 18.3 17.6 16.6 15.6 14.7 13.7 12.6 11.5 10.4 9.2 7.9 6.6 5.3 3.9 2.4

Boiling Point F @ 760 mm Hg 212 212 212 212 213 213 213 213 213 214 214 214 215 215 216 216 216 216 216 217

Degree Brix 0.0 4.8 8.4 12.9 15.4 16.0 16.7 17.4 18.4 19.0 19.6 20.2 20.8 21.4 22.0 22.7 23.6 24.4 25.3 26.1

Refractive Index 22C 1.3328 1.3383 1.3438 1.3495 1.3555 1.3567 1.3579 1.3591 1.3603 1.3615 1.3627 1.3639 1.3651 1.3663 1.3675 1.3687 1.3698 1.3710 1.3621 1.3733

properties, not to be construed as specifications. Brix is a measure of the sugar concentration in a fluid and is important in fermentation and syrups applications. Although there is no sugar present in DOWFROST heat transfer fluids, the glycol affects the refractive index of the fluid in a similar fashion. NOTE: Generally, for an extended margin of protection, you should select a temperature in this table that is at least 5F lower than the expected lowest ambient temperature. Inhibitor levels should be adjusted for solutions of less than 25% glycol. Contact Dow for information on specific cases or for further assistance.

10

Figure 5 Pressure Drop at 25% Volume Propylene Glycol (Schedule 40 Pipe, 25F)
100
10
Factor Factor

1.03 1.10 1.02 1.05 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.98 0.85

Temperature Correction T emperature Correction Multiplier Factor

Multiplier Factor

CI TY ,f t/s ec

8 6

LO

10

VE

PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of pipe

0.97 0.80 15 75 15 25 35 454555 55 75 85 25 35 65 65 T emperature, Temperature, F F

85

1/2

" 3/4 " 1" 1-1

1.0

/2"

0.1

2" 2-1 /2"

3" 4"
40 P

SCH EDU LE

6"
IPE

8" 10" 12"

1000 10,000

0.01 1 10 100 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

Figure 6 Pressure Drop at 30% Volume Propylene Glycol (Schedule 40 Pipe, 25F)
Factor Factor

1.03 1.10 1.02 1.05 1.00 1.01

Temperature Correction Multiplier Factor Temperature Correction Multiplier Factor

100
10 8 6

0.95 1.00 0.90 0.99 0.85 0.80 0.98 0.75 0.97 0.70 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 15 25 35 45 55 65 Temperature Temperature, F

VE LO

CI
10
4

TY ,f

t/s

ec

PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of pipe

75

85

2 1/2 "

3/4 "

1" 1-1 /2"

1.0

1 2"

2-1

0.1
SCH

/2"

3" 4"
LE 40 P IPE

EDU

6" 8" 10" 12"

1000 10,000

0.01 1 10 100 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

11

Figure 7 Pressure Drop at 25% Volume Propylene Glycol (Steel Tube, 25F)

1.10 1.03 1.05 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.95 Factor Factor 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.99 0.80 0.98 0.75 0.97 0.70 85 15 25 45 45 65 75 65 55 55 15 25 3535 Temperature, F F Temperature, Temperature Correction Temperature Correction Multiplier Factor Multiplier Factor

100

10 8

75

85

LO CI TY ,f t/s ec
4
PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of tube

10

2 1/2 " 3/4 " 1"

1.0
ST EE

VE

LT

1-1
UB E

/2" 2" 2-1 /2"

0.1 0.1

1.0

10 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

100

12

Figure 8 Pressure Drop at 30% Volume Propylene Glycol (Steel Tube, 25F)
Factor Factor

1.03 1.10 1.05 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.95 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.99 0.80 0.98 0.75 0.97 0.70 1515 25 35 45 45 65 75 65 25 35 55 55 85 Temperature. F Temperature, F Temperature Correction Temperature Correction Multiplier Factor Factor Multiplier

100

10 8
/se TY , ft c

LO CI

75

85

PRESSURE DROP, psi/100 ft of tube

10

2 1/2 " 3/4 " 1"

ST EE

VE

1.0

LT

UB

1-1

/2" 2" 2-1 /2"

0.1 0.1

1.0

10 FLOW RATE, U.S. gallons per minute

100

1000

13

DOWTHERM* SR-1 and DOWFROST* HD Heat Transfer Fluids In Thermal Energy Storage
Application Guide

For further information, call toll-free 1-800-447-4369 (Outside the United States and Canada, call 1-517-832-1556).
NOTICE: The information and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable as of March 1995 and are given in good faith and supersede those given in any previous document. Because any information and recommendations furnished with reference to the proper use and disposal of these products is provided without charge, and because use conditions and disposal are not within its control, the Seller assumes no obligation or liability for such information and recommendations. Seller does not guarantee results from use of such products or other information and recommendations herein. NO WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY) ARE MADE. No freedom from any patent owned by Dow or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and governmental laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Buyer is responsible for determining whether products and the information and recommendations in this document are appropriate for Buyers use, and ensuring that Buyers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with laws and other governmental enactments applicable in the jurisdiction(s) having authority over Buyers operations.

Printed

in

U.S.A.

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

Form No. 180-01306-395 JB

McKAY32869/PO3701531