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Economic Faculty
Money and Finance Department
Economics The study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce
resources that nature and previous generations have provided
Opportunity cost: That which we for go, or give up, when we make a choice or a
decision
Sunk cost: Costs that can not be avoided, regardless of what is done in the future,
because they have already been incurred.
Efficient Market:
A Market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
Industrial Revolution: The period in England during the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries in which new manufacturing technologies and improved
transportation gave rise to the modern factory system and a massive movement of
the population from the countryside to ht cities.
Descriptive economics: the compilation of data that describe phenomena and facts
Economic theory: A statement or set of related statements about cause and effect,
action and reaction.
Model: A formal statement of a theory. Usually a mathematical statement of
presumed relationship between two or more variables.
Variable: A measure that can change from time to time or from observation to
observation.
Ockham’s razor: The principle that irrelevant detail should be cut away.
Ceteris paribus or all else equal: A device used to analyze the relationship
between toe variables while the values of other variables are held unchanged.
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc: Literally “after this (in time), therefore because of
this,” A Common error made in thinking about causation: If Event A happens
before Event B, it is not Necessarily Tue That a Caused B.
Fallacy of composition: the erroneous belief that what is true for a part is
necessarily true for the whole.
Empirical Economics: The collection and use of data to test economics theories.
Stability: A condition in which output is steady or growing, with low inflation and
full employment of resources.
Chapter 2
Production: the process by which resources are transformed into useful forms.
Capital: things that have already been produced that are in turn used to produce
other goods and services.
Three basic questions: the questions that all societies must answer:
1- What will be produced?
2- How will it be produced?
3- Who will get what is produced?
Opportunity Cost: that which we give up, or forgo, when we make a choice or a
decision.
Market: the Institution through which buyers and sellers interact and engage in
exchange.
Consumer sovereignty: The idea that consumers ultimately dictate what will be
produced (or not produced) by choosing what to purchase) and what not to
purchase).
Price: the amount that a product sells for per unit. It reflects what society is
willing to pay.
Private sector:
Includes all independently owned profit-making firms, nonprofit organizations,
and households; all the decision making units in the economy that are not part of
the government.
Public sector:
Includes all agencies at all levels of government-federal, state and local
International sector:
From any one country’s perspective the economies of the rest of the world
Chapter 3
Proprietorship: A firm of business organization in which a person simply sets up a
business to provide goods or services at a profit. In a proprietorship, the proprietor
(or owner) is the firm. The assets and liabilities of firm are the owner’s assets and
liabilities
Partnership:
A firm for business organization in which there is more than one proprietor. the
owner is responsible jointly and separately for the firm’s obligations.
Corporation:
A firm of business organization resting on a legal charter that establishes the
corporation as an entity separate from its owner. Owners hold shares and are liable
for the firm’s debts only up to the limit of there investment, or share in the firm.
Share of stock:
A certificate of partial ownership of a corporation. Entitles the holder to a portion
of the corporation’s profits.
Net income:
The profit of a firm.
Dividends:
The portion of a corporation’s profits that the firm pays out each period to
shareholders. Also called distributed profits.
Retained earnings:
The profits that a corporation keeps, usually for the purchase of capital assets.
Also called undistributed profits.
Industry:
A group of firms that boundaries of “product” can be drawn very widely
(“agricultural products”), less widely (‘dairy products”), or very narrowly
(“cheese”, the term industry can be sued interchangeably with the term market.
Market organization:
The way an industry is structures structure is defined by how many firms there are
in an industry, whether products are differentiated or are virtually the same,
whether or not firms in the industry can control prices or wages, and whether or
not competing firms can enter and leave the industry freely.
Perfect competition:
An industry structure in which there are many firms, each small relative to the
industry, producing virtually identical products and in which no firm is large
enough to have any control over prices.
In perfectly competitive industries, new compotators can freely enter and exit the
market.
Homogeneous products:
Undifferentiated outputs; products that are identical to, or indistinguishable from,
one another.
Monopoly:
An industry structure in which there is only one large firm that produces a product
for which there are one close substitutes.
Monopolists can set prices but are subject to market discipline. For a monopoly to
continue to exist, something must prevent potential competitors from entering the
industry and competing for profits.
Barrier to entry:
Something that prevents new firms from entering and competing in an industry.
Monopolistic competition:
An industry structure in which many firms compete, producing similar but slightly
differentiated products.
There are close substitutes for the products of any given firm. Monopolistic
competitors have some control over price. Price and quality competition follows
from product differentiation. Entry and exit are relatively easy, and success invites
new competitors.
Oligopoly:
An industry structure with a small number of (usually) large firms producing
products that range from highly differentiated (automobiles) to standardized
(copper), in general, entry of new firms into an oligopolistic industry is difficult
but possible.
Excite taxes:
Taxes on specific commodities.
Chapter 4
Firm:
An organization that transforms resources (inputs) into products (outputs). Firms
are the primary producing units in a market economy.
Entrepreneur:
A person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of firms, taking a new
idea or a new product and turning it into a successful business.
Households:
The consuming units in an economy
Labor market:
The input/factor market in which households supply there savings, for interest or
for claims to future profits, to firms that demand funds in order to buy capital
goods.
Land market:
The input/factor market in which households supply land or other real property in
exchange for rent.
Factors of production:
The inputs into the production process.
Land, labor, and capital are the three key factors of productions>
Quantity demanded:
The amount (number of units) of a product that a household should buy in a given
period if it could buy all it wanted at the curing market prices.
Demand schedules:
A table showing how much of a given product a household would be willing to
buy at different prices.
Demand curve:
A graph illustrating how much of a given product a household would be willing to
buy at different prices.
Law of demand:
The negative relationship between price and quantity demanded: As price rises,
quantity demanded decreases. As price falls, quantity demanded increases.
Income:
The sum of all a household’s wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents and
other form of earning in a given period of time. It is a flow measure.
Normal goods:
Good for which demand goes up when income is higher and for which demand
goes down when income is lower.
Inferior goods:
Goods for which demand tends to fall when income rises.
Substitutes:
Goods that can serve as replacements for one another; when the price of one
increase, demand for the other goes up.
Perfect substitutes:
Indicial products.
Market demand:
The sum of all the quantities of a good or service demanded per period by all the
households buying in the market for that good or service.
Profit:
The difference between revenues and costs.
Quantity supplied:
The amount of a particular product that a firm should be willing and able to offer
for sale at a particular price during a given time period.
Supply schedule:
A table shown house much of a product firms will supply at different prices.
Law of supply:
The positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied: an
increase in market price will lead to an increase in quantity supplied, and a
decrease in market price will lead to a decrease in quantity supplied.
Supply curve:
A graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will supply at different prices.
Market supply:
The sum of all that is supplied each period by all producers of a single product.
Equilibrium:
The condition that exist when quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal.
At equilibrium, there is no tendency for price to change.