Table of Content:

1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 3.0 Design 4.0 Construction 5.0 Impact 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 References

1 6 7 10 11 13 14

1.0

INTRODUCTION

A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. 1.1 Types of dams Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife such as beavers. Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height), intended purpose or structure. Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as timber dams, arch-gravity dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes. 1.1.1 Arch dams In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure between vertical cantilever and arch action will depend upon the stiffness of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The normal component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the abutments either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the character of the rock should be carefully inspected. Multiple-arch buttress dam, two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards the bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of the dam becomes smaller. Jones Falls Dam, in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept a constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels are taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams. Parker Dam is a constant-angle arch dam.

A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam. Wildhorse Dam near Mountain City, Nevada in the United States is an example of the type. This method of construction minimizes the amount of concrete necessary for construction but transmits large loads to the foundation and abutments. The appearance is similar to a single-arch dam but with a distinct vertical curvature to it as well lending it the vague appearance of a concave lens as viewed from downstream. The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments, as for example the Daniel-Johnson Dam, Qubec, Canada. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type, but requires good rock foundation because the buttress loads are heavy. 1.1.2 Gravity dams This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earths gravity pulling down on the weight of the dam itself. In a gravity dam, stability is secured by making it of such a size and shape that it will resist overturning, sliding and crushing at the toe. The dam will not overturn provided that the moment around the turning point, caused by the water pressure, is smaller than the moment caused by the weight of the dam. This is the case if the resultant force of water pressure and weight falls within the base of the dam. However, in order to prevent tensile stress at the upstream face and excessive compressive stress at the downstream face, the dam cross section is usually designed so that the resultant falls within the middle at all elevations of the cross section (the core). For this type of dam, impervious foundations with high bearing strength are essential. When situated on a suitable site, gravity dams can prove to be a better alternative to other types of dams. When built on a carefully studied foundation, the gravity dam probably represents the best developed example of dam building. Since the fear of flood is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are being built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical. Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow" and are generally made of either concrete or masonry. This is called "zoning". The core of the dam is zoned depending on the availability of locally available materials, foundation conditions and the material attributes. The solid form is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct. Gravity dams can also be classified as "overflow" (spillway) and "non-overflow." Grand Coulee Dam is a solid gravity dam and Itaipu Dam is a hollow gravity dam. A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an archgravity dam for areas with massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a purely gravity dam.

1.1.4 Barrages A barrage dam is a special kind of dam which consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the water load. They are often used to control and stabilize water flow for irrigation systems. Barrages that are built at the mouth of rivers or lagoons to prevent tidal incursions or utilize the tidal flow for tidal power are known as tidal barrages. 1.1.5 Embankment dams Embankment dams are made from compacted earth, and have two main types, rock-fill and earth-fill dams. Embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back the force of water, like the gravity dams made from concrete. Rock-fill dams Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth utilized often contains a large percentage of large particles hence the term rock-fill. The impervious zone may be on the upstream face and made of masonry, concrete, plastic membrane, steel sheet piles, timber or other material. The impervious zone may also be within the embankment in which case it is referred to as a core. In the instances where clay is utilized as the impervious material the dam is referred to as a composite dam. To prevent internal erosion of clay into the rock fill due to seepage forces, the core is separated using a filter. Filters are specifically graded soil designed to prevent the migration of fine grain soil particles. When suitable material is at hand, transportation is minimized leading to cost savings during construction. Rock-fill dams are resistant to damage from earthquakes. However, inadequate quality control during construction can lead to poor compaction and sand in the embankment which can lead to liquefaction of the rock-fill during an earthquake. Liquefaction potential can be reduced by keeping susceptible material from being saturated, and by providing adequate compaction during construction.

Concrete-face rock-fill dams A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face. This design offers the concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure without concern for uplift pressure. In addition, the CFRD design is flexible for topography, faster to construct and less costly than earth-fill dams. The CFRD originated during the California Gold Rush in the 1860s when miners constructed rock-fill timber-face dams for sluice operations. The timber was later replaced by concrete as the design was applied to irrigation and power schemes. As CFRD designs grew in height during the 1960s, the fill was compacted and the slab's horizontal and vertical joints were replaced with improved vertical joints. In the last few decades, the design has become popular.[30] Currently, the tallest CFRD in the world is the 233 m (764 ft) tall Shuibuya Dam in China which was completed in 2008. Earth-fill dams Earth-fill dams, also called earthen, rolled-earth or simply earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a locally plentiful shell with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction utilized a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. An interesting type of temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes is the frozen-core dam, in which a coolant is circulated through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it. Because earthen dams can be constructed from materials found on-site or nearby, they can be very cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive. Asphalt-concrete core A third type of embankment dam is built with asphalt concrete core. The majority of such dams are built with rock and/or gravel as the main fill material. Almost 100 dams of this design have now been built worldwide since the first such dam was completed in 1962. All asphalt-concrete core dams built so far have an excellent performance record. The type of asphalt used is a viscoelastic-plastic material that can adjust to the movements and deformations imposed on the embankment as a whole, and to settlements in the foundation. The flexible properties of the asphalt make such dams especially suited in earthquake regions

2.0

Background
Sembrong River located between the Kluang and Air hitam in Johor which is connected to the

Sungai Bekok. As a large water reservoir, dam will work reduce flooding by retaining water that comes from rain floods and removing water at a controlled flow rate capability of the system curve the river downstream of the dam. In addition, water storage (up RL8.5m) in the dam also will serves as clean water supply will be processed by the Johor WaterCompany (SAJ) before channeled to the pipes of water supply users in the vicinity of Batu Pahat district. at the time. Now, the dam will supply about 2Mld (2 million liters per day) water domestic raw water supply. Dam water source comes from the River Semberong and has catchment area of 130 square kilometers. Of the capacity savings, about 18Mcm is for water supply. While 34Mcm is for flood mitigation (between RL8.5m to RL12m). These dams will provide protection and downstream flood mitigation for the 100-year recurrence period with the rate of release maximum of 42 cumecs. The dam was built from the ground. Several years earlier, residents in the area around Batu Pahat and Air Hitam often clean water crisis broken and unsatisfactory. Survey conducted found that flooding causes are total minimum rainfall recorded each month so around 2005 and 2006 and limited water sources to be processed and treated by the Water Treatment Plant Series at Gading, Batu Pahat The above is caused by the lack of water supply obtained from the dam Bekok in Segamat. In fact, the last of the resolved the Implementation of the artificial rain in the vicinity of the dam and water supply distribution use of tankers to the residents. But the end of 2006, major floods have hit some state including the state of Johor. This incident was repeated in late 2007. This flooding resulted in huge losses, the destruction of the highest property. Concerns of national disaster in the history of the structure and capabilities attention because of the failure to control flooding in downstreamriver due to the release of large quantities of water.

General Description Information of Strtucture Reservoir Area 8.5 Km Crest Length 1770.0 m Capacity 18 Mm Catchment Area Height 130.0 Km 11.0 m

Structure Material Crest Elevation Jenis Spillway Earthfill 15.0 m Concrete Fixed Ungated Ogee Crest

Figure 1.1 : Tasik sembrong, Kluang, Malaysia

3.0

Design

FIGURE 1.2 : Earth fill dam specification

3.1

Component / Sembrong Dam Structure

1) Controller spillway Flood (Flood Regulating Outlet - fro) 2) Primary Spillway 3) Castle Main Dam and Saddle Dam 4) Street / Route connecting the dams 5) Water outlet Compensation (Compensation Water Outlet -CWO) on the structure Flood spillway Controller (F.R.O) 6) Power House (Generator Sets) and two diesel generators

Flood spillway Controller The most important component in this particular dam and where -where dams in general. There are two doors that water used to control the rate of wastewater from the pool reservoir. The rate of water discharged through the gate only to a maximum to areas downstream of the dam did not flood. To ensure that the rate of waste water to meet the downstreamside of the maximum level 10m3/saat including waste water from the spillway structure WaterCompensation (CWO), gate opening radial (Radial Gates) at any level. Spillway Overflow outlet structure is one component available on the controller flood spillway construction. These structures have no level indication 12.0 m.O.D peak of the danger level of the dam. If the water level in the pond reservoir rises above this level, water will spill over the spillway crest and by itself will go out to the downstream without a controlled flow rate. The structure is built of concrete with dimensions 60 m long capabilities. This maximum level spillway is 360 m3/ sec PMF. However, the occurrence of the spillway flood water should be avoided. Among the possible occurrence of this can happen is that rainwater in the area catchment than the frequency of heavy rain in 100 years. Radial Gates Radial gates was built in components controller flood spillway. Each door measures 7m x 4 m and can be opened and closed manually or by using electricity. The doors of this water function according to the operation of dams to control water levels in the reservoirs and flood control dams upstream.

4.0

CONSTRUCTION

Stripping The area covered by the base of the dam must be stripped of all vegetation and organic soil. The organic soil can be stockpiled and used on the downstream slope of the fill. All slopes steeper than 1.5:1 on sides of draw should be flattened to minimum of 2:1. Key trench A key trench (cutoff trench) is excavated below the base of the fill upstream of the centerline of the fill. The key trench is incorporated in the design for two reasons: to anchor the dam to the base material and to prevent piping (seepage under the fill). The key trench should be a minimum of three feet deep for a dam the height of 10 to 12 feet. It should extend the full length of the dam and reach one third to one half of the way up the side slope of the draw. Fill construction The dam must be constructed from an impervious (clay or clay-based) material. A simple field test to determine the suitability of the material for compaction requires adding a small amount of moisture to a handful of material and then mixing to the consistency of putty. Next, try rolling the material between the palms of your hands. The material has good compaction characteristics if it can be rolled to the diameter of a pencil, approximately six inches long, then bent into a loop without separating the material. Several attempts may be required to obtain the proper moisture level to do the test. Construction material taken from the surrounding hillsides or an excavation in the reservoir area must be placed close to horizontal in the fill in six inch layers and compacted. If the material is dry, moisture will have to be added, and suitable compaction equipment such as a sheepsfoot packer used to obtain the proper compaction. A simple test to evaluate proper compaction is to place the edge of the heel of a hard-soled boot on the fill and push down hard with all your weight. If only a mark is left, compaction is satisfactory. If the heel sinks in, compaction is poor. No rocks over six inches in diameter should be placed in the fill. Start construction by filling the key trench with well-compacted material, and continue adding six inch layers until the maximum height is obtained. The top of the dam at the center of the draw should be built 10 per cent higher than the design to allow for settlement of the fill. A riparian pipe should be placed through the bottom of the fill during construction, along with a frost-free valve (curb stop) set well back in the fill to ensure frost protection. This pipe and valve system will allow water to be released downstream to a stockwatering trough, or to other water storage facilities during times of water shortages.

5.0

IMPACT

Residential area impact With its built this dam to reduce water shortages and flooding problems occur when the rainy season. Therefore, all rain water will be channeled into the dam and then saved to be channeled back to the residents to use for their daily lives. Impact assessment Impact is assessed in several ways, the benefits to human society arising from the dam (agriculture, water, damage prevention and power), harm or benefit to nature and wildlife, impact on the geology of an area whether the change to water flow and levels will increase or decrease stability, and the disruption to human lives (relocation, loss of archeological or cultural matters underwater). Environmental impact Reservoirs held behind dams affect many ecological aspects of a river. Rivers topography and dynamics depend on a wide range of flows whilst rivers below dams often experience long periods of very stable flow conditions or saw tooth flow patterns caused by releases followed by no releases. Water releases from a reservoir including that exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, and this in turn can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks; for example, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by the Glen Canyon Dam was a contributor to sand bar erosion. Older dams often lack a fish ladder, which keeps many fish from moving up stream to their natural breeding grounds, causing failure of breeding cycles or blocking of migration paths. Even the presence of a fish ladder does not always prevent a reduction in fish reaching the spawning grounds upstream. In some areas, young fish ("smolt") are transported downstream by barge during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that have a lower impact upon aquatic life are an active area of research. A large dam can cause the loss of entire ecospheres, including endangered and undiscovered species in the area, and the replacement of the original environment by a new inland lake. Large reservoirs formed behind dams have been indicated in the contribution of seismic activity, due to changes in water load and/or the height of the water table.

Human social impact The impact on human society is also significant. Nick Cullather argues in Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia that dam construction requires the state to displace individual people in the name of the common good, and that it often leads to abuses of the masses by planners. He cites Morarji Desai, Interior Minister of India, in 1960 speaking to villagers upset about the Pong Dam, who threatened to "release the waters" and drown the villagers if they did not cooperate. For example, the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China is more than five times the size of the Hoover Dam (U.S.), and will create a reservoir 600 km long to be used for hydro-power generation. Its construction required the loss of over a million people's homes and their mass relocation, the loss of many valuable archaeological and cultural sites, as well as significant ecological change. It is estimated that to date, 40-80 million people worldwide have been physically displaced from their homes as a result of dam construction. Economics Construction of a hydroelectric plant requires a long lead-time for site studies, hydrological studies, and environmental impact assessment, and are large scale projects by comparison to traditional power generation based upon fossil fuels. The number of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; new sites tend to be far from population centers and usually require extensive power transmission lines. Hydroelectric generation can be vulnerable to major changes in the climate, including variation of rainfall, ground and surface water levels, and glacial melt, causing additional expenditure for the extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low water years. Once completed, if it is well designed and maintained, a hydroelectric power source is usually comparatively cheap and reliable. It has no fuel and low escape risk, and as an alternative energy source it is cheaper than both nuclear and wind power. It is more easily regulated to store water as needed and generate high power levels on demand compared to wind power, although dams have life expectancies while renewable energies do not.

6.0

CONCLUSION

Earth fill dams are a good alternative to dugouts where larger volumes of water must be stored at a reasonable cost and suitable site conditions exist. Proper design and construction is essential for dams; otherwise they will fail from washouts or seepage losses. If water quantity is your main priority, then a dam could be the best option. If better water quality is the important factor, a dugout is probably a better option. Take the time to properly plan, construct, inspect and maintain your dam, and it will be a valuable water resource for your farm for many years to come. Semberong dam was built on the basis of ability to store rain water repeat period of 10 years without waste water for 7 days. To limit the flood water out of the flood spillway Controller (fro) as a result of repeated periods of rain once in 25 years to a maximum of 10 M3 / s. Water overflowing the spillway Help for the repetition frequency of rain 100. With the establishment of the dam, residents in the surrounding area will benefit. Floods and water shortages can be addressed.But with the construction of this dam, all problems will be addressed.

7.0

REFERENCES
http://www.mada.gov.my/web/guest/empangan http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcoursecontents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Water%20Resource %20Engg/pdf/m4l06.pdf http://users.tpg.com.au/houlsby1/Types%20of%20Gt.htm http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Gravity_Dam http://www.mada.gov.my/web/guest/empangan http://berita-harian-online.com/tasik-pedu/ http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/pedu-lake.htm http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Gravity_Dam http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Pedu http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik_Pedu http://www.mada.gov.my/web/guest/empangan