1

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIO-DIESEL AS AN ALTERNATE FUEL
A SYNOPSIS Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING By CH.S.NAGA PRASAD [Reg. No. 0603PH1501]

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. K.VIJAYA KUMAR REDDY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD 500085

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CELL

JAWAHARLALNEHRUTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD, INDIA. JANUARY - 2010.

ABSTRACT Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources along with increasing demand and also major contributors of air pollutants. Major portion of todays energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence it is high time that alternate fuels for engines should be derived from indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil seeds. The present work focused only on non-edible oils as fuel for engines, as the edible oils are in great demand and far too expensive. The past work revealed that uses of vegetable oils for engines in place of diesel were investigated. Though the concerned researchers recommended the use of vegetable oils in diesel engines, there was no evidence of any practical vegetable oil source engines. The present investigations are planned after a thorough review of literature in this area. Experiments are carried out in a more popular petter type single cylinder, water cooled engine. Major problems associated with vegetable oils are higher viscosities, lower heating values, raise in

stoichiometric fuel air ratio and thermal cracking. The author has focused on utilization of five non-edible oils, their blends with diesel and respective Methyl esters in diesel engines. The neat oil blends with diesel were heated before entering into combustion chamber. The heating value depends on the increase in percentage of neat oils in mixture to reduce the viscosity of the fuel.

The performance parameters of the test engine Viz. Brake thermal efficiency, Volumetric efficiency are decreased, Brake specific fuel consumption and Exhaust gas temperature are increased for all neat oils compared to

diesel. Emission parameters of engine such as Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Un-burnt hydrocarbons and Smoke are increased, but Nitrogen oxides are decreased for all neat oils and their blends compared to diesel. This variation is observed due to high viscosity coupled with lower heating value of the fuels. All neat oils are converted into their respective methyl esters through trans-esterification process. In this process, the performance parameters of engine such as Brake thermal efficiency and Volumetric efficiency are slightly decreased, Brake specific fuel consumption and Exhaust gas temperature are increased compared to diesel for all bio-diesels. Emission parameters of engine such as Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Un-burnt hydrocarbons and Smoke are reduced, but Nitrogen oxides increased for all bio-diesels compared to diesel. This trend is observed due to complete combustion of the bio-diesels, as the viscosity is reduced. From the experimentation, it is observed that 25% of neat oil mixed with 75% of diesel is the best suited blend, without heating and without any modification of the engine. Methyl ester of Linseed oil is the better performing fuel due to better performance and lower emissions compared to other chosen methyl esters.

NOMENCLATURE T1, T3 T2 T4 T5 T6 F1 F2 PT N Wt. EGA SM D LS LS(N) CaO(N) PS(N) MA(N) NM(N) CS(N) RB(N) BP bsfc EGT CO CO2 UHC NOx Inlet water temperatures (0c) Outlet engine jacket water temperature (0c) Outlet calorimeter temperature(0c) Exhaust gas temperature before calorimeter (0c) Exhaust gas temperature after calorimeter (0c) Fuel flow dp (differential pressure) unit Air intake dp(differential pressure) unit Pressure transducer Rpm decoder Load Exhaust gas analyzer (5 gases) Smoke meter Diesel Linseed oil Neat Linseed oil Neat Castor oil Neat Palm stearin Neat Mahua oil Neat Neem oil Neat Cotton seed oil Neat Rice bran oil Brake power Brake specific fuel consumption Exhaust Gas Temperature Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Un-burnt hydro carbons Nitrogen oxides

MELS MECaO MEPS MEMA MENM MERB MECON

Methyl ester of Linseed oil Methyl ester of Castor oil Methyl ester of palm stearin Methyl ester of Mahua oil Methyl ester of Neem oil Methyl ester of Rice bran oil Methyl ester of Coconut oil

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction: India is one of the fastest developing countries with a stable economic growth, which multiplies the demand for transportation in many folds. Fuel consumption is directly proportionate to this demand. India depends mainly on imported fuels due to lack of fossil fuel reserves and it has a great impact on economy. India has to look for an alternative to sustain the growth rate.

Bio-diesel is a promising alternative for our Diesel needs. With vast vegetation and land availability, certainly bio-diesel is a viable source of fuel for Indian conditions. Recent studies and research have made it possible to extract bio-diesel at economical costs and quantities. The blend of Bio-

diesel with fossil diesel has many benefits like reduction in emissions, increase in efficiency of engine, higher Cetane rating, lower engine wear, low fuel consumption, reduction in oil consumption etc. It can be seen that the

efficiency of the engine increases by the utilization of Bio-diesel. This will have a great impact on Indian economy.

Diesel fuels

have deep

impact

on the industrial economy of a country.

These are used in heavy trucks, city transport buses, locomotives, electrical generators, farm equipments, underground mine equipments etc. The consumption of diesel fuels in India for the period 2007-08 was 28.30 million tons, which was 43.2% of the consumption of petroleum products. met by importing crude petroleum as well as

This requirement was

petroleum products. The import bill on these items was 17,838 crores. With the expected growth rate for diesel consumption more than 14% per annum, shrinking crude oil reserves and limited refining capacity, India is likely to depend more on imports of crude petroleum and petroleum products. 1.2. History of vegetable oils: India is importing crude petroleum & petroleum products from Gulf countries. Indian scientists searched for an alternate to diesel fuel to

preserve global environment and to withstand economical crisis. So, vegetable oils from plants both edible, crude non-edible and Methyl esters (Bio-diesels) are used as alternate source for Diesel oil. Bio-diesel was found as the best alternate fuel, technically and environmentally acceptable, economically competitive and easily available.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY The oils that are extensively studied include Sunflower, Soya bean,

Peanut, Rapeseed, Rice bran, Karanji etc.,[1,2]. One of the disadvantages of using these oils in diesel engines is nozzle deposits, which drastically affects the engine performance and emissions. The refining processes of vegetable oil gives better performance compared to crude vegetable oil[3,4,5,6]. Goering et al [7] studied the characteristic properties of eleven vegetable oils to determine which oils would be best suited for use as an alternative fuel source. Of the eleven oils tested, corn, rapeseed, sesame, cottonseed, and soyabean oils had the most favourable fuel properties. There is an improvement in the engine performance when these modified vegetable oils are used instead of base vegetable oils [8,9,11,12]. This improvement in performance is attributed to good atomization of these modified fuels in the injector nozzle and a significant reduction in the viscosity. The performance of the non-edible oils like Rice bran oil [15] and cotton seed oil [14] was found satisfactory. The idea of using vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines is not a new one. Rudolph Diesel used peanut oil as fuel in his engine at Paris Exposition of 1900.However, despite the technical feasibility, vegetable oil as fuel could not get acceptance, as it was more expensive compared to petroleum fuels. Later the various factors as stated earlier, created renewed interest of researchers in vegetable oil as substitute fuel for diesel engines. The density and viscosities of the blends increased with the increase of biodiesel concentration in the fuel blend. It also reduces the filter clogging and ensures smooth flow of oil. Some of the researchers[10,13] conducted the experiments on diesel engine using non-edible vegetable oils used as alternate fuels and found maximum Brake thermal efficiency, BSFC and emissions like CO,HC also increased without any engine modification. The

uses of biodiesel [16] in conventional diesel engines result in substantial reduction in the emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate. Neat oil is converted into Methyl ester of oil (biodiesel) using trans-esterification process. Methyl and ethyl ester of Karanja oil [17] can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engine without any engine modification. Higher viscosity is responsible for various undesirable combustion properties of Neat vegetable oils. Four well known techniques are proposed to reduce the viscosity levels of vegetable oil namely dilution, Pyrolysis, Micro emulsion and Trans esterification [18].

Chapter III
PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE

3.1

INTRODUCTION

The general morphology of oil plants and seeds and availability of oils are explained. Combustion parameters such as density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, cetane number and calorific value of all types of chosen oils and their blends with diesel oil are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending vegetable oil with diesel on viscosity is discussed. Effect of heating on viscosity of oils and their blends with diesel is studied in this chapter. 3.2. GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS AND THEIR SEEDS 3.2.1 Linseed oil: Linseed oil, other wise known as flax seed oil or simply flax oil. Its scientific name is Linum usitatissimum, (or)Linaceae. The

yellowish drying oil is derived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant through pressing and extraction. It is available in varieties such as Cold Pressed, alkali refined, sun Bleached, sun thickened, and polymerized (stand oil) marketed as flaxseed oil. Linseed oil is the most commonly used carrier in oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil acts as the traditional protective coating for the raw willow of a cricket bat. Fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed, linseed oil is used as nutritional supplement. It is available in Asian countries. 3.2.2 Castor oil: Castor oil (or) ricinus oil is non-volatile fatty oil extracted from Castor bean seeds. It varies in colour from colour less to greenish. It

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has two derivatives known as blown castor and hydrogenated oil. Hydrogenated castor oil is used in textiles, paints, varnishes, plastics, cosmetics, fibers, hair oils and drying oils. It is also used in traditional medical purpose. This oil also serves as a pregnant woman during delivery.It is available in India and African countries. 3.2.3 Palm Stearin oil: Palm oil has pleasant odour and taste. It is stable and resistant to

rancidity. The colour of palm oil varies from yellow to deep orange. Inter esterification of palm oil produces two fractions. Palm oil obtained at low melting point called Olein and the oil obtained at high melting point called Stearin. Oil palm fruits are oval-shaped sessile drupes. Palm oil contains some triglyceride species, which are completely saturated. The iodine value of palm oil is lower (44-58) when compared to other vegetable oils because of high proportion of saturated fatty acids. Palm oil is solid at ambient temperature and fluid in tropical and subtropical climates with certain fractions held in crystalline form. used in manufacturing plastics, fibers and soaps. Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria and Malaysia. 3.2.4 Mahua oil: Scientific name of Mahua oil is Madhuka indica, botanical name is Madura long folia. It is derived from a tropical tree belonging to the family Sapotaceae. The other Vernacular names of Mahua are Madhukha in Sanskrit, Maduca or butter tree in English, Mohua in Hindi, Mahuva In Urdu, Ireppa (or) Elippa in Malayalam, Ippa (or) Ippachittu It is

It is available in Asia,

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in Telugu, Monda in Marathi. Almost all parts of this tree, which includes leaves, flowers, roots, bark, latex juice, seed and are known to possess medicinal properties. So, it is widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves of Mahua are astringent and they are used in embrocation. The bark is used for rheumatism, ulcers and diabetic mellitus. It is used to cure burning sensation in the body, debility emaciation, respiratory diseases, rheumatism and thirst. It is considered useful in snake bite and fish poison cases. Flowers can be used to treat cough, cold and bronchitis. Flowers are largely used in processing distilled liquors. The roots are applied to cure ulcers. In vetenary medicine, it is used to treat stomach ache in horses. Leaves are used as cattle fodder and green manure. The last, but not least is the bio-diesel properties of Mahua seed oil. The methanolic extract of flowers, leaves, stem and stem bark has been reported to posses antibacterial activity against B anthracis, B pumilus, viz Cholera, xanth etc. It is available in Asian and western countries. 3.2.5 Neem oil: The scientific name of Neem is azadirachta indica. It belongs to the family meliaceae. The kernels contain 40% to 50% of an acrid bitter greenish yellow to brown oil with strong disagreeable garlic like odour. This bitter taste is due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds like Nimbin, Nimbidin and Nimbosterol. It is rich in oleic acid, followed by Stearic, Palmitic and Linolenic acids. The oil is used for illumination, soap making,

pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicinal fields (Ayurvedic medicine).The

12

purified oil is used in manufacturing disinfect able and emulsifying agents which are used as insecticidal sprays. Neem oil is available in India and West Africa. Table :3.1. Specifications of the test rig. Number of cylinders
Number of Strokes

Fuel Rated Power Cylinder bore & Stroke Compression Ratio Dynamometer arm length Dynamometer Type Type of cooling

01 04 Diesel 5.2 KW/7 hp @ 1500 RPM 87.5 & 110 mm 17.5:1 185 mm Eddy current Water cooled

Table 3.2. Comparison of combustion characteristics of vegetable oils used property Density(gm/cc)at 400C Viscosity(cst) Flash point(0C) Fire point(0C) Calorific values(KJ/Kg) Cetane number Linseed Castor Palm stearin 0.929 22.2 241 260 39307 34.6 0.956 52 320 345 36000 42.3 0.918 39.6 220 280 37500 42 Mahua Neem 0.917 36 273 301 39600 45 0.919 34 300 325 Diesel 0.830 5.0 57 65

35200 42000 38 50

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CHAPTER IV EXPERIMENTAL WORK

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The details of the experimental set up are presented in this chapter. The information about the engine, components, instrumentation and controls used in test engine are described. 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The various components of experimental set up are described below. Fig.4.1 shows line diagram & Fig.4.2 shows the photograph of the experimental set up. The important components of the system are (i) The engine (ii) Dynamometer (iii)Smoke meter (iv) Exhaust gas analyzer 4.2.1 The Engine: The Engine chosen to carry out experimentation is a single cylinder, four stroke, vertical, water cooled, direct injection computerized Kirloskar make CI Engine. This engine can withstand higher pressures encountered and also is used extensively in agriculture and industrial sectors. Therefore this

14

engine is selected for carrying experiments. The specifications

of the engine

given in Appendix I. Fig. 4.3 and 4.4 show the actual photos of the C.I. Engine and its attachments. 4.2.2 Dynamometer: The engine has a DC electrical dynamometer to measure its output. The dynamometer is calibrated statistically before use. The dynamometer is reversible i.e., it works as monitoring as well as an absorbing device. Load is controlled by changing the field current. Eddy-Current Dynamometer's theory is based on Eddy-Current (Fleming's right hand law). The

construction of eddy-current dynamometer has a notched disc(rotor) which is driven by a prime mover(such as engine, etc.) and magnetic poles(stators) are located outside with a gap. The coil which excites the magnetic pole is wound in circumferential direction. When current runs through exciting coil, a magnetic flux loop is formed around the exciting coil through stators and a rotor. The rotation of rotor produces density difference, then eddycurrent goes to stator. The electromagnetic force is applied opposite to the rotational direction by the product of this eddy-current. 4.2.3 Smoke meter: Smoke measurement is made using an OPAX2000II/DX200P of Neptune Equipment Pvt. Ltd. Ahmedabad. The measurement is based on the principle of light absorption by particle. Photo electronic smoke detection is based on the principle of optical detection. It is also known as the "scattered" light principle. An alarm condition occurs when smoke particles

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enter the light path and a part of the light is "scattered" by reflection and refraction onto a sensor. This type of detector is best for areas where dense smoke may occur, as in ductwork. The equipment allows test on a continuous mode, average and peak levels. The measured operating values are shown as three digital either in light absorption coefficient that is in ABS K units from 0.00 to 9.99 are in Bosch units (or) in percentage from 0% to 99.9%.The measurements are made in Bosch units at continuous mode. Fig.4.7 shows the actual photo of smoke meter attached to the engine at the exit. 4.2.4 Exhaust Gas Analyzer: All emissions like Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide,Un-Burnt

Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxide and unused oxygen are found in 5 gas emission analyzer of model 5G -10 , PLANET EQUIPMENT is used. In

this cable one end is connected to the inlet of the analyzer and the other end is connected at the end of the exhaust gas outlet. Continuous charging of the analyzer is essential to work in an effective way.Fig.4.5 and 4.6 show the actual photos of Exhaust Gas Analyzer attached to engine at the exit. The measuring method is based on the principle of light absorption in the infrared region, known as "non-dispersive infrared absorption".The

broadband infrared radiation produced by the light source passes through a chamber filled with gas, generally methane or carbon dioxide. This gas absorbs radiation of a known wavelength and this absorption is a measure of the concentration of the gas. There is a narrow bandwidth optical filter at

16

the end of the chamber to remove all other wavelengths before it is measured with a pyro-electric detector. 4.3. Experimental Programme: The experiments are conducted for variable loads like 0.2, 1,2,3,4 and 5.2 KW at rated speed, with injection pressure of 210 bar and cooling water exit temperature at 650C. Three blends of all types of vegetable oils such as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (neat oils) are used in this experimentation. The vegetable oils and their blends with diesel are heated externally to a required temperature as stated earlier before injecting into the test cylinder. The engine was sufficiently warmed up and stabilized before taking all the readings. All the observations recorded were replicated thrice to get a reasonable value. The performance parameters such as Brake Thermal

Efficiency(B.Th.), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(bsfc), Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and Volumetric efficiency(Vol.) Emission parameters such as Carbon Monoxide(CO),Carbon Dioxide(CO2),Un-burnt Hydro

carbon(UHC) (UHC),Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)and Smoke are evaluated .These performance and emission parameters of oils are compared to those of pure diesel.

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F2

Compu ter

Control Panel

F1

T4 PT T2 T5 T6

EGA

SM

Calorimete r
T3

Engine Dynamometer

Rota meters

T1

Fig.4.1.Line diagram of Experimental setup

Fig .4.2. Experimental setup with Instrumentation

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Fig. 4.3. Experimental set up of computerized C.I. Engine

Fig. 4.4. Experimental set up of computerized C.I. Engine with smoke meter

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Fig. 4.5. Five gas emission analyzer

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Fig. 4.6. Five gas analyzer with display

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Fig. 4.7. Smoke meter

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CHAPTER- V EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FIVE TYPES OF VEGETABLE OILS IN THE TEST ENGINE
5.1. Introduction Five different types of chosen vegetable oils and their blends with diesel are tried on the test engine with an objective to examine their suitability as alternate fuels. Since the viscosity of vegetable oil is high and leads to increase in droplet size, which has an impact on combustion. Therefore preheating of oil is essential. The oils used in the test engine are pre heated to certain temperature before entering into the combustion chamber. Five different types of vegetable oils and their notations are given below. Type of oil Linseed oil Castor oil Palm Stearin Mahua oil Neem oil Notation LS CaO PS MA NM

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A series of load tests are carried out on Diesel engine with computerized test Engine, using vegetable oils and their blends. Five Gas Emission Analyzer and Smoke meter are attached to the engine. The performance parameters such as Brake Power(BP), Brake thermal

efficiency (B.th), Brake specific Fuel consumption(bsfc), Exhaust Gas temperature(EGT), the emission parameters such as Carbon Monoxide(CO), Carbon dioxide(CO2),Un-burnt hydrocarbons(UHC), Nitrogen oxides(NOx) and Smoke Opacity(Smoke) are evaluated and analyzed from graphs. Neat Vegetable oils and their blends with diesel, which yield better performance and Emission parameters, are identified. Performance parameters of these chosen oils are compared to those of other neat oils available in literature like Cottonseed oil and Rice bran oils for validation. 5.2. Results and discussions The experimental investigations are carried out using the above said oils and their blends on the test engine. The detailed analyses of these results are discussed in this section. 5.2.1 Engine Performance and Emission parameters of Linseed Oil and its Blends:

5.2.1.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency: Fig 5.1. Shows the variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. Brake thermal Efficiency for 25% blend of

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Linseed oil is very close to that of Diesel. Maximum Brake thermal efficiency is obtained at 4 kw load. Brake thermal efficiency for 25% and neat linseed oil is lower by 10.41% and 34.60% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is attributed to lower calorific value, high viscosity coupled with density of the fuel. 5.2.1.2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption: Fig 5.2. Shows the variation of brake specific fuel consumption with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has the lowest BSFC compared to its other blends. bsfc for 25% blend of linseed oil is slightly higher than that of diesel. At rated load, bsfc of Neat linseed oil is 0.325 Kg/kw-hr, where as for diesel it is 0.210 Kg/Kw-hr. At rated load, bsfc of neat linseed oil is higher by 54.76% compared to diesel. This observed phenomenon is due to higher viscosity of the fuel. 5.2.1.3. Exhaust Gas Temperature: Fig 5.3 shows the variation of

Exhaust Gas temperature with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends in the test engine. EGT for 25 % blend of Linseed oil is lower at no load and higher at rated load. However all other blends of Linseed oil have higher EGT compared to diesel. 25% blend of Linseed oil has higher performance than other blends due to reduction in Exhaust heat loss. 5.2.1.4. Volumetric Efficiency: Fig.5.4 shows the variation of

volumetric efficiency with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. Volumetric efficiency for 25% blend of Linseed oil is almost same as diesel. Diesel has high Volumetric efficiency

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compared to all other blends. Volumetric efficiency of Neat Linseed oil is 75.20% at rated load and that of diesel is 75.35%. Volumetric efficiency of neat linseed oil is lower by 0.19 % compared to diesel at rated load. This is due to higher exhaust gas temperature released after the combustion process. 5.2.1.5. Carbon Monoxide: Fig 5.5 shows the variation of Carbon

monoxide emissions with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. CO emission for 25% blend of Linseed oil is compared with diesel at all loads. Neat Linseed oil has the highest CO emission for all loads compared to all other blends. CO emission for Neat Linseed oil at rated load is higher by 96% compared to diesel. This is the result of incomplete combustion of the fuel. 5.2.1.6. Carbon Dioxide: Fig .5.6 shows the variation of Carbon Dioxide

emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has lower CO2 emission compared to all other blends. Neat Linseed oil has the highest CO2

emission for all loads. CO2 emission for Neat Linseed oil at rated load is higher by 19.18% compared to Diesel. Excess supply of oxygen is the influencing criterion. 5.2.1.7. Un-burnt Hydrocarbons: Fig 5.7 shows the variation of Un-burnt hydro carbon emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has lower UHC emission compared to all other blends for all loads. UHC emission for

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25% blend and Neat Linseed oil is 79 ppm and 89ppm, where as for diesel it is 74 ppm. UHC emission for 25% blend and neat linseed oil at rated load is higher by 6.75% and 20.27% respectively compared to diesel. In this phenomenon formation of rich airfuel mixture plays a vital role. 5.2.1.8. Nitrogen oxides: Fig. 5.8 shows the variation of Nitrogen Oxide emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. Diesel has higher NOx emission compared to all other blends. NOx emission for 25 % blend of Linseed oil is well compared with diesel at all loads. NOx emission for 25% blend of Linseed oil at rated load is 55 ppm, where as for diesel it is 58 ppm. The difference is 3 ppm. i.e. Linseed oil NOx emission is lower by 5.45% compared to diesel. Lower peak combustion temperature in the combustion chamber influences this factor. 5.2.1.9. Smoke: Fig.5.9 shows the variation of Smoke emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has lower Smoke emission compared to all other blends and slightly higher than diesel. Neat Linseed oil has the highest smoke opacity compared to all other blends for all loads. Smoke emission for 25% blend is compared to diesel. Smoke emission for 25% blend and neat Linseed oil at rated load is higher by 8.43%and 31.32% respectively compared to Diesel. The effect of incomplete combustion leads to oils available in the literature. ** The remaining four oils such as Castor, Palm Stearin, Mahua and Neem oils are also showing the same type of trend as Linseed oil in observation for the performance and emission characteristics for neat oils and Diesel.

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Fig. 5.1. Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake Power for Linseed oil and its Blends.

Fig. 5.2.Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with Brake power for Linseed oil and its Blends.

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Fig. 5.3. Variation of Exhaust Temperature with Brake power For Linseed oil and its Blends

Fig. 5.4. Variation of Volumetric Efficiency with Brake Power For Linseed oil and its Blends

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Fig. 5.5. Variation of Carbon Monoxide with Brake power for Linseed oil and its Blends

Fig. 5.6. Variation of Carbon Dioxide with Brake power for Linseed oil and its Blends

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Fig. 5.7 Variation of UN Burnt Hydro Carbons with Brake Power for Linseed oil and its Blends

Fig. 5.8. Variation of Nitrogen Oxides with Brake power for Linseed oil and its blends

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Fig. 5.9. Variation of Smoke with Brake power for Linseed oil and its Blends

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Conclusions for Neat oils

Brake thermal efficiency for Neat Castor, Palm stearin, Linseed, Neem and Mahua oil is lower by 25.21%, 27.06%, 34.60%, 22.55% and 27.56% respectively compared to diesel. This is due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of the oils. Neat Castor, Palm stearin, Linseed, Mahua and Neem oil, bsfc is higher by 45.23%,40.47%,54.76%,40.47% and 47.61% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is result of high viscosity of the fuels. EGT for Neat Castor, Palm stearin, Linseed, Mahua and Neem oil is higher compared to diesel. CO emission for Neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil and Neem oil is higher by 79.48%, 58.97%, 96%, 58.97% and 61.53% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is attributed to incomplete combustion of the fuels. CO2 emission for Neat Castor oil ,Palm stearin oil , Linseed oil, Mahua oil and Neem oil is higher by 20.93%,19.18%,19.18%,16.86%,20.73% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is a result of excess availability of oxygen during combustion. UHC emission for Neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil and Neem oil is higher by 27.02%, 32.43%, 20.27%, 28.37% and

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20.27% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is because of rich air-fuel mixture. NOx emission for neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil and Neem oil is lower by 52%, 64%, 44%, 60% and 64% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is result of incomplete combustion of fuels. Smoke emission for Neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil and Neem oil is higher by 41.92%, 28.19%,31.32%, 26.50% and 26.50% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is due to incomplete combustion of the fuels. 25% blend of chosen Non edible vegetable oils with 75% of diesel is used as alternate fuel in C.I. Engine without pre heating of the oil

before entering into combustion chamber as per the analysis of graphs The performance and emissions for 25% blend of Linseed oil is better than that of all other blends and is alternate fuel to diesel in C.I.Engine. 25% blend of Castor oil has better performance with lower emissions than those of other blends. Hence a blend up to 25% without preheating of oil is used in place of diesel in C.I.Engine. 25 % blend of Palm Stearin oil has better performance with lower emissions compared to other blends. Hence a blend up to 25%

34

without preheating of oil is used as alternate to diesel fuel for diesel engine. Better performance of Neat Maua oil and its blends at 25% and 50% makes the oil much superior to other oils under test. Hence it is considered as better performing oil and it is suitable at 25% blend without preheating before entering into combustion chamber of the diesel engine. Neem oil at 25% blend without preheating is also suitable in place of diesel. Further to improve the performance and to reduce the emissions of Linseed, Castor, Palm sterin, Mahua and neem oils, it is proposed to use esterified oils. The performance and emission parameters of Linseed, Castor, Palm stearin, Mahua and Neem oils are better than Jatropha and Pongamia oils available in the literature.

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CHAPTER VI EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ESTERS OF VEGETABLE OILS

6.1. INTRODUCTION: In the previous chapter it is observed that the engine working with neat oils of Linseed, Castor, Palm Stearin, Mahua and Neem is releasing higher Smoke, CO, and Un-burnt HC with lower Performance compared to diesel. In view of improving the performance and reducing the emissions, an attempt is made by using Methyl Ester of Linseed (MELS) oil, Methyl Ester of Castor (MECaO) oil, Methyl Ester of Palm Stearin (MEPS) oil, Methyl Ester of Mahua (MEMA) oil and Methyl Ester of Neem (MENM) oil is used as fuel. In the present investigation Methyl esters of respective oils are prepared using Trans-esterification in the laboratory. Their properties are compared to those of diesel and Neat oils. The performance and emission parameters of the diesel engine with MELS, MECaO, MEPS, MEMA and MENM oils are evaluated at variable loads. These results are compared to diesel. These results also compared with results of Methyl Ester of Rice Bran (MERB) and Coconut (MECON) oils available in the literature for validation.
6.2. ESTERIFICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE

In the transesterification, one ester is converted into another. The reaction is done by either with acid or base catalyst with methanol. Simple molecular representation of trans-esterification reaction is shown below. As typically practised, a basic catalyst such as sodium hydroxide is used to convert

36

glycerol-based trimesters (or) tri glycerides, which convert fats and oils into methanol-based monoesters (or) methyl esters yielding free glycerol as a byproduct. A stoichiometric material balance yields the following simplified equation. Fat oil 1000kg + 3 Methanol 107.5kg ------- 3 Methyl ester + Glycerol 1004 .5 kg 103 kg.

CH2COOR1 CHCOOR2 CH2COOR3 Triglycerides (Vegetable oil) Alcohol (Catalyst)

CH3COOR1

CH2 __ OH + CH ___OH

+ 3 CH3OH ------------------> CH3COOR2 (NaOH) CH3COOR3 Mixture of Fatty Esters

CH2 __ OH Glycerin

Simple Representation of Trans- esterification Reaction The mass flow shown in the case of complete conversion of stearic acid into triglyceride. It is a simple process. At room temperature the reaction proceeds for the conversion of 90-97%, in excess of methanol, approximately in one hour. The remaining 3-10% is glycerol, mono/di/triglycerides and free fatty acids. An experimental set up is created in the laboratory to prepare Methyl ester of all types of oils. For preparing Linseed oil 12% of methanol with 0.5% of sodium hydroxide on mass basis are taken and mixed thoroughly. One liter

37

of Neat Linseed oil and methanol, sodium hydroxide mixture are poured into an air tight flask. The mixture is stirred rigorously and heated at a constant temperature of 650C for 90 minutes, and then it is allowed to cool over night without stirring in a separating funnel. Two layers are formed. The bottom layer consists of glycerol and the top layer is Ester. Glycerol is removed by opening the cock, leaving methyl ester in the funnel. Similarly 13%, 15%, 17% and 19% of Methanol, and 0.5% sodium hydroxide mixture are added to one liter of Neat Castor oil, Neat Palm stearin, Neat Mahua oil and Neat Neem oil respectively. Then the mixture is heated at constant temperature of 650C for 60, 90,120 and 150 minutes for Castor, Palmstearin, and Mahua and Neem oils respectively. Then these are allowed to cool and settle over night before the process of separation. 6.3. CHARACTERIZATION OF METHYL ESTER OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE. The important physical and chemical properties of methyl Ester of Linseed oil, Methyl Ester of Castor, Methyl Ester of Palm stearin, Methyl Ester of Mahua and Methyl Ester of Neem oil are determined as per Indian standard instrumentation in the fuels and lubricants laboratory. Determination of density, calorific value, viscosity, flash point and fire point are conducted using Hygrometer, Bomb calorimeter, Red wood viscometer and Ables apparatus respectively. The properties of methyl ester of five types of oils used are compared to diesel, neat oils and Methyl Esters of different types of oils available in literature shown in Table6.1

38

The results show that, trans-esterification improves the important fuel properties for different types of oils such as specific gravity, viscosity and flash point. The properties of MELS, MECaO, MEPS, MEMA, and MENM oils are compared to those of other esters. The comparison shows that methyl esters have relatively closer fuel properties with those of diesel. Methyl ester of Linseed oil is substantially reduced from a value of 22.2 cst to 7 cst approximately, 3.17times lower than that of Neat Linseed oil. The calorific value of methyl ester of Linseed oil is 4.52% lower than that of diesel, because of its oxygen content. The density of MELS is lower by 6.22% compared to diesel. The flash point of MELS is higher compared to diesel. Hence this fuel is safer to store and to transport compared to diesel. The viscosity of MECaO oil is reduced from 52 cst to 10 cst, which is approximately 5.2 times lower than that of neat Castor oil. The calorific value of MECaO is lower by 8.09% and density is higher by 4.19% compared to diesel. The viscosity of MEPS is reduced from 39.6 cst to 9 cst, which is approximately 4.4 times lower compared to Neat Palm srearin oil. The calorific value of MEPS is lower by 8.21% and density is higher by 5.38% compared to diesel. The viscosity of MEMA is reduced from 36 cst to 8 cst, which is approximately 4.5 times lower compared to Neat Mahua oil. The calorific

39

value of MEMA is lower by 7.96 % and density is higher by 4.67% compared to diesel. The viscosity of MENM is reduced from 34 cst to 7.2 cst, which is approximately 4.72 times lower compared to Neat Neem oil. The calorific value of MENM is lower by 11.53% and density is higher by 4.55% compared to diesel. 6.4. Results and Discussions: The experimental investigations are carried out in test engine using Methyl Ester of Linseed oil, Methyl Ester of Castor oil, Methyl Ester of Palm stearin oil, Methyl Ester of Mahua oil and Methyl Ester of Neem oil. The detailed analysis and their results are discussed and presented in this chapter. 6.4.1. Engine Performance and Emission parameters of Methyl ester of Linseed oil : 6.4.1.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency: For Fig. 6.1. Shows the variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and

Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. For all range of loads of engine, Brake Thermal Efficiency of Methyl ester of Linseed oil and diesel are compared. Maximum Brake thermal efficiency is obtained at 4 kw load. Brake Thermal efficiency for 100% Methyl Ester of Linseed oil is 24.87%, where as for diesel it is 34.10 % at 4 Kw load. Brake thermal efficiency for methyl ester of linseed oil is lower by 27.06 % compared to diesel. This is attributed to high density and low calorific value of Methyl Ester of Linseed oil.

40

6.4.1.2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption: Fig.6.2. Shows the variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat

Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. For all loads of operation, Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has higher bsfc compared to diesel. At rated load, bsfc for 100% Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 0.305 Kg/kw-hr, where as for diesel it is 0.210 Kg/kwhr. At rated load, methyl ester of Linseed oil is higher by 45.23% compared to diesel. Delay in ignition process causes this difference. 6.4.1.3. Exhaust Gas Temperature: Fig6.3.Shows the variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature with Brake power for Diesel, Neat Linseed Oil and Methyl

Ester of Linseed Oil in the test engine. For all loads, Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has higher EGT compared to diesel and lower compared to Neat Linseed oil. 6.4.1.4. Volumetric Efficiency: Fig 6.4.Shows the variation of Volumetric Efficiency with Brake power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has lower Volumetric Efficiency compared to diesel for all range of loads. Volumetric Efficiency for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil at rated load is 75.10%, where as for diesel it is 75.90%.Volumetric efficiency of MELS is lower by 1.05% compared to diesel at rated load. A high-retained exhaust gas temperature will heat the incoming fresh air and lowers the volumetric efficiency. 6.4.1.5. Carbon Monoxide: Fig.6.5.Shows the variation of Carbon Monoxide emission with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl

41

Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has lower CO emission compared to diesel and 100% Neat Linseed oil. At rated load, CO emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 0.98%, where as for diesel it

is 4.95%. CO emission for MELS is lower by 80.20% compared to diesel and 76.94% lower compared to neat Linseed oil. This is a result of complete combustion of the fuel. 6.4.1.6. Carbon Dioxide: Fig6.6.Shows the variation of Carbon Dioxide emission with Brake power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. At rated load, CO2 emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 1.33%, where as for diesel it is 1.46%. CO2 emission for MELS is higher by 8.90% compared to diesel at rated load. This is due to the excess presence of oxygen in bio-diesel molecular structure. 6.4.1.7. Un-Burnt Hydro Carbons: Fig.6.7.Shows the variation of UnBurnt Hydro Carbon emission with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil in the test engine. At rated load, UHC emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 48 ppm, where as for diesel it is 74 ppm. UHC emission for MELS is lower by 35.13% compared to diesel at rated load. This is because of complete combustion of the fuel due to excess amount of Oxygen present in the Bio-diesel structure. 6.4.1.8. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Fig. 6.8.Shows the variation of Nitogen Oxide emission with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed Oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. At rated load, the NOxa emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed oil is 39ppm, where as for diesel it is 25 ppm, NOx

42

emission for MELS is higher by 56% compared to diesel at rated load. This is attributed to high availability of Oxygen in bio-diesel structure. 6.4.1.9. Smoke: Fig. 6.9. Shows the variation of Smoke emission with

Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil in the test engine. At rated load, Smoke emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed oil is 2.65 Bosch smoke units, where as for diesel it is 4.15 Bosch smoke units. Smoke emission for MELS is lower by 36.14% compared to diesel at rated load. This is due to complete combustion of the fuel. From previous discussions, it is stated that the performance parameters such as Brake Thermal Efficiency, Volumetric Efficiency, Exhaust Gas Temperature of MELS are higher compared to diesel. Emission parameters such as CO, UHC, and Smoke of Methyl Ester of Linseed oil are lower compared to diesel. Which indicate that the effective combustion of Methyl Ester of Linseed oil, which has taken place in early stage of exhaust stroke. This is due to decrease in viscosity of Methyl Ester of Linseed oil, which improves the spray formation and decrease in flash point. It increases the volatility, thereby effective combustion and reduction in emissions are obtained. This is reflected by increase in Brake thermal efficiency and reduction in exhaust temperature compared to Neat Linseed oil. ** The remaining four oils such as Castor, Palm Stearin, Mahua and Neem oils are also showing the same type of trend as Linseed oil in observation for the performance and emission characteristics for neat oils, Methyl ester of respective oils and Diesel.

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Fig. 6.1. Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake Power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

Fig. 6.2. Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

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Fig. 6.3. Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

Fig. 6.4. Variation of Volumetric efficiency with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

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Fig. 6.5. Variation of Carbon Monoxide with Brake power For Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

Fig. 6.6. Variation of Carbon Dioxide with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

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Fig. 6.7. Variation of Un Burnt Hydro Carbons with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil.

Fig. 6.8. Variation of Nitrogen Oxides with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

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Fig. 6.9. Variation of Smoke with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

Fig. 6.10. Bio Diesel samples

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CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS

7.1 CONCLUSIONS OF THE PRESENT WORK Considering the need for alternate fuels, the experimental investigations are carried out in the present work in order to run the existing diesel engines with non-edible vegetable oils. For this purpose five different non-edible vegetable oils and their blends Viz; Linseed oil, Castor oil, Palm Stearin oil, Mahua oil and Neem oils are tried in a popular petter type, 4 stroke water cooled diesel engine. Physical and chemical properties of the above mentioned oils were determined. The performance and emission parameters of five chosen neat oils and their blends were evaluated. These results are compared to those of diesel. Thus their suitability as an alternative fuel is examined. These results are also compared to the other neat vegetable oils available in the literature for validation. All the oils are esterified i.e. converted into their respective methyl Esters (bio-diesel) using methanol, NaOH as catalyst. The important properties of five respective Methyl Esters oils are determined. The Performance and Emission parameters of Biodiesels are evaluated and compared to those of Diesel. Later these results of Bio-diesel are compared to those of Methyl Esters available in the literature for validation. Thus better performing Bio-diesel among them is selected. The detailed conclusions drawn from the present investigations are discussed in the corresponding chapters 5 & 6. Some of the important conclusions are as follows:

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Performance parameters of engine such as Brake thermal efficiency, Volumetric efficiency are decreased, Brake specific fuel consumption and Exhaust gas temperature are increased for all neat oils and their blends compared to those of diesel. This is because of high viscosity coupled with lower heating value of the fuels. Emission parameters of engine such as CO, CO2, UHC and Smoke are increased for all neat oils and their blends compared to Diesel. This is due to lower calorific value and high viscosity coupled with density of the fuels chosen. Brake Thermal Efficiency for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils is reduced by 24.73%, 20.10%, 26.65%, 20.07% and 31.31% respectively compared to diesel at the rated load. This is because of lower Calorific value and higher viscosity coupled with density of the fuel. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils is increased by 19.06%, 35.71%, 40.47%, 33.33% and 45.23% respectively compared to diesel at rated load and is result of delay in ignition process.
At rated load, Exhaust gas Temperature for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS,

MENM and MELS oils is increased by 6.25%, 4.16%, 5.20%, 8.33% and 4.16% respectively compared to diesel.

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Volumetric Efficiency for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils is higher compared to diesel and neat oils. A lower exhaust temperature
leads to a higher volumetric efficiency. This is because, the temperature of

the retained exhaust gases will be higher when the exhaust gas temperature rises. A high-retained exhaust gas temperature will heat the incoming fresh air and lowers the Volumetric efficiency. CO Emission for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils is reduced by 48.71%, 80.60%, 78.78%, 59.09% and 80.20 respectively compared to diesel at the rated load. This is due to complete combustion of the fuel. Un-burnt hydrocarbons for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils are reduced by 35.13%, 66.21%, 32.43%, 39.18% and 35.13% compared to diesel at the rated load. This is because of the excess oxygen present in the bio-diesel. NOx Emission for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils is increased by 28.39%, 29.31%, 80%, 64%, and 56% respectively compared to diesel at the rated load. The reason for this trend is the availability combustion. Smoke Emission for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils is reduced by 51.80%, 39.75%, 24%, 3.61% and 36.14% respectively compared to diesel at the rated load. This is the result of complete of excess oxygen in bio-diesel, resulting complete

combustion of fuel and low aromatics in the biodiesel mixture.

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Brake thermal efficiency of the engine is slightly decreased for Methyl Esters of oils compared to diesel and slightly improved compared to Neat vegetable oils used at all loads . Emission parameters of engine such as CO,CO2,UHC and smoke for Methyl Esters of all respective oils are decreased compared to diesel, but NOx is increased at all loads. This is the result of complete combustion of the fuel. Neat oils of Mahua, Castor, Palm Stearin, Linseed and Neem oils are substituted as alternative to diesel with pre heating before entering into combustion chamber except for 25% blend of all respective oils. Methyl Esters produced from Mahua, Castor, Palm Stearin, Linseed and Neem oils are proved technically feasible and used as alternative to diesel. Methyl Esters of Mahua, Castor, Palm Stearin, Linseed oils are cheaper. But Methyl Ester of Neem oil is costlier compared to diesel at present.

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Appendix-I
Engine Specifications: Product: Engine test setup 1 cylinder, 4 stroke, Diesel (Computerized) Product code: 224 Engine: Make Kirloskar, Model TV1, Type 1 cylinder, 4 stroke Diesel, water cooled, power 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm, stroke 110 mm, bore 87.5 mm. 661 cc, CR 17.5 Dynamometer: Type eddy current, water cooled, with loading unit Propeller shaft With universal joints Air box: M S fabricated with orifice meter and manometer Fuel tank: Capacity 15 lit with glass fuel metering column Calorimeter: Type Pipe in pipe Piezo sensor: Range 5000 PSI, with low noise cable Crank angle sensor: Resolution 1 Deg, Speed 5500 RPM with TDC pulse. Engine indicator: Input Piezo sensor, crank angle sensor, No of channels 2, Communication RS232. Engine interface: Input RTDs, Thermocouples, Air flow, Fuel flow, Load cell, Output 0-5V, No of channels 8. Temperature sensor: Type RTD, PT100 and Thermocouple, Type K Load sensor: Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0-50 Kg Fuel flow transmitter: DP transmitter, Range 0-500 mm WC Rota meter: Engine cooling 40-400 LPH; Calorimeter 10-100 LPH Pump: Type Monoblock Add on card: Resolution12 bit, 8/16 input, Mounting PCI slot Software: Engine soft Engine performance analysis software Overall dimensions: W 2000 x D 2500 x H 1500 mm Optional: Computerized Diesel injection pressure measurement

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APPENDIX- II
Uncertainty analysis for 5 gas analyzer:
Emission Displayed Data parameter CO CO2 UHC NOx Smoke 0-15% 0-20% 0- 30,000 ppm 0-5000 ppm 0- 9.99 BSU Measurement of resolution 0.11% 0.01% 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 BSU

Emission Measurement Accuracy parameter CO 0.00 to 10.00% 10.01 to 15.00% CO2 0.00 to 16.00% 16.01 to 20.00% UHC 0 to 2000 ppm 2001 to 15.000 15001 to 30,000 NOx 0 to 4000 ppm- (+/_ 0.02 abs / +/_ 3% rel) ( +/_ 0.3 abs / +/_ 3 % rel) - (+/_ 0.3 abs / +/_ 3% rel) ( +/_ 5% abs rel) - (+/_ 4 ppm / +/_ 3% rel) ( +/_ 5% rel) ( +/_ 8% rel) (+/_ 25 ppm abs / +/_ 3% rel)

4000 to 5000 ppm ( +/_ 5 % rel) Smoke 0- 9.99 (+/_ 0.25% rel)

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PAPERS PUBLISHED AND COMMUNICATED Journals: 1. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with castor oil, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.2, No.10 (Oct 2009), PP.25-31. 2. Performance evaluation of a low heat rejection C I Engine using vegetable oils, International Journal of Multi.displ.Research & Advcs in Engg. (IJMRAE), Vol.1, No. I, November 2009, PP. 53-70. 3. Performance and Emission characteristics of a Diesel engine with Linseed Oil, Technology Spectrum Journal (Accepted). Conferences: International: 1. Study of performance & Emission characteristics of a virgin oil in a semi adiabatic engine, International Conference on I.C. Engines (ICONICE) Dec.2007, JNTU, Hyderabad. PP.130-135. 2. Experimental study of Emission characteristics of a Palm oil fuelled 5 hp Kirloskar Diesel Engine, International Conference on I.C. Engines (ICONICE) Dec.2007, JNTU, Hyderabad. PP. 192-196.

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