I'm

'I'm' is an abbreviation for the word 'I AM.' It is used in combination with other words to tell someone about yourself or to describe something you are doing. Here are some examples: "I'm so tired." "I'm confused." "I'm happy." "I'm twenty three years old." "I'm hungry." "I'm nervous." "I'm excited." "I'm leaving work." "I'm thirsty." "I'm from Seattle." You can also add descriptive words with 'I'm' such as: "I'm extremely tired." "I'm very happy." "I'm terribly hungry." "I am super excited." "I'm very nervous."

I'm in/at/on
Describes an action you are doing. Most commonly, you would use the word 'in' when entering a physical location such as a room or a building. Here are some examples: "I'm in the shower." "I'm in the lobby." "I'm in a car." "I'm in a house." "I'm in a school." Using the word 'at' helps tell someone where you currently are. The difference between 'at' and 'in' is that the physical location is general. Here are some examples: "I'm at the grocery." "I'm at the mall." "I'm at the doctor's office." "I'm at the park." "I'm at the airport." However, in some cases you can use 'at' and 'in' interchangeably.

Here are some examples: "I'm at the mall." "I'm in the mall." "I'm at the park." "I'm in the park." "I'm at the grocery." "I'm in the grocery." Using the word 'on' is referring to a non physical location such as your time being utilized by something else. Here are some examples: "I'm on the phone." "I'm on my computer." "I'm on a bus."

I'm good at
Again, 'I'm' is used here as 'I am.' 'Good at' informs someone what you excel at and are comfortable doing. Here are some examples: "I'm good at drawing." "I'm good at video games." "I'm good at swimming." "I'm good at driving." "I'm good at reading." "I'm good at sports." "I'm good at writing." "I'm good at math." "I'm good at dancing." "I'm good at chess."

I'm + (verb)
'I'm' is a contraction of the words 'I am.' By adding a verb to 'I'm' this lets you express an action or occurrence about yourself. Here are some examples: "I'm eating lunch." "I'm brushing my teeth." "I'm scared." "I'm driving to work." "I'm crying." "I'm typing an email." "I'm cooking dinner." "I'm combing my hair." "I'm hanging a picture." "I am texting."

"I am dancing." "I am interested in the job." "I am exercising." "I am sad." "I am learning."

I'm getting
When combining the words 'I am' and 'getting' you are telling someone 'you' are gaining possession, being affected by or have plans to seek out and obtain a particular thing. Here are some examples: "I'm getting better." "I'm getting ready for bed." "I'm getting a tooth ache." "I'm getting a cold." "I'm getting married." "I'm getting tired." "I'm getting good at reading." "I'm getting a new car." "I'm getting a job." "I'm getting a puppy."

I'm trying + (verb)

'I am trying' informs someone that you are attempting to accomplish something using bodily, mental, or spiritual strength. By adding a verb to 'I'm trying' you are pointing out exactly what it is you are attempting to do. Here are some examples: "I'm trying to get a job." "I'm trying to call my family." "I'm trying to enjoy my dinner." "I'm trying to educate myself." "I'm trying to explain myself." "I'm trying new food." "I'm trying to eat healthy." "I'm trying to understand." You may also hear the word 'trying' used to express a way someone is feeling. In this manner, it expresses strain or distress. Here are some examples: "Learning new things can be trying on you." "That marathon was very trying on me."

I'm gonna + (verb)

The word 'gonna' is incorrect grammatically. The equivalent in proper grammar would be 'going to.' When using the word 'gonna' you are telling someone what you are planning to do at that moment or in the near future. Here are some examples: "I'm gonna have some coffee." "I'm gonna go to work." "I'm gonna eat some cake." "I'm gonna send out my resume." "I'm gonna run a marathon." "I'm gonna ask her out for dinner." "I'm gonna stop smoking." "I'm gonna help my friends." "I'm gonna take swim lessons." "I'm gonna read a book."

I have + (noun)
By using the words 'I have' you are informing someone of something you have possession of or have acquired. Here are some examples: "I have a cat." "I have a nice car." "I have a house." "I have a computer." "I have a headache." You may hear the words 'cannot' and 'won't' used with 'I have.' By adding these you can express what you will not put up with or allow. Here are some examples: "I cannot have that behavior in my house." "I cannot have you over tonight." "I won't have anything to do with that." "I won't have it any other way."

I have + (past participle)

Again, 'I have' shows possession or something acquired. By adding a past participle you are informing someone of a past or completed action done by you. Here are some examples: "I have done it." "I have heard that before." "I have driven a car." "I have forgotten the words." "I have read that book." "I have eaten at that restaurant before." "I have flown in an airplane."

"I have forgiven you." "I have seen you before." "I have written a letter."

I used to + (verb)
'Used to' expresses something that was done in the past, and is not usually done now. Here are some examples: "I used to develop websites." "I used to jog every day." "I used to paint." "I used to smoke." "I used to work from home." "I used to live in California." "I used to go to the beach every day." "I used to sing in a choir." "I used to like vegetables." "I used to start work at 6 o'clock."

I have to + (verb)
The words 'have to' describe something that needs to take place soon. It expresses certainty, necessity, or obligation. Here are some examples: "I have to switch schools." "I have to use the telephone." "I have to go to the bathroom." "I have to leave." "I have to unpack my bags." You can also add the word 'don't' to suggest that someone is not required to do something. "I don't have to switch schools." "I don't have to use the telephone." "I don't have to go to the bathroom." "I don't have to leave." "I don't have to unpack my bags."

I wanna + (verb)
The word 'wanna' is incorrect grammatically. It is equivalent to 'want to.' When combined with the word 'I' it helps communicate something you want to do. Here are some examples: "I wanna talk." "I wanna search for a job." "I wanna order some food."

"I wanna marry her." "I wanna listen to that song." By adding the word 'don't' you can change the meaning of what you are saying to something you 'want' to do to something you 'do not' want to do. Here are some examples: "I don't wanna talk." "I don't wanna search for a job." "I don't wanna marry her." "I don't wanna listen to that song." "I don't wanna order some food."

I gotta + (verb)
'I gotta' is grammatically incorrect. It is more of a spoken form. If you want to say this with proper grammar, the equivalent would be, 'I have got to' or 'I've got to'. In the spoken form, 'got to' is shortened to 'gotta' and the word 'have' is dropped. Here are some examples: "I gotta manage my money." "I gotta obey the laws." "I gotta move to a bigger house." "I gotta impress my boss." "I gotta brush my teeth." By adding the word 'have' you can change what you are saying to express something that needs to be done in the near future. Here are some examples: "I have got to be on time to work." "I've gotta try harder at school." "I've gotta tell my wife I'll be late." "I've gotta learn more about the laws." "I've gotta clean my house today."

I would like to + (verb)

This sentence lets someone know what you would be interested in doing. This can be a physical, mental or verbal action. Here are some examples: "I would like to answer that question." "I would like to compete in a cooking contest." "I would like to explain myself." "I would like to invite you over." "I would like to practice." "I would like to become a doctor."

"I would like to see you more often." "I would like to thank you." "I would like to learn about animals." "I would like to meet the President."

I plan to + (verb)
'Plan to' describes something that you would like to do in the near future. Here are some examples: "I plan to find a new apartment." "I plan to relax on vacation." "I plan to surprise my parents." "I plan to wash my car." "I plan to adopt a child." "I plan to impress my boss." "I plan to watch a movie." "I plan to save more money." "I plan to read a book." "I plan to learn new things."

I've decided to + (verb)

'I've' is short for 'I have' and including the word 'decided' you are stating that you have made a decision or come to a conclusion. Here are some examples: "I've decided to accept the job." "I've decided to complete my degree." "I've decided to change my bad habits." "I've decided to extend my membership at the gym." "I've decided to form a chess club." "I've decided to hand over my responsibilities." "I've decided to help you move." "I've decided to interview for the job." "I've decided to increase my work load." "I've decided to manage a store."

I was about to + (verb)

When stating 'I was about to' you are informing someone that you are going to be doing something at that moment or in the very near future. Here are some examples: "I was about to go out." "I was about to go to dinner." "I was about to go to bed." "I was about to go to work."

"I was about to say the same thing." "I was about to call you." "I was about to send you an email." "I was about to mow my grass." "I was about to order us some drinks." "I was about to watch television."

I didn't mean to + (verb)

The word 'didn't' is a contraction of the words 'did not'. When using it in a sentence with the words 'mean to' you are informing someone that you did something you regret or are sorry for. This could have been a physical, mental or verbal action. Here are some examples: "I didn't mean to hurt your feelings." "I didn't mean to call you so late." "I didn't mean to lie about what happened." "I didn't mean to embarrass you." "I didn't mean to stay out so late." "I did not mean to say those things." "I did not mean to leave you out." "I did not mean to make you confused." "I did not mean to think you were involved." "I did not mean to cause trouble."

I don't have time to + (verb)

The word 'don't' is a contraction of the words 'do not.' When adding 'have time to' you are simply stating that you have other obligations and all other things considered must wait. Here are some examples: "I don't have time to explain." "I don't have time to eat." "I don't have time to exercise." "I don't have time to watch my favorite TV show." "I don't have time to talk." You can also use the phrase 'I don't' to express things you do not like, things you do not understand, or things you do not do. Here are some examples: "I don't eat meat." "I don't like the rain." "I don't understand Spanish." "I do not understand what you are saying." "I do not like scary movies." "I do not like sports."

I promise not to + (verb)

When using the word 'promise' you are giving your word that what you are saying is true. You might also be assuring someone a guarantee that you will follow thru on what you are saying to them. When using 'promise not to' you are stating you will not do a particular thing. Here are some examples: "I promise not to tell." "I promise not to leave without you." "I promise not to be so late." "I promise not to hurt your feelings." "I promise not to wake you up." You can also just use the word 'promise' to assure someone of your intentions. Here are some examples: "I promise I am telling the truth." "I promise to practice my math." "I promise to call you." "I promise I will tell you." "I promise I will come to your party."

I'd rather + (verb)

'I'd' is a contraction of the words 'I had' or 'I would.' When using it with the word 'rather' you are suggesting you would like to do or prefer one thing more than another. Here are some examples: "I'd rather talk about this later." "I'd like to eat at home than go get fast food." "I'd rather ski than snowboard." "I'd rather stay late than come in early tomorrow." "I'd rather handle the problem myself." "I had rather go home than stay out too late." "I had rather listen to my parents or get in trouble." "I would rather exercise than sit on the couch all day." "I would rather complete my task early." "I would rather know the answer."

I feel like + (verb-ing)

Here you are expressing to someone something you would enjoy doing. Here are some examples: "I feel like going for a bike ride."

"I feel like going to the beach." "I feel like having a snack." "I feel like talking." "I feel like dancing." "I feel like having friends over to my house." "I feel like watching TV." By adding 'don't' or 'do not' you can change what you are saying to express something you would not enjoy or express a concern about something. Here are some examples: "I don't feel like leaving yet." "I don't feel like explaining." "I don't feel like going to bed." "I do not feel comfortable talking about it." "I do not feel like we are going in the right direction."

I can't help + (verb-ing)

The word 'can't' is contraction for 'cannot.' Combined with 'help' you are communicating something you are unable to control or having a hard time gaining a grasp for. This can be a physical or mental action. Here are some examples: "I can't help thinking about it." "I can't help shopping so much." "I can't help working all the time." "I can't help smiling when I see her." "I can't help eating so much." "I can't help loving you." "I can not help biting my nails when I am nervous." "I can not help smoking when I have been drinking." "I cannot help feeling so sad." "I cannot help remembering the things you did."

I was busy + (verb-ing)

When using the word 'was', you are referring to something in a past tense, or something that happened before. Combining it with the word 'busy' you can express something that was occupying you in a past time. Here are some examples: "I was busy thinking." "I was busy working." "I was busy cooking dinner." "I was busy talking on the phone." "I was busy cleaning the house." "I was busy studying for my test." "I was busy thinking of ideas for our website." "I was busy entertaining our neighbors." "I was busy completing my housework."

"I was busy learning new things." By changing 'was' to 'am' you change your message from past tense to present tense and refer to something you are doing 'now.' Here are some examples: "I am busy working." "I am busy cooking dinner." "I am busy studying for my test." "I am busy completing housework." "I am busy talking on the phone."

I'm not used to + (verb-ing)

Here you are using 'not used to' to inform someone that you are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with a topic at hand. Here are some examples: "I'm not used to talking English." "I'm not used to studying so much." "I'm not used to being around new people." "I'm not used to talking in front of groups of people." "I'm not used to having so much stress." "I'm not used to traveling so much." "I'm not used to working so early." "I'm not used to having so much responsibility." "I'm not used to drinking so much."

I want you to + (verb)

'I want you to' is telling someone that you have a desire or would like for them to do something. Here are some examples: "I want you to clean the dishes." "I want you to come home right after school." "I want you to call once you get there." "I want you to explain yourself to me." "I want you to educate me." By using the word 'need' instead of 'want' you are expressing something that is required or wanted. Here are some examples: "I need you to study harder in school." "I need you to stop and listen to me." "I need you to greet our guests." "I need you to introduce me to your family." "I need to request a refund."

I'm here to + (verb)

You are informing someone that you are at a particular place to accomplish something. Here are some examples: "I'm here to apply for the job." "I'm here to take a test." "I'm here to receive my gift." "I'm here to support all your decisions." "I'm here to watch a movie." "I'm here to work on your computer." "I'm here to welcome you to the neighborhood." "I'm here to raise awareness for cancer." "I'm here to start the job." "I'm here to receive the award."

I have something + (verb)

When using the expression 'I have something' you are communicating that you possess something or need to do something that is unspecified or undetermined. Here are some examples: "I have something to complete." "I have something to share with you." "I have something important to tell you." "I have something to encourage you." "I have something to explain to you." "I have something special planned for your birthday." "I have something else to consider." "I have something to apologize about." "I have something to attend tonight." "I have something to ask you." "I have something fun for us to do."

I'm looking foward to

When telling someone that you are 'looking forward to' you are saying that you are waiting or hoping for something, especially with pleasure. Here are some examples: "I'm looking forward to meeting you." "I'm looking forward to talking with you." "I'm looking forward to going on vacation." "I'm looking forward to spending time with my family." "I'm looking forward to learning the English language." "I am looking forward to visiting another country." "I am looking forward to having a family." "I am looking forward to graduating from college."

"I am looking forward to watching the baseball game." "I am looking forward to running in a race."

I'm calling to + (verb)

When using the words 'I'm calling' you are stating that you are actually using the phone to call and relay information. Here are some examples: "I'm calling to tell you about my day." "I'm calling to accept your invitation." "I'm calling to answer your question." "I'm calling to book a reservation at your restaurant." "I'm calling to complain about something." "I'm calling to thank you." "I'm calling to support your decision." "I'm calling to remind you of our dinner plans." "I'm calling to report a lost wallet." "I'm calling to receive my prize."

I'm working on + (noun)

'I'm' is a contraction for the words 'I am.' The phrase 'working on' relays a physical or mental effort towards an accomplishment. Here are some examples: "I'm working on a big project." "I'm working on training my dog." "I'm working on making new friends." "I'm working on educating myself." "I'm working on my homework." "I am working on painting a house." "I am working on a new idea." "I am working on my computer." "I'm working on my website."

I'm sorry to + (verb)

Saying you are 'sorry to' expresses a feeling of sympathy or regret. Here are some examples: "I'm sorry to be so late." "I'm sorry to hear about your sick mother." "I'm sorry to waste your time." "I'm sorry to make you feel so sad." "I'm sorry to frighten you." "I'm sorry to disagree with your decision." "I'm sorry to call so late."

"I'm sorry to admit what I did." "I'm sorry to end this relationship."

I'm thinking of + (verb-ing)

'Thinking' refers to a process of thought, forming an opinion or judgment. When expressing 'I am thinking of' you are letting someone know what you are personally thinking. Here are some examples: "I'm thinking of checking out the new movie." "I'm thinking of filming my vacation." "I'm thinking of following a healthy diet." "I'm thinking of handing out flyers describing our business." "I'm thinking of increasing my work load." "I am thinking of introducing myself to him." "I am thinking of launching a new website." "I am thinking of moving to a new city." "I am thinking of offering her the position." "I am thinking of opening up a store."

I'll help you + (verb)

This lets you inform someone that you are willing to provide assistance. This could refer to something physical or mental, like helping someone to 'think' or 'remember' something. Here are some examples: "I'll help you cook dinner tonight." "I'll help you raise money for your charity." "I'll help you register for your class online." "I'll help you move to your new house." "I'll help you prevent that from happening again." "I will help you park your car." "I will help you provide all the information you need." "I will help you realize your potential." "I will help you stop smoking." "I will help you shop for groceries."

I'm dying to + (verb)

When using the word 'dying' in this manner you are referring to wanting or desiring something greatly. Here are some examples: "I'm dying to relax on the beach." "I'm dying to pick some fresh fruit." "I'm dying to order some desserts." "I'm dying to find out if I got the job." "I'm dying to move to a bigger house." "I'm dying to look at all the work you've done."

"I'm dying to learn more about you." "I'm dying to introduce you to my parents." "I'm dying to expand my business." "I'm dying to check my score on the test."

It's my turn to + (verb)

The word 'It's' is a contraction of the words 'it is.' When stating 'my turn' you are telling someone that it is time to change position or position focuses on to you. Here are some examples: "It's my turn to walk you home." "It's my turn to do laundry." "It's my turn to work late." "It's my turn to take out the trash." "It's my turn to choose where we eat." "It is my turn to pay for dinner." "It is my turn to roll the dice." "It is my turn to provide an answer." "It is my turn to try and play the game." "It is my turn to attempt solving the problem."

It's hard for me to + (verb)

When saying that something is 'hard for me' you are informing someone that what you are talking about is difficult or challenging for you. Here are some examples: "It's hard for me to accept what you are telling me." "It's hard for me to argue your point." "It's hard for me to balance my check book." "It's hard for me to concentrate on the task." "It's hard for me to consider your other options." "It's hard for me to depend on you." "It is hard for me to decide where to go tonight." "It is hard for me to explain my actions." "It is hard for me to guarantee your success." "It is hard for me to handle so much pressure."

I'm having a hard time + (verb-ing)

By stating you are having a hard time you are letting someone know you are having difficulty with something. This could be something physical or mental and something that could be overcome with effort. Here are some examples: "I'm having a hard time writing." "I'm having a hard time understanding you." "I'm having a hard time answering your question."

"I'm having a hard time downloading songs to my iPod." "I'm having a hard time agreeing to the terms." With the addition of a verb you can express in more detail just how difficult something is for you. Here are some examples: "I'm having an extremely hard time trusting you." "I'm having an extremely hard time with my wife." "I'm having a very hard time finding a job." "I'm having a very hard time finding parts for my car."

I think I should + (verb)

Here you are telling someone that you feel strongly about doing a particular action. Here are some examples: "I think I should practice my reading." "I think I should join a study group." "I think I should handle this as soon as possible." "I think I should earn my degree." "I think I should explain myself." By adding the word 'don't' you have changed what you are conveying from something you are thinking of doing, to something you are against. Here are some examples: "I do not think I should complain so much." "I do not think I should attend that event." "I do not think I should borrow more money." "I do not think I should doubt you." "I do not think I should decide until later."

I've heard that + (subject + verb)

You are letting someone know that you are aware of something or that you have been informed of something that is taking place. This could be something that has already happened or something happening in the near future. 'I've' is a contraction of the words 'I have.' Here are some examples: "I've heard that you got a new job." "I've heard that you want to leave your job." "I've heard that you got a new car." "I've heard that you like to jog." "I've heard that you fix computers." "I've heard that you've never been to Canada." "I've heard that you like to shop." "I've heard that you and your boss don't get along." "I've heard that there is no school next week." "I've heard that your wife is a yoga instructor."

It occurred to me that (subject + verb)

The word 'occurred' informs someone that something has come to mind or has been found. You are letting someone know that you suddenly have thought or remembered about something. Here are some examples: "It occurred to me that I forgot your birthday." "It occurred to me that we both belong to the same gym." "It occurred to me that we enjoy a lot of the same things." "It occurred to me the price for homes are more expensive here." "It occurred to me that eating healthy makes me feel better." Using the word 'had' or 'has' can change what you are saying to represent something remembered in a past time. Here are some examples: "It had occurred to me that I forgot something at the grocery." "It had occurred to me I might need to change my email address." "It has occurred to me I forgot my mom's birthday." "It has occurred to me before."

Let me + (verb)
'Let me' is suggesting that you are asking for permission or an opportunity to do something. Here are some examples: "Let me make my own decisions." "Let me offer to help you." "Let me open the door for you." "Let me pause and think about what we are doing." "Let me welcome you to the neighborhood." "Let me save you the trouble." "Let me make a suggestion." "Let me try and fix your car." "Let me taste the soup before you add more spices." "Let me treat you to some ice cream."

Thank you for

Saying 'thank you' is telling someone you appreciate what they have done. This can either be something they did for you or for someone else. Here are some examples: "Thank you for inviting me." "Thank you for helping me move." "Thank you for informing me about the job opening." "Thank you for mailing that package for me." "Thank you for working so hard."

"Thank you for stopping by to visit." "Thank you for replying to my email." "Thank you for providing me with the answers." "Thank you for heating up dinner." "Thank you for hurrying to get here."

Can I + (verb)
When ending a sentence with a question mark (?) you are asking the person or people you are talking to a question for which you would like an answer. Here you are asking permission to do a particular action. Here are some examples: "Can I answer your question?" "Can I attend the event?" "Can I move to another spot?" "Can I call you tomorrow?" "Can I complete this later?" "Can I explain myself?" "Can I help you with your homework?" "Can I include you in our plans?" "Can I introduce you to my co-workers?" "Can I inform you of some bad news?"

Can I get + (noun)

The phrase 'Can I get' can be used in a couple different ways. You can use it to ask a question. Here are some examples: "Can I get a cup of water?" "Can I get a dog?" "Can I get lunch?" "Can I get sugar in my coffee?" "Can I get popcorn at the movie?" You can also use it when offering to help someone or do something for them. Here are some examples: "Can I get you another drink?" "Can I help you move that?" "Can I recommend a good place to eat?" "Can I take you home?" "Can I help you finish your project?"

I'm not sure if (subject + verb)

'I'm not sure' expresses a feeling of uncertainty or lack of confidence on a particular matter. Here are some examples:

"I am not sure if they will offer me the job." "I'm not sure if she'll return my call." "I'm not sure if my wife will understand." "I'm not sure if we will go out tonight." "I'm not sure if I understand your question." "I am not sure if I can handle it." "I am not sure if it will happen." "I am not sure if it will matter." "I am not sure if my mom will notice." "I am not sure if they will permit us to park there."

Do you mind if I + (verb)

You are asking someone in present tense if they object to something you are asking. Here are some examples: "Do you mind if I excuse myself?" "Do you mind if we left early?" "Do you mind if I take a nap?" "Do you mind if I ask your mom?" "Do you mind if it snows?" You could also use the word 'would' Here are some examples: "Would you mind if we went out to eat?" "Would you mind if I opened the window?" "Would you mind telling me what you're doing?" "Would you mind being quiet for a minute?" "Would you mind if I changed the channel?"

I don't know what to + (verb)

You are letting someone know that you are not sure about what is being asked. You may also have no knowledge or opinion on a topic. Here are some examples: "I don't know what to eat for dinner." "I don't know what to buy you for your birthday." "I don't know what to say." "I don't know what to do with my spare time." "I don't know what to do for vacation." "I do not know what to do to make you happy." "I do not know what to do to help you understand." "I do not know what to think." "I do not know what to do to prevent this." "I do not know what to order."

I should have + (past participle)

'Should' is the past tense of the word 'shall.' When using the words 'should have' you are talking about something in the past that you 'ought to' or 'might have' done. Here are some examples: "I should have gone with you." "I should have studied more for my test." "I should have read the directions before starting." "I should have eaten breakfast this morning." "I should have listened to your advice." "I should have married her when I had the chance." 'Shall' is something that will take place or exist in the future. Here are some examples: "I shall leave tomorrow." "I shall finish the job next week." "I shall see it tomorrow." "I shall go outside if it's nice out." "I shall pay for this later."

I wish I could + (verb)

You are expressing a desire to do something. Here are some examples: "I wish I could sing better." "I wish I could settle the argument." "I wish I could sail around the world." "I wish I could remain calm during all of this." "I wish I could remember his name." "I wish I could replace my old car with a new one." "I wish I could play outside." "I wish I could go to the game with you." "I wish I could write better." "I wish I could own my own business."

You should + (verb)

Here you are suggesting an obligation or duty that needs to take place either now or in the near future. Here are some examples: "You should go to bed." "You should do your homework before going outside." "You should replace you headlights on your car." "You should request a raise at work."

"You should stop smoking." "You should smile more." "You should slow down when driving in a neighborhood." "You should talk to him about it." "You should train your dog." "You should trust what they say."

You're supposed to + (verb)

'You're' is a contraction of the words 'you are.' When using 'You're' with the words 'supposed to' you are making a suggestion that something you strongly believe ought to happen. Here are some examples: "You're supposed to keep that secret." "You're supposed to let me know when you leave." "You're supposed to stop when at a red light." "You're supposed to unpack once you get there." "You're supposed to return the movies you rent on time." "You are supposed to remain calm." "You are supposed to fasten your seat belt." "You are supposed to invite all your friends." "You are supposed to encourage one another." "You are supposed to decide before next Thursday."

You seem + (adjective)

When stating 'you seem' you're referring to the person you are talking to and expressing that they are giving the impression of or appear to be. Here are some examples: "You seem bored." "You seem unhappy with the results." "You seem eager to begin." "You seem easy to get along with." "You seem elated to hear the good news." "You seem deeply in love." "You seem afraid of roller coasters." "You seem confused about the rules of the game." "You seem embarrassed about what happened." "You seem decisive about your choice."

You'd better + (verb)

'You'd' is a contraction of 'you had' or 'you would.' You are making a suggestion to someone for a particular action. Here are some examples: "You'd better exercise." "You'd better help out."

"You'd better invite your brother." "You'd better impress the judges." "You'd better listen to your parents." "You had better not come home late." "You had better hope for the best." "You had better change your attitude." "You would be good at teaching." "You would do well at math."

Are you into + (noun)

Here you are asking a question about an interest they might have or something they might enjoy doing. Here are some examples: "Are you into soccer?" "Are you into trying new things?" "Are you into wine tasting?" "Are you into working out at home or at the gym?" "Are you into scary movies?" "Are you into playing games?" "Are you into jogging?" "Are you into painting?" "Are you into traveling?" "Are you into fixing cars?"

Are you trying to + (verb)

You are asking someone if they are attempting to do something. This can be something mentally or physically. Here are some examples: "Are you trying to ignore me?" "Are you trying to manage your money?" "Are you trying to memorize that song?" "Are you trying to offer your help?" "Are you trying to program your new phone?" "Are you trying to pretend like it never happened?" "Are you trying to remain calm?" "Are you trying to remember her name?" "Are you trying to reflect on the past?" "Are you trying to switch flights?"

Please + (verb)
'Please' is generally used in a polite request when asking someone to do something. Here are some examples: "Please pass me the salt." "Please order me the steak and potatoes."

"Please stop bothering me." "Please wash your hands before dinner." "Please wait outside until we are ready." "Please zip up your coat before you go outside." "Please stand back." The word 'please' can also mean to give enjoyment or satisfaction to. Here are some examples: "The smell of the flowers was very pleasing." "May it please the court to admit this into evidence?" "I was very pleased with how the children behaved in class." "You cannot please everyone all the time." "She was pleased with the dress."

Don't + (verb)
The word 'don't' is a contraction of the words 'do not.' It is said to convey a message of what NOT should be done. Here are some examples: "Don't try and fool me." "Don't allow this to happen." "Don't watch scary movies before you go to bed." "Don't cause any more trouble." "Don't chew gum in class." "Do not concern yourself with other people's problems." "Do not behave that way." "Do not announce your decision until you're ready." "Do not argue with me." "Do not arrive late for your meeting."

Do you like
With this question you are asking someone what they prefer or enjoy. Here are some examples: "Do you like traveling on a plane?" "Do you like watching baseball on TV?" "Do you like skiing or snowboarding?" "Do you like going to bed early?" "Do you like spending time with me?" "Do you like repeating the class?" "Do you like playing video games?" "Do you like listening to music?" "Do you like practicing playing the piano?" "Do you like jogging with me?"

How often do you

When asking this question you are inquiring how often or how frequent someone does a particular thing. Here are some examples: "How often do you exercise?" "How often do you change your password?" "How often do you help out at school?" "How often do you listen to your MP3 player?" "How often do you need to go to the dentist?" "How often do you receive your magazine in the mail?" "How often do you report to your supervisor?" "How often do you stretch before working out?" "How often do you talk to your parents?" "How often do you travel?"

Do you want me to + (verb)

To 'want' is to feel or have a desire for. When saying 'Do you want me to' you're asking someone if there is anything you can do for them or assist them with. Here are some examples: "Do you want me to pick up the kids?" "Do you want me to fix your flat tire?" "Do you want me to help you read that book?" "Do you want me to remind you?" "Do you want me to remove my shoes?" The word 'want' can also be used to express something YOU would like someone else to do or that something you personally would enjoy. Here are some examples: "I want you to come over." "I want you to make a decision." "I want you to water the flowers." "I want to understand what you are trying to say." "I want to be better at swimming." "I want to be more involved at church."

What do you think about (verb-ing)

This question asks someone their opinion about a topic. Here are some examples: "What do you think about having a cup of tea with me?" "What do you think about working overtime next week?" "What do you think about waiting in line for tickets?" "What do you think about sailing?" "What do you think about staying here another night?" "What do you think about retiring from your job?"

"What do you think about planting new trees in the backyard?" "What do you think about offering to babysit?" "What do you think about living in a new city?" "What do you think about filming our vacation?"

Why don't we + (verb)

'Don't' is a contraction of 'do not.' When using 'why' you are asking a question that involves yourself and the person you are talking to. Here are some examples: "Why don't we go bowling tonight?" "Why don't we pick some fresh flowers?" "Why don't we play a game of chess?" "Why don't we save more money?" "Why don't we remember this place?" "Why don't we test this before using it?" "Why don't we try and do it again?" "Why don't we post our results online?" "Why don't we gather more firewood?" "Why don't we earn more money?"

It's too bad that

'Too bad' means regrettable or unfortunate. When using it in a sentence you are expressing a concern or regret for what has taken place. The topic being discussed could have happened to you, the person you are talking to, or someone or something else. Here are some examples: "It's too bad that she lost her job." "It's too bad that you have to go." "It's too bad that I found out about it." "It's too bad we will not be there on time." "It's too bad that tickets are all gone to that concert." "It's too bad that it is supposed to rain." "It's too bad that she got hurt." "It's too bad that my work has to lay off people." "It's too bad that you do not understand."

You could have + (past participle)

Using 'could have' you are speaking about something that was, should be or would be. You are stating that they had other options that could have been chosen. Here are some examples: "You could have completed it sooner." "You could have blown your chance." "You could have done better on your exam."

"You could have given me more time to get ready." "You could have heard that from someone else." "You could have sent that package first class." "You could have slept in a little longer." "You could have written him a letter." "You could have thought of something to do." "You could have upset her by saying that."

If I were you, I would + (verb)

Here you are giving an example of what decision YOU would do given the circumstances. This can be in past tense or in a conditional present. Here are some examples: "If I were you, I would enjoy my vacation." "If I were you, I would explain what happened." "If I were you, I would continue working until it is done." "If I were you, I would book my reservations now." "If I were you, I would answer the question." By adding 'have' after the word 'would' you are talking about something in the past tense. Here are some examples: "If I were you, I would have enjoyed my vacation." "If I were you, I would have explained what happened." "If I were you, I would have continued working until it was done." "If I were you, I would have booked my reservations now." "If I were you, I would have answered the question."

It's gonna be + (adjective)

You're informing someone what something is going to be like. This could be something you are going to do, see or feel. Here are some examples: "It's going to be delicious." "It's gonna be easy." "It's gonna be depressing." "It's going to be exciting." "It's going to be disgusting." You can also add 'he or she' or a person's name to describe how they might react to something. Here are some examples: "He is going to be tough to deal with." "He is going to be terrific at that." "She is going to be relieved to hear that." "She is going to be scared after watching that movie."

"Sally is going to be successful." "Mike is going to be grumpy after I tell him."

It looks like + (noun)

You could be describing how something is similar or appears to be by the way it looks. Here are some examples: "It looks like a balloon." "It looks like a jellyfish." "It looks like a banana." "It looks like a fish." You can also use 'it looks like' to describe something that might be in the future. Here are some examples: "It looks like it's going to rain." "It looks like it's going to be fun." "It looks like it's going to be a long day." You can also use it to describe something in the present tense. Here are some examples: "It looks like they are leaving." "It looks like he is waving to us." "It looks like she is lost." "It looks like they are racing."

That's why + (subject + verb)

'That's' is short for 'that is.' Here you are telling someone 'because of this' or 'therefore.' Here are some examples: "That's why people admire you." "That's why she appears so happy." "That's why babies crawl before they can walk." "That's why Pam cries at sad movies." "That's why you fail to understand." "That is why you help out people in need." "That is why you try and include everyone." "That is why you lock your doors when you leave home." "That is why she smiles when you walk by." "That is why you use it for emergencies."

It's time to + (verb)

You are letting someone know that something is required to be done at the present time.

Here are some examples: "It's time to say goodbye." "It's time to ask for a raise." "It's time to collect our money." "It's time to cheer for our team." "It's time to change the clocks." "It is time to decide what to do." "It is time to enjoy ourselves." "It is time to fill me in on what's going on." "It is time to help out." "It is time to join a gym."

The point is that + (subject + verb)

By stating 'the point is' you are stating in your opinion the meaning about what is actually happening. Here are some examples: "The point is that if you study you will do well in school." "The point is that she does not understand." "The point is that we need this done today." "The point is that the world would be a better place." "The point is that we should help." "The point is that snakes can be dangerous." "The point is that leaving a baby alone is not a good idea." "The point is that if we do not leave now we will be late." "The point is that she needs to be more responsible." "The point is that we need to work together."

How was + (noun)

By using the words 'how was' you are asking someone a question about something that happened or something they did in the past. Here are some examples: "How was your meeting?" "How was your doctor's appointment?" "How was the birthday party?" "How was lunch?" "How was the airplane ride?" "How was vacation?" "How were your parents?" "How were roads when you drove home?" "How were people acting after what happened?" "How were holidays with the family?"

How about + (verb-ing)

You're asking someone their opinion on something or if they would like to do something. Here are some examples: "How about singing?" "How about hanging out tonight?" "How about folding the laundry for me?" "How about helping us out?" "How about describing to me what happened?" "How about exploring new ideas?" "How about comparing prices before we buy it?" "How about considering it?" "How about following me to their house?" "How about feeding the dogs?"

What if + (subject + verb)

Here you are asking a question about 'in the event of' or 'in the event that.' Usually you are looking for an answer at the time of the question that is being asked. Here are some examples: "What if I miss the bus?" "What if I were late to dinner?" "What if I called her tomorrow?" "What if I don't understand?" "What if someone sees me?" "What if no one is home?" "What if they decide to stay?" "What if it rains while we are camping?" "What if I do not finish on time?" "What if we introduce ourselves first?"

How much does it cost to + (verb)

You are simply asking how much you would need to pay to do something. Here are some examples: "How much does it cost to fly to Europe?" "How much does it cost to own a house?" "How much does it cost to play a round of golf?" "How much does it cost to join a gym?" "How much does it cost to repair my car?" "How much would it cost to talk long distance?" "How much would it cost to run a website?" "How much would it cost to wash my car?" "How much would it cost to rent a car?" "How much would it cost to go to the movies?"

How come + (subject + verb)

When using 'how come' you are asking why a particular thing has or had to take place. Here are some examples: "How come parents worry so much?" "How come people carpool to work?" "How come you are so upset?" "How come he will not call you?" "How come you stayed out so late?" "How come you cannot make a decision?" "How come you always question me?" "How come we never agree?" "How come your dog digs in the yard?" "How come she will not come over?"

What are the chances of + (verb-ing)

By asking 'what are the chances of' you are wondering how often or in what case would a particular thing happen. Here are some examples: "What are the chances of getting tickets?" "What are the chances of that happening?" "What are the chances of it raining today?" "What are the chances of winning the lottery?" When replacing the word 'the' with 'your' or 'our' you can ask what the chances 'personally' that the topic will happen. Here are some examples: "What are the chances of you staying home today?" "What are your chances of getting the job?" "What are your chances of improving?" "What are your chances of moving?" "What are our chances of staying together?" "What are our chances of working together?" "What are our chances of going together?"

There is something wrong with + (noun)

You are informing someone that there is something not right or out of the ordinary. Here are some examples: "There is something wrong with my laptop." "There is something wrong with my car." "There is something wrong with my cell phone." "There is something wrong with my head." "There is something wrong with your answering machine." "There is something wrong with your way of thinking." "There is something wrong with your attitude." "There is something wrong with your dog."

"There is something wrong with our relationship." "There is something wrong with our alarm clock."

Let's not + (verb)

The word 'let's' is formed from the words 'let us.' Here you are requesting that something not take place at this moment or that what is happening needs to be contained or lessened. Here are some examples: "Let's not discuss this now." "Let's not stay here too long." "Let's not stop anywhere on the way." "Let's not remain mad at each other." "Let's not meddle in other people's business." "Let us not get too excited." "Let us not worry too much." "Let us not interrupt them when they are talking." "Let us help you." "Let us get that for you."

Let's say that + (subject + verb)

'Let's' is a contraction for 'let us.' You are suggesting to someone that you should both agree on what you will communicate to someone else. Here are some examples: "Let's say that you love to fish." "Let's say we found it." "Let's say that we enjoy being with them." "Let's say that we had a good time." "Let's say that it's hard to decide." "Let's say that we have to go." "Let's say that we can host." "Let's say that I have to work." "Let's say that the movie was really good."

There's no need to + (verb)

The word 'there's' is a contraction of the words 'there is' or 'there has.' When expressing 'no need' you are stating that the action does not need to take place. Here are some examples: "There's no need to worry." "There's no need to be upset." "There's no need to act so strange." "There's no need to act so shy." "There's no need to rush off." "There's no need to talk now."

"There is no need to call this late." "There is no need to bother him." "There is no need to run away." "There is no need to stop now."

It takes + (time) + to + (verb)

You are letting someone know how long it will take to do a particular thing. Here are some examples: "It takes one hour to get there." "It takes forty-five minutes for me to get ready." "It takes four quarters to complete a football game." "It takes 7 seconds for my car to go 60 miles per hour." "It takes all day for us to finish golfing." "It takes years to learn to play guitar." "It takes 15 minutes to get to downtown." "It takes me one hour to cook."

Please make sure that + (subject + verb)

You are asking someone to make sure that a particular thing happens or takes place. Here are some examples: "Please make sure that she wakes up on time." "Please make sure that she gets to school." "Please make sure that dinner is ready when we get home." "Please make sure that your assignment is done." "Please make sure that the water is not too hot." "Please make sure you cook the meat long enough." "Please make sure that she is getting along with her new friends." "Please make sure that we leave on time." "Please make sure you record our favorite TV show." "Please make sure that you don't stay out too late."

Here's to + (noun)
'Here's to' is used in a way of celebrating or identifying a person, place, or thing of significance. It is usually said while toasting someone at dinner, or signaling to someone or something after an event. Here are some examples: "Here's to the winner!" "Here's to your marriage!" "Here's to the New Year!" "Here's to great friends!" "Here's to starting a new job!" "Here is to the luckiest guy in the world!" "Here is to you!"

"Here is to happiness!" "Here is to a wonderful day!" "Here is to great memories!"

It's no use + (verb-ing)

'It's' is a contraction for 'it is.' By stating 'it's no use' you are saying that what you or someone else is doing is not recommended or uncalled for. Here are some examples: "It's no use crying." "It's no use separating them." "It's no use talking to her." "It's no use whining about it." "It's no use apologizing." "It's no use attempting to please him." "It's no use arguing about it." "It's no use behaving that way." "It's no use cleaning up." "It's no use checking on it yet."

There's no way + (subject + verb)

'There's' is a contraction of the words 'there is.' By stating 'there's no way' you are relaying a thought of doubt about an event taking place now or in the future. Here are some examples: "There's no way you finish on time." "There's no way we complete on time." "There's no way your mother approves." "There's no way no one claims it." "There's no way they expect it." "There's no way he can fix it." "There's no way he can handle the news." "There's no way your brother injured his ankle." "There is no way that horse jumps it." "There is no way he missed it."

It's very kind of you to + (verb)

When saying it is 'kind of you' you are saying that what someone has done or said was very appreciated or welcomed. Here are some examples: "It's very kind of you to offer me the job." "It's very kind of you to listen to me." "It's very kind of you to join me." "It's very kind of you to invite us."

"It's very kind of you to inform us what happened." "It is kind of you to help us." "It is kind of you to fill me in." "It is kind of you to entertain us." "It is kind of you to double my salary." "It is kind of you to decorate for the party."

There's nothing + (subject) + can + (verb)

'There's' is a contraction of the words 'there is.' When using the word 'nothing' you are suggesting that something cannot happen or be done. Here are some examples: "There's nothing you can harm." "There's nothing the police can identify." "There's nothing we can agree on." "There's nothing we can join." "There's nothing she can cook." "There's nothing my dog can learn." By using the word 'can' or 'can't' you change the expression to mean that all is possible. Here are some examples: "There is nothing I cannot ask for." "There's nothing we cannot accomplish." "There's nothing our dog cannot open." "There's nothing that truck cannot move."

Rumor has it that + (subject + verb)

'Rumor has it' is an expression used when suggesting you might have heard something or read about something that is taking place now or in the future. A rumor is not a fact. Here are some examples: "Rumor has it that that player will get traded." "Rumor has it that she cheated on him." "Rumor has it that they are going to get married." "Rumor has it that you like to paint." "Rumor has it that show is going to end." "Rumor has it that he is going to get a raise." "Rumor has it that your sister got in trouble." "Rumor has it that she goes to our gym." "Rumor has it that he will not return." "Rumor has it it happened while texting."

Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language. For the plural form of most nouns, add s. bottle bottles cup cups pencil pencils desk desks sticker stickers window windows For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es. box boxes watch watches moss mosses bus buses For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es. wolf wolves wife wives leaf leaves life lives Some nouns have different plural forms. child children woman women man men mouse mice goose geese Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules. baby babies toy toys kidney kidneys potato potatoes memo memos stereo stereos A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms. sheep sheep deer deer series series species species

[Quiz 1.1]
Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence. 1) I have three (child, children). 2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women). 3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys. 4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box. 5) A few men wear (watch, watches). 6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk. 7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by. 8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

View Answers
[1.1] 1) children 2) men, woman 3) Babies 4) potatoes 5) watches 6) memo 7) mouse 8) buses

Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns

Count nouns
Can be counted as one or more. pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc. Take an s to form the plural. pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc. Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of). a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc. Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the). a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc. Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers).

Non-count nouns
Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.

water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc. Generally cannot be pluralized. Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence. Sugar is sweet. The sunshine is beautiful. I drink milk. He eats rice. We watch soccer together. The wood is burning. Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much). We ate some rice and milk. I hope to see some sunshine today. This meat is good. She does not speak much Spanish. Do you see any traffic on the road? That wine is very old. Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).

[Quiz 2.1]
Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list: wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood

View Answers
[2.1] wine, water, wind, milk, furniture, rice, wood

Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership. Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and s. John's book Kerry's car Grandma's mirror When a noun is plural and ends in s, just add an apostrophe ('). The kids' toys My parents' house The teachers' lounge If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and s to the second person only.

John and Mary's new house David and Sue's wedding Tom and Doug's car If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and s for each person. Susan's and Beth's books Jean's and Dan's pants Ben's and Jim's offices

[Quiz 3.1]
Which of the following is not correct? 1) Dr. Hunts has a new computer. 2) Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well. 3) Dr. Hunts' computer is new.

View Answers
[3.1] 2

Pronouns
A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Example story: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment. If the story above is written using pronouns: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a person: I go to school. You are a student. They are Koreans. He works here. We gave her food. The word it' refers to an object: I drank it. It is big. They cut it into halves.

Memorize the personal pronouns: Singular Subject First Second Third Male I you he she it Singular Object me you him her it Singular Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself Plural Subject we you they they they Plural Object us you them them them Plural Reflexive ourselves yourselves themselves themselves themselves

Third Female Third Neutral

[Quiz 4.1]
Write the correct pronoun in each blank. 1) I ate an apple. was delicious. 2) You look tired. should rest. 3) She is a teacher. I gave a book. 4) They are my friends. I like very much. 5) He saw the movie. was fun.

View Answers
[4.1] 1) it 2) you 3) her 4) them 5) it

'Be' Verbs
A verb shows action or a state of being. I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day. "Be" verbs indicate a state of being. Verbs must match subjects. I am a doctor. He is sleepy. We are here. Negative sentences need not' after the verb.

I am not a doctor. He is not sleepy. We are not there. The verb comes first in interrogative sentences. Am I a doctor? Is he sleepy? Are we there? "Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't). He isn't sleepy. We aren't there. Remember the variations of "be" verbs:

Present I am You are He is She is It was We are You are They were

Negative I am not You are not (aren't) He is not (isn't) She is not (isn't) It was not (wasn't) We are not (aren't) You are not (aren't) They were not (weren't)

Interragative Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Was it? Are we? Are you? Were they?

[Quiz 5.1]
Which of the following sentences are written correctly? 1) I am thirsty. 2) You are kind. 3) He am not sad. 4) She are not tall. 5) It is not moving. 6) We aren't tired. 7) Is they running? 8) Are you ready?

View Answers

1, 2, 5, 6, and 8

Action Verbs
Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs. Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects. He eats bread. She walks to the station. It floats on the sea. Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not. I do not eat bread. He does not eat bread. You did not walk to the station. It does not float on the sea. Interrogative sentences begin with do, does, or did. Do you eat bread? Does he eat bread? Does she walk to the station? Did they finish it? Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't. I don't eat bread. She doesn't walk to the station. It doesn't float on the sea. They didn't finish it. Remember the variations of action verbs:

Affirmative Sentence I sing a song. You sing a song.

Negative Sentence I do not (don't) sing a song. You do not (don't) sing a song.

Interrogative Sentence Do I sing a song? Do you sing a song?

He (she) sings a song. He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a song. Does he (she) sing a song? We sing a song. They sang a song. We do not (don't) sing a song. They did not (didn't) sing a song. Do we sing a song? Did they sing a song?

[Quiz 6.1]

Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is. 1) I runs a marathon. 2) You look sleepy. 3) She do not dance. 4) Does you leave today? 5) We don't stay here. 6) It come with rice.

View Answers
[6.1] 1) runs -> run 3) do -> does 4) Does -> Do 6) come -> comes

Adjectives
Adjectives describe or modify nouns. I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in a fantastic background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes my tired mind. Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun. A pretty girl Red flowers A long stick Heavy boxes Warm weather Commonly, adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as un, in, or dis. clear unclear, important unimportant, predictable unpredictable, believable unbelievable, common uncommon, aware unaware, ambiguous unambiguous, conventional unconventional, certain uncertain definite indefinite, correct incorrect, comparable incomparable, complete incomplete, evitable inevitable, expensive inexpensive able disable, assemble disassemble, content discontent, similar dissimilar When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order: size/shape + age + color + origin + material. A big brown house A small old English desk A beautiful black Italian leather purse Delicious Chinese food The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun. the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, etc. This popular TV show is loved by the old.

[Quiz 7.1]

Write opposite adjectives using the appropriate prefix. 1) Clear 2) Definite 3) Correct 4) Expensive 5) Complete

[Quiz 7.2]
Underline all adjectives in the following sentences. In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in the big oak tree.

View Answers
[7.1] 1) unclear 2) indefinite 3) incorrect 4) inexpensive 5) incomplete [7.2] red, cute, small, beautiful, big, oak

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than two things Commonly, adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in 'y' use 'er' to form comparatives and 'est' to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in y, change the 'y' to 'i' before adding the 'er' or 'est'. old older oldest young younger youngest pretty prettier prettiest long longer longest short shorter shortest bright brighter brightest close closer closest happy happier - happiest Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form comparatives and most to form superlatives. respectable more respectable most respectable beautiful more beautiful most beautiful preferable more preferable most preferable hardworking more hardworking most hardworking Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives.

good better best bad worse worst little less least much (many) more most far further - furthest The word than typically appears in comparative sentences. Amy is smarter than Betty. Chad is stronger than Dan. Greg is more diligent than his brother. I have more apples than he. She likes him more than me. Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word the. Tom is the oldest man in town. Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood. That shade of blue is the most beautiful color. This is the longest song that I have ever heard.

[Quiz 8.1]
Write the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the word cold in each blank. Yesterday was a cold day. Today is than yesterday. Tomorrow will be the day yet.

[Quiz 8.2]
Which of the following sentences is incorrect? 1) Mary is shorter than Jane. 2) The moon is more closer to the earth than the sun. 3) I have the best score on the exam.

[Quiz 8.3]
Fill in the blanks. 1) My friend has a pretty purse, but I have a one. 2) The weather is yet to come! 3) Today's sunshine is beautiful than yesterday's.

View Answers
[8.1] colder, coldest [8.2] 2

[8.3] prettier, best, more

Adverbs
Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence. The fire engine runs fast. Listen to his speech carefully. I browse the web frequently. It rained hard. An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence. The news is very surprising! The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful. Nature is really amazing! An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence. It rains very hard. Computers run much faster these days. I clean my room less frequently because I am busy. Commonly, adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding 'ly'. slow slowly quick quickly comfortable comfortably loud loudly clear clearly To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'. happy happily easy easily

[Quiz 9.1]
Choose the correct word form in the following sentences. 1) I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time. 2) We talked about it (clear, clearly). 3) I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa. 4) My dog runs very (fast, faster). 5) Lets install the new program (quick, quickly).

View Answers
[9.1] 1) carefully

2) clearly 3) comfortable 4) fast 5) quickly

Simple Tense
Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses.

Simple Present Past Future finish finished will finish

Progressive am/is/are finishing was/were finishing will be finishing

Perfect have/has finished had finished will have finished

Perfect Progressive have/has been finishing had been finishing will have been finishing

Things to remember about simple tense: a. Present tense is the original verb form. b. Past tense has a few patterns. c. Future tense needs will (shall) + verb. run I run a marathon this year. (present) I ran a marathon last year. (past) I will run a marathon next year. (future) eat I eat lunch now. I ate lunch an hour ago. I will eat lunch in one hour. see I see a movie once a week. I saw a movie yesterday. I will see a movie tomorrow. know I know it. I knew it the day before yesterday. I will know it by tomorrow. learn

I learn English. I learned English the last two years. I will learn English next year. cook I cook my supper every night. I cooked our dinner already. I will cook breakfast tomorrow.

[Quiz 10.1]
Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms. 1) I a song at the concert yesterday. 2) He a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow. 3) I to the library to borrow some books this weekend.

View Answers
[10.1] 1) sang 2) will write 3) will go

Progressive and Perfect Tense

Progressive Tense
The progressive tense involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time. In the progressive tense, verbs are formed with a "be" verb + ing. run I am running a marathon right now. (present progressive) I was running a marathon at this time last year. (past progressive) I will be running a marathon next Sunday. (future progressive) eat I am eating lunch now. I was eating lunch when you saw me. I will be eating lunch in the meeting. learn I am learning English at my desk. I was learning English the last two years. I will be learning English then. cook

I am cooking my supper now. I was cooking our dinner when you called me. I will be cooking breakfast by the time you come home.

Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb. The past perfect tense describes an action that started and ended in the past. Use had + the past participle form of the verb. The future perfect tense describes future actions that will occur before some other action. Use will have + the past participle form of the verb. run I have run several marathons this year. (present perfect) I had run many marathons in the past. (past perfect) I will have run a marathon by the time I turn 30. (future perfect) learn I have learned a lot about English grammar this semester. I had learned the basics of English grammar in elementary school. I will have learned a lot about English grammar when I finish college. know I have known her since I was young. I had known her until she passed away. I will have known her for 20 years next month. cook I have cooked supper every night this week. I had cooked supper every night until the stove broke. I will have cooked supper every night by the time this diet ends.

[Quiz 11.1]
Using the following sentence and create three more sentences using the present, past, and future progressive tenses. I sing a song on the big stage.

[Quiz 11.2]
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given. 1) He (exercise) hard since last year. 2) I (study) math as my major since high school.

View Answers
[11.1] I am singing a song on the big stage. I was singing a song on the big stage. I will be singing a song on the big stage. [11.2] 1) has exercised 2) have studied

Perfect Progressive Tense

The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future. The present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action that was initiated in the past and finished at some point in the past; however, the action has some relation to the present time. Use have/has + been + ing. It has been raining, and the street is still wet. I have been running, and I am still tired. She has been practicing the piano, and she is much better now. The past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in the past that was completed before another past action. Use had + been + ing. It had been raining, and the street was still wet. I had been running, and I was still tired. She had been practicing the piano, and she had gotten much better. The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that will be completed in the future. Use will + have + been + ing. By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet. By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy. By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and she will be much better.

[Quiz 12.1]
Choose the incorrect sentence from the following. 1) I have been sleeping all day today. 2) They will have been walking for almost an hour by the time they arrive at their destination. 3) She have been eating a lot recently.

View Answers
[12.1] 3) have -> has

Irregular Verbs

Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding ed (d).

Base Verb learn study cook solve ask watch listen

Past learned studied cooked solved asked watched listened

Past Participle learned studied cooked solved asked watched listened

Irregular verbs do not have definite rules, but there are a few patterns.

Base Verb grow know begin draw drive fly give speak swim go take find spend teach pay feel buy meet have feed keep cut hit set shut fit

Past grew knew began drew drove flew gave spoke swam went took found spent taught paid felt bought met had fed kept cut hit set shut fit

Past Participle grown known begun drawn driven flown given spoken swum gone taken found spent taught paid felt bought met had fed kept cut hit set shut fit

[Quiz 13.1]
Find the past and past participle forms of the following verbs using your dictionary: bring drink think tell eat make beat

View Answers
[13.1] brought brought drank drunk thought thought told told ate eaten made made beat beaten

Gerunds
A gerund (verb + ing) acts like a noun in a sentence. Seeing is believing. Running a marathon is not an easy thing to do. Watching TV is sometimes harmful. Eating is always fun. My hobby is painting. She loves babysitting her sister. I like listening to music. I wasted all my afternoon by taking a nap. I am afraid of singing a song on a stage. Often, a possessive noun or pronoun comes before a gerund. I hope that you dont mind my using your pen. Dont be mad about my leaving early. I dont want you misunderstanding. You will be amazed by my writing.

[Quiz 14.1]
Fill in the blanks. 1) I enjoy (draw) as a hobby. 2) She likes (buy) clothes. 3) Children are fond of (play) with water. 4) (dance) is my favorite thing to do.

5) I am upset at his (break) the rule.

View Answers
[14.1] 1) drawing 2) buying 3) playing 4) Dancing 5) breaking

Infinitives Part 1
An infinitive is a verb combined with the word to. Most often, an infinitive acts as a noun in the sentence. Less frequently, it acts as an adjective or an adverb. I want to go home early today. I hope to be chosen as a member. I prefer to go there earlier. You need to consider various rules in writing sentences. You have to explain your reasoning in detail. You might wish to act as a teacher. To leave for a vacation is my only wish at this time. A common mistake in a relationship is not to trust the other person. Help me to save the trees! To be mentally healthy, you must read books. Do you want me to fill out this form? Here is our to-do list. It was nice to meet you. It is time to move on. I am young enough to change my habits. Dont forget not to make grammar mistakes. You are required to leave all your belongings here. I came to see a doctor today. You have to work harder to succeed. I need to take three more classes to finish my graduate study. I got closer to the speaker to listen clearly. Be sure to check if you have tickets. I am going to buy the new computer. Generally, it is not common to split to and the verb except for when you want to emphasize the verb. I want you to immediately stop doing that. You have to seriously work hard to succeed. You need to definitely explain your reasoning in detail.

[Quiz 15.1]
Fill in the blanks.

1) I am going (learn) English. 2) It is common (make) a grammar mistake. 3) Did you come (clean) my house?

View Answers
[15.1] 1) to learn 2) to make 3) to clean

Infinitives Part 2
Commonly, an infinitive is used with the subject it. The sentence structure is "It is + infinitive." It refers to the infinitive. This expression is used in many ways. It is time to do math. It is common to think that way. It is appropriate to keep a low profile. It was nice to see you. It was my pleasure to meet you. It was my honor to have dinner with you. It is good to see you. It was great to go on a trip with them. Both gerunds and infinitive phrases can function as nouns, in a variety of ways. Gerunds and infinitives can follow certain verbs but not others. You need to remember which verbs can be followed by only a gerund or only an infinitive. Verbs that can precede only gerunds: consider, suggest, enjoy, deny, avoid, miss, mind, practice, postpone, resist, finish, quit, give up, put off Verbs that can precede only infinitives: offer, decide, hope, attempt, promise, agree, afford, deserve, refuse, undertake, learn, fail, seem, appear, tend, pretend, choose, demand, desire, guarantee, claim, manage, determine, expect, want, wish Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives without changing meanings: continue, like, love, begin, start, propose, neglect, stand, hate Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives but change meanings: forget, remember, stop, try I stopped watching the movie. (I no longer watched the movie.) I stopped to watch the movie. (I stopped what I was doing to watch the movie.)

[Quiz 16.1]
Fill in the blanks.

1) I decided (leave) the job. 2) She pretended (know) me. 3) He desires (be) a professor. 4) The company considered (sell) its main building. 5) I expect (win) at this game. 6) Do you enjoy (take) care of your pet? 7) She hopes (go) on a vacation. 8) Did you fail (pass) the exam? 9) They want me (take) this position. 10) It is great (hear) that they agreed (share) the land.

View Answers
[16.1] 1) to leave 2) to know 3) to be 4) selling 5) to win 6) taking 7) to go 8) to pass 9) to take 10) to hear, to share

Active Voice and Passive Voice

Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence. Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or not known) who does the action. The window is broken. (It is not known who broke the window, or it is not important to know who broke the window.) The class has been canceled. (The focus is on the class being canceled. It is not important to know who canceled it.) The passive voice is often used. (The focus is on the passive voice. It is not important to explain who the writer is.) Passive voice should be avoided when you want more clarity in writing. However, in some cases, you need to use passive voice to stress the action, not the actor. Also, passive voice can be considered more polite, as it sounds less aggressive or dramatic. That building was built in 1990. The car was invented about a hundred years ago. I was told that Mary moved to a different country. Your business is appreciated. She was elected to city council. It was rumored that the company would lay off a few people soon. It is recommended that the billing process be shortened. You can easily rewrite an active sentence to a passive sentence. The object in the active sentence becomes a subject in the passive sentence. The verb is changed to a be verb + past participle. The subject of the active sentence follows by or is omitted.

Sam wrote a letter to Jamie. A letter was written to Jamie by Sam. The government built a new bridge. A new bridge was built by the government. I recommend that you apply for this position. It is recommended that you apply for this position.

[Quiz 17.1]
Rewrite the following sentence in passive voice. John gave me a bunch of flowers on my birthday.

[Quiz 17.2]
Choose the sentences written incorrectly in the passive voice. 1) I was eaten an ice cream. 2) The song was sung by a singer. 3) I was deceived by the TV program. 4) The concert was finished at 12 p.m. 5) He was written a novel. 6) The tennis match was aired on TV. 7) He was treated kindly. 8) I have been managed a company since 2004.

View Answers
[17.1] I was given a bunch of flowers on my birthday by John. OR A bunch of flowers was given to me on my birthday by John. [17.2] 1) I ate an ice cream. 5) He wrote a novel. 8) I have managed a company since 2004.

Mood for Grammar

A mood shows the writers attitude toward what he/she is saying. Indicative Mood states an actuality or fact. We will go to see a movie this Sunday. Ill follow you. Imperative Mood makes a request. Lets go to see a movie this weekend! Please stop bugging me!

Subjunctive Mood expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with an "if" clause. If I were you, I wouldnt buy a house. I wish I were more organized. The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask, recommend, suggest, wish, insist, order, commend, request, and demand. A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a different form. The subjunctive for the present tense third-person singular drops the s or es so that it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else. In the subjunctive mood, the verb to be is be in the present tense and were in the past tense, regardless of what the subject is. Incorrect: If I was you, I would take any offer. Correct: If I were you, I would take any offer. (The verb follows if and expresses a non-factual condition.) Incorrect: I wish I was able to speak English fluently. Correct: I wish I were able to speak English fluently. (The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It suggests a non-factual or doubtful condition.) Incorrect: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team does the survey. Correct: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team do the survey. Incorrect: She recommended that each student takes a note. Correct: She recommended that each student take a note.

[Quiz 18.1]
Write the correct form of the verb given. 1) I insist that Jennifer (finish) her meal. 2) She suggests that the office (be) closed today. 3) If I (be) you, I would win the game. 4) I wish I (can) fly.

[Quiz 18.2]
Choose the correct sentence from the following. 1) I wish I was able to buy this car. 2) It were recommended that the company closes its foreign offices. 3) If Jack were 17 years old, he would apply for the university. 4) Our manager insists that the group is reorganized.

View Answers
[18.1] 1) finish 2) be 3) were 4) could [18.2]

3 Correct sentences for 1, 2, and 4: 1) I wish I would be able to buy this car 2) It was recommended that the company closed its foreign offices. 4) Our manager insists that the group be reorganized.

Auxiliary Verbs "Be", "Do", "Have"

An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a "helping verb." With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc. I think I should study harder to master English. I am having a cup of coffee. You have been practicing hard. It was written by a petitioner. You may choose what you like. The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as a main (full) verb or an auxiliary verb. The following examples show these verbs used as auxiliary verbs. 1. "Be" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in progressive sentences: I am taking a bath. She is preparing dinner for us. They have been studying all night. b. Used in passive sentences: I was given a free meal. He was seen by fans at the airport. This song has been sung by all nations. 2. "Do" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in negative sentences: I do not know the truth. She doesnt agree with me. They didnt arrive here yet. b. Used in questions: Do you want to have another one? Did he finish his homework? Do we need to keep going straight? 3. "Have" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in perfect sentences:

I have been following you for a mile. We have done a lot so far. She had been queen of the town.

[Quiz 19.1]
Identify all auxiliary verbs in the following paragraph. I have just heard that you didnt attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that time? I must ask that you explain the reason.

[Quiz 19.2]
Which of the following sentences does not show any auxiliary verbs? 1) I didnt have any reason to go there. 2) Have we practiced this song enough? 3) Three seats have been reserved for us. 4) I am a professor in the economics department.

View Answers
[19.1] I have just heard that you didnt attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that time? I must ask that you explain the reason. [19.2] Sentence 4 (the verb am is used as the main verb)

Auxiliary Verbs "Will/Would" and "Shall/Should"

The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone. They are used as auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to follow.

Will
Used to express desire, preference, choice, or consent: I will take this duty. Will you stop talking like that? Used to express the future: It will rain tomorrow. The news will spread soon. Used to express capacity or capability: This bucket will hold two gallons of water. This airplane will take 200 passengers. Used to express determination, insistence, or persistence: I will do it as you say.

Would (past form of will)

Often used in auxiliary functions with rather to express preference: I would rather go shopping today. Wed rather say something than stay quiet. Used to express a wish or desire: I would like to have one more pencil. Used to express contingency or possibility: If I were you, I would be so happy. Used to express routine or habitual things: Normally, we would work until 6 p.m.

Shall
Mainly used in American English to ask questions politely (it has more usages in British English). For the future tense, will is more frequently used in American English than shall. Shall we dance? Shall I go now? Lets drink, shall we? Often used in formal settings to deliver obligation or requirement: You shall abide by the law. There shall be no trespassing on this property. Students shall not enter this room.

Should (past form of shall)

Often used in auxiliary functions to express an opinion, suggestion, preference, or idea: You should rest at home today. I should take a bus this time. He should be more thoughtful in the decision-making process. Used to express that you wish something had happened but it didnt or couldnt (should + have + past participle): You should have seen it. It was really beautiful. I should have completed it earlier to meet the deadline. We should have visited the place on the way. Used to ask for someones opinion: What should we do now? Should we continue our meeting? Should we go this way? Where should we go this summer? Used to say something expected or correct: There should be an old city hall building here.

Everybody should arrive by 6 p.m. We should be there this evening.

[Quiz 20.1]
Fill in the blanks using an appropriate auxiliary verb. 1) I leave now. It is too late. 2) You have seen him. His dance was amazing. 3) we have lunch together? 4) I like a cup of tea, please. 5) we read the email?

View Answers
[20.1] 1) should 2) should 3) Shall 4) would 5) Should

Auxiliary Verbs "Can/Could" and "May/Might/Must"

Can
Used to express ability (to be able to do something): I can make jewelry. He cant speak French. Can you open this jar? Used to ask for permission: Can I use your bathroom? Can I leave now? Can I raise the volume? Used to make requests or suggestions: Can I have more napkins? Can I have the bill? You can take this spot if you like. You can do whatever you want.

Could (past form of can)

Describes an ability that someone had in the past: I could swim when I was young. You could see the boat sinking. They could tell he was nervous. Often used in auxiliary functions to express permission politely:

Could I take this jacket with me? You could borrow my umbrella. Could you please let me pass you? Could I get you more water? Used to express possibility: All of them could ride in the van. You could always stay at our house. Could it be true? This plan could really work out.

May
Used to ask for formal permission: May I come in? May I say something now? May I ask one question? Used to suggest something that is possible: She may agree with this plan. They may not be happy about what happened. It may shower tonight.

Might (past form of may)

Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does (actually, might is more common than may in American English): He might have finished it. I might go see a doctor. I might not come this time. It might be right. You might have lost it. The store might have been closed today.

Must
Used to express something formally required or necessary: I must complete the project by this week. The government must provide health care for everybody. Everyone must save the natural resources of the earth. The building must have a fire alarm. You must answer my question right now. Used to show that something is very likely: He must be a genius. You must be joking! There must be an accident. She must be very tired.

[Quiz 21.1]
Choose the right word for each blank. 1) She (can, could, may, might, must) have practiced a lot. Her performance was amazing. 2) I cant find my watch anywhere. I (can, could, may, might, must) have lost it. 3) Professor, (can, could, may, might, must) I ask a question? 4) (can, could, may, might, must) you please lower your voice? 5) You (can, could, may, might, must) be kidding! How is that possible? 6) I (can, could, may, might, must) speak both English and Chinese fluently.

View Answers
[21.1] 1) must 2) might 3) may 4) could 5) must 6) can

Prepositions "On", "At", and "In"

A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence. Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage. to the office at the desk on the table in an hour about myself A preposition is used to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object. Here are a few common prepositions and examples.

On
Used to express a surface of something: I put an egg on the kitchen table. The paper is on my desk. Used to specify days and dates: The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays. I was born on the 14th day of June in 1988. Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: He is on the phone right now.

She has been on the computer since this morning. My favorite movie will be on TV tonight. Used to indicate a part of the body: The stick hit me on my shoulder. He kissed me on my cheek. I wear a ring on my finger. Used to indicate the state of something: Everything in this store is on sale. The building is on fire.

At
Used to point out specific time: I will meet you at 12 p.m. The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m. Used to indicate a place: There is a party at the club house. There were hundreds of people at the park. We saw a baseball game at the stadium. Used to indicate an email address: Please email me at abc@defg.com. Used to indicate an activity: He laughed at my acting. I am good at drawing a portrait.

In
Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year: She always reads newspapers in the morning. In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks. The new semester will start in March. Used to indicate a location or place: She looked me directly in the eyes. I am currently staying in a hotel. My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California. Used to indicate a shape, color, or size: This painting is mostly in blue. The students stood in a circle. This jacket comes in four different sizes. Used to express while doing something:

In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times. A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product. Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling: I believe in the next life. We are not interested in gambling.

[Quiz 22.1]
Identify all prepositions in the following sentences. After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine.

[Quiz 22.2]
Choose a correct preposition in the sentence. 1) I want to lose 5 kilogram (on, at, in) one month. 2) Could you get me this pants (on, at, in) a larger size? 3) She seems to be interested (on, at, in) Psychology. 4) I will come to pick you up (on, at, in) 2 pm tomorrow. 5) This class will be held (on, at, in) Mondays.

View Answers
[22.1] After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine. [22.2] 1) in 2) in 3) in 4) at 5) on

Prepositions "Of", "To", and "For"

Of
Used for belonging to, relating to, or connected with: The secret of this game is that you cant ever win. The highlight of the show is at the end. The first page of the book describes the authors profile. Dont touch it. Thats the bag of my friends sister. I always dreamed of being rich and famous. Used to indicate reference:

I got married in the summer of 2000. This is a picture of my family. I got a discount of 10 percent on the purchase. Used to indicate an amount or number: I drank three cups of milk. A large number of people gathered to protest. I had only four hours of sleep during the last two days. He got a perfect score of 5 on his writing assignment.

To
Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something moves toward, or the direction of something: I am heading to the entrance of the building. The package was mailed to Mr. Kim yesterday. All of us went to the movie theater. Please send it back to me. Used to indicate a limit or an ending point: The snow was piled up to the roof. The stock prices rose up to 100 dollars. Used to indicate relationship: This letter is very important to your admission. My answer to your question is in this envelop. Do not respond to every little thing in your life. Used to indicate a time or a period: I work nine to six, Monday to Friday. It is now 10 to five. (In other words, it is 4:50.)

For
Used to indicate the use of something: This place is for exhibitions and shows. I baked a cake for your birthday. I put a note on the door for privacy. She has been studying hard for the final exam. Used to mean because of: I am so happy for you. We feel deeply sorry for your loss. For this reason, Ive decided to quit this job. Used to indicate time or duration: Hes been famous for many decades. I attended the university for one year only. This is all I have for today.

[Quiz 23.1]
Choose the correct preposition in each sentence. 1) I slept (of, to, for) only two hours last night. 2) It was my first trip (of, to, for) Hawaii. 3) Turn off the TV and go straight (of, to, for) bed. 4) This book was written (of, to, for) the people who want to learn how to play a guitar. 5) I was late (of, to, for) school. 6) Spencer is one (of, to, for) my best friends.

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[23.1] 1) for 2) to 3) to 4) for 5) for 6) of

Prepositions "With", "Over", and "By"

With
Used to indicate being together or being involved: I ordered a sandwich with a drink. He was with his friend when he saw me. She has been working with her sister at the nail shop. The manager will be with you shortly. Used to indicate "having": I met a guy with green eyes. Were you the one talking with an accent? People with a lot of money are not always happy. Used to indicate "using": I wrote a letter with the pen you gave me. This is the soup that I made with rice and barley. He cut my hair with his gold scissors. Used to indicate feeling: I am emailing you with my sincere apology. He came to the front stage with confidence. Used to indicate agreement or understanding: Are you with me? Yes, I am completely with you. She agrees with me.

Over
Used to indicate movement from one place to another: Come over to my house for dinner sometime. Could you roll over? They sent over a gift for his promotion. Used to indicate movement downward: The big tree fell over on the road. Can you bend over and get the dish for me? He pushed it over the edge. Used to indicate more than an expected number or amount: This amount is over our prediction. Kids twelve and over can watch this movie. The phone rang for over a minute. Used to indicate a period of time: I worked there over a year. She did not sleep there over this past month.

By
Used to indicate proximity: Can I sit by you? He was standing by me. The post office is by the bank. Used to indicate the person that does something in a passive voice sentence: The microwave was fixed by the mechanic. The flowers were delivered by a postman. The branch office was closed by the head office. Used to indicate an action with a particular purpose: You can pass the exam by preparing for it. I expressed my feeling toward her by writing a letter. She finally broke the record by pure effort. Used to indicate a mean or method: Please send this package to Russia by airmail. I came here by subway.

[Quiz 24.1]
Choose the correct preposition in each sentence. 1) If she left at 4 p.m., she should be here (with, over, by) now. 2) Go (with, over, by) there and catch my ball.

3) (With, Over, By) your determination, you will be able to achieve your dream. 4) I just found it! It was (with, over, by) the radio on my desk. 5) I knocked him (with, over, by) accidentally. 6) She was (with, over, by) me when the accident occurred.

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[24.1] 1) by 2) over 3) With 4) by 5) over 6) with

Coordinating Conjunctions and Correlative Conjunctions

A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence. I ate lunch with Kate and Derma. Because it is rainy today, the trip is canceled. She didnt press the bell, but I did. There are three types of conjunctions: 1. Coordinating Conjunctions a. Connect words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal b. and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not 2. Correlative Conjunctions a. Used in pairs b. both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also 3. Subordinating Conjunctions a. Used at the beginning of subordinate clauses b. although, after, before, because, how, if, once, since, so that, until, unless, when, while, where, whether, etc.

Coordinating Conjunctions
1. Andmeans "in addition to": We are going to a zoo and an aquarium on a same day. 2. Butconnects two different things that are not in agreement: I am a night owl, but she is an early bird. 3. Orindicates a choice between two things: Do you want a red one or a blue one? 4. Soillustrates a result of the first thing: This song has been very popular, so I downloaded it. 5. Formeans "because":

I want to go there again, for it was a wonderful trip. 6. Yetindicates contrast with something: He performed very well, yet he didnt make the final cut.

Correlative Conjunctions
1. Both/and She won gold medals from both the single and group races. Both TV and television are correct words. 2. Either/or I am fine with either Monday or Wednesday. You can have either apples or pears. 3. Neither/nor He enjoys neither drinking nor gambling. Neither you nor I will get off early today. 4. Not only/but also Not only red but also green looks good on you. She got the perfect score in not only English but also math.

[Quiz 25.1]
Write the correct conjunction in each sentence. 1) my friend I are taking the geography class. 2) Do you want to go swimming golfing? 3) I studied grammar for a long time, I still make mistakes. 4) wood bricks can be used as homebuilding materials. 5) I wasnt feeling well this morning, I had to go to work.

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[25.1] 1) Both, and 2) or 3) but (yet) 4) Either, or 5) yet (but)

Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
1. Althoughmeans "in spite of the fact that": Although it was raining, I ran home. She showed up, although she felt sick. Although my mom told me to come home early, I stayed out late.

2. Afterindicates "subsequently to the time when": Please text me after you arrive at the shopping mall. We were forced to stop watching TV after the electricity went out. I always tell my daughter that she can have dessert after she eats her dinner. 3. Beforeindicates "earlier than the time that": He had written a living will before he died. Before he contacted me, I was going to call him. I need to finish the dishes before my wife gets home. 4. Becausemeans "for the reason that": Because he was smart and worked hard, he was able to make a lot of money. They stopped building the house because it was pouring. I love dogs because they are so cute. 5. Howmeans "the way in which": I wonder how you did it. He explained how he completed it in a few days. Can you show me how you fixed the computer? 6. Ifmeans "in the event that": If it is sunny tomorrow, we can go to the beach. If I receive a promotion, you will be the first to know. You can watch TV if you finish your homework. 7. Onceindicates "at the moment when": Once you see him, you will recognize him. Once the light came on, we all shouted with joy. Call me once you start having contractions. 8. Sincemeans "from the time when": Ive been a singer since I was young. Since he graduated, he has been doing nothing. This building has been remodeled three times since I lived here. 9. So thatmeans "in order to": So that she could keep her position, she didnt complain at all. He finished his work as fast as possible so that he could leave early. He worked harder for a raise so he could buy a nice car. 10. Untilmeans "up to the time that": Dont go anywhere until I come back. She didnt realize her talent in painting until her teacher mentioned it. They wont allow us to sit until everyone arrives. 11. Unlessmeans "except, on the condition":

You will not pass the exam unless you get a score of 80 or higher. I will not tell you anything unless you tell me what you know first. Unless you ask her, you will never know. 12. Whenmeans "at that time": When I came in the room, everyone looked at me. I woke up when my baby was crying. I started looking for a gas station when my gas light went on. 13. Whilemeans "during the time": Someone called you while you were at the meeting. We met while we were working at the University. My dog started barking while I was talking on the phone. 14. Whereindicates "in the place": This is where I came from. Please tell me where you are going. I need to know where John hid the present. 15. Whethermeans "if it is true or not": We will have a picnic whether it rains or not. It is time to decide whether we should take action. You need to decide whether or not you are hungry.

[Quiz 26.1]
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate conjunction. 1) Could you email me you receive the offer? 2) I want to buy it it is expensive or not. 3) Dont do that I allow it. 4) you are confident with it, you should go for it. 5) I didnt enroll this semester I could go backpacking in Europe. 6) My neighbors cat has been missing last Friday. 7) I own a house, I am required to pay property taxes.

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[26.1] 1) when 2) whether 3) unless 4) If 5) so that 6) since 7) Because

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence. When you use a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it. We have many different sizes of this shirt; however, it comes in only one color. Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally, however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise, still, therefore, then, etc. The due date for the final paper has passed; therefore, I could not submit mine on time. There are many history books; however, none of them may be accurate. It rained hard; moreover, lightening flashed and thunder boomed. The baby fell asleep; then, the doorbell rang. The law does not permit drinking and driving anytime; otherwise, there would be many more accidents. Conjunctive adverbs look like coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor); however, they are not as strong as coordinating conjunctions and they are punctuated differently. A conjunctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In this case, a comma (,) is used to separate the conjunctive adverb from the sentence. I woke up very late this morning. Nevertheless, I wasnt late to school. She didnt take a bus to work today. Instead, she drove her car. Jack wants a toy car for his birthday. Meanwhile, Jill wants a dollhouse for her birthday. They returned home. Likewise, I went home.

[Quiz 27.1]
Choose the right conjunctive adverb for the sentence. 1) Hurry up; , you will be late for the train. 2) I studied hard for the exam; , I failed. 3) Tom is a sportsman; , his brother Tom is athletic. 4) He didnt go to college. , he started his own business. 5) He is not good-looking. , he is popular among girls.

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[27.1] 1) otherwise 2) however 3) likewise 4) Instead 5) Nevertheless

Indefinite and Definite Articles

The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles. Indefinite Articlesa, an anused before singular count nouns beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound:

an apple, an elephant, an issue, an orange aused before singular count nouns beginning with consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u): a stamp, a desk, a TV, a cup, a book Definite Articlethe Can be used before singular and plural, count and non-count nouns

1. Indefinite Article (a, an)

Used before singular nouns that are unspecified: a pencil an orange Used before number collectives and some numbers: a dozen a gallon Used before a singular noun followed by a restrictive modifier: a girl who was wearing a yellow hat Used with nouns to form adverbial phrases of quantity, amount, or degree: I felt a bit depressed.

2. Definite Article (the)

Used to indicate a noun that is definite or has been previously specified in the context: Please close the door. I like the clothes you gave me. Used to indicate a noun that is unique: Praise the Lord! The Columbia River is near here. Used to designate a natural phenomenon: The nights get shorter in the summer. The wind is blowing so hard. Used to refer to a time period: I was very nave in the past. This song was very popular in the 1980s. Used to indicate all the members of a family: I invited the Bakers for dinner. This medicine was invented by the Smiths.

[Quiz 28.1]

Choose the correct article in each sentence. 1) Did you bring (a, an, the) umbrella? 2) Are you looking for (a, an, the) shampoo? 3) I checked (a, an, the) mailbox again. 4) Can I have (a, an, the) spoon please? 5) I was born into (a, an, the) poor family. 6) She will come back in (a, an, the) hour. 7) Have you been to (a, an, the) Space Needle Tower in Seattle? 8) I would love to talk to one of (a, an, the) managers. 9) What (a, an, the) amazing view! 10) The helicopter landed on (a, an, the) roof of a building.

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[28.1] 1) an 2) the 3) the 4) a 5) a 6) an 7) the 8) the 9) an 10) the

Interjections
An interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion. It can be used as filler. Interjections do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to the other parts of the sentence. If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense. It can stand alone. Ouch! That hurts. Well, I need a break. Wow! What a beautiful dress! When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation mark (!). A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion. Interjections do the following: 1. Express a feelingwow, gee, oops, darn, geez, oh: Oops, Im sorry. That was my mistake. Geez! Do I need to do it again? Oh, I didnt know that. 2. Say yes or noyes, no, nope: Yes! I will do it! No, I am not going to go there. Nope. Thats not what I want. 3. Call attentionyo, hey:

Yo, will you throw the ball back? Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident. 4. Indicate a pausewell, um, hmm: Well, what I meant was nothing like that. Um, here is our proposal. Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.

[Quiz 29.1]
What should be Bs expression? A: I got a perfect score on the math exam. B: (Well. Wow! or Um.)

[Quiz 29.2]
What should be Cs expression? C: ! (Nope, Hey, or Geez) My computer just broke.

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[29.1] Wow! [29.2] Geez

Capitalization
Capitalization means using a capital letter (for example, A instead of a). The use of capital letters helps readers read your writing without confusion. Always capitalize the following: The first word in a sentence. I grew up in India. She left a message on my phone. The pronoun I. This country is where I dreamed of. The first letter of a proper noun (specific name). David wants to play soccer with us. This letter is from Chang. I graduated from the University of New York. I like Coca-Cola. She likes Godiva chocolates.

The first letter of months, days, and holidays (but not seasons). Today is June 8, 2011. Susies birthday is this Thursday. The shops are closed on Easter. This summer is going to be very hot. The first letter of nationalities, religions, races of people, and languages. We often eat Italian food. I want to master many languages, such as Spanish, Korean, Chinese, and Russian. There is one Christian church in my town. The first letter in a persons title. This is Dr. Simon. I got it from Mr. Tom. Geographic areas: cities, states, countries, mountains, oceans, rivers, etc. My destination is Paris, France. Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Historical periods. The Renaissance began in the 14th century. The Qing Dynasty is the last dynasty in China. The first letter of each major word in the title of a book, movie, article, etc. Tolstoys War and Peace is my favorite novel. I found the article How to Write a Good Cover Letter in this magazine.

[Quiz 30.1]
Correctly write each sentence using proper capitalization. 1) i was born in shanghai, china, but grew up in the united states. 2) mrs. ohana gave me the bible. 3) if you walk two more blocks, you will be able to see mt. rocky. 4) my family will have a summer vacation in hawaii. 5) I didnt want to cook tonight, so I just ordered thai food for dinner.

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[30.1] 1) I was born in Shanghai, China, but grew up in the United States. 2) Mrs. Ohana gave me the Bible. 3) If you walk two more blocks, you will be able to see Mt. Rocky. 4) My family will have a summer vacation in Hawaii. 5) I didnt want to cook tonight, so I just ordered Thai food for dinner. 5 Speaking Rules you need to know! 1. Don't study grammar too much

This rule might sound strange to many ESL students, but it is one of the most important rules. If you want to pass examinations, then study grammar. However, if you want to become fluent in English, then you should try to learn English without studying the grammar.

Studying grammar will only slow you down and confuse you. You will think about the rules when creating sentences instead of naturally saying a sentence like a native. Remember that only a small fraction of English speakers know more than 20% of all the grammar rules. Many ESL students know more grammar than native speakers. I can confidently say this with experience. I am a native English speaker, majored in English Literature, and have been teaching English for more than 10 years. However, many of my students know more details about English grammar than I do. I can easily look up the definition and apply it, but I don't know it off the top of my head.

I often ask my native English friends some grammar questions, and only a few of them know the correct answer. However, they are fluent in English and can read, speak, listen, and communicate effectively.

Do you want to be able to recite the definition of a causative verb, or do you want to be able to speak English fluently?

2. Learn and study phrases Many students learn vocabulary and try to put many words together to create a proper sentence. It amazes me how many words some of my students know, but they cannot create a proper sentence. The reason is because they didn't study phrases. When children learn a language, they learn both words and phrases together. Likewise, you need to study and learn phrases.

If you know 1000 words, you might not be able to say one correct sentence. But if you know 1 phrase, you can make hundreds of correct sentences. If you know 100 phrases, you will be surprised at how many correct sentences you will be able to say. Finally, when you know only a 1000 phrases, you will be almost a fluent English speaker.

The English Speaking Basics section is a great example of making numerous sentences with a single phrase. So don't spend hours and hours learning many different words. Use that time to study phrases instead and you will be closer to English fluency.

Don't translate

When you want to create an English sentence, do not translate the words from your Mother tongue. The order of words is probably completely different and you will be both slow and incorrect by doing this. Instead, learn phrases and sentences so you don't have to think about the words you are saying. It should be automatic.

Another problem with translating is that you will be trying to incorporate grammar rules that you have learned. Translating and thinking about the grammar to create English sentences is incorrect and should be avoided.

3. Reading and Listening is NOT enough. Practice Speaking what you hear! Reading, listening, and speaking are the most important aspects of any language. The same is true for English. However, speaking is the only requirement to be fluent. It is normal for babies and children to learn speaking first, become fluent, then start reading, then writing. So the natural order is listening, speaking, reading, then writing.

First Problem Isn't it strange that schools across the world teach reading first, then writing, then listening, and finally speaking? Although it is different, the main reason is because when you learn a second language, you need to read material to understand and learn it. So even though the natural order is listening, speaking, reading, then writing, the order for ESL students is reading, listening, speaking, then writing.

Second Problem The reason many people can read and listen is because that's all they practice. But in order to speak English fluently, you need to practice speaking. Don't stop at the listening portion, and when you study, don't just listen. Speak out loud the material you are listening to and practice what you hear. Practice speaking out loud until your mouth and brain can do it without any effort. By doing so, you will be able to speak English fluently.

4. Submerge yourself Being able to speak a language is not related to how smart you are. Anyone can learn how to speak any language. This is a proven fact by everyone in the world. Everyone can speak at least one language. Whether you are intelligent, or lacking some brain power, you are able to speak one language.

This was achieved by being around that language at all times. In your country, you hear and speak your language constantly. You will notice that many people who are good English speakers are the ones who studied in an English speaking school. They can speak English not because they went to an English speaking school, but because they had an environment where they can be around English speaking people constantly.

There are also some people who study abroad and learn very little. That is because they went to an English speaking school, but found friends from their own country and didn't practice English.

You don't have to go anywhere to become a fluent English speaker. You only need to surround yourself with English. You can do this by making rules with your existing friends that you will only speak English. You can also carry around an iPod and constantly listen to English sentences. As you can see, you can achieve results by changing what your surroundings are. Submerge yourself in English and you will learn several times faster.

TalkEnglish Offline Version is now ready for download. In this package, you can utilize over 8000 audio files to completely surround yourself in English. There are over 13.5 hours of audio files that are not available in the web form. All conversations and all sentences are included, so even if you don't have many English speaking friends, you can constantly surround yourself in English using your MP3 player. This package is available at the English Download page. Take advantage of this opportunity and start learning English faster. Click on the link or go to http://www.talkenglish.com/english-download.aspx.

5. Study correct material A common phrase that is incorrect is, "Practice makes perfect." This is far from the truth. Practice only makes what you are practicing permanent. If you practice the incorrect sentence, you will have perfected saying the sentence incorrectly. Therefore, it is important that you study material that is commonly used by most people.

Another problem I see is that many students study the news. However, the language they speak is more formal and the content they use is more political and not used in regular life. It is important to understand what they are saying, but this is more of an advanced lesson that should be studied after learning the fundamental basics of English.

Studying English with a friend who is not a native English speaker is both good and bad. You should be aware of the pro's and con's of speaking with a non native speaking friend. Practicing with a non native person will give you practice. You can also motivate each other and point out basic mistakes. But you might pick up bad habits from one another if you are not sure about what are correct and incorrect sentences. So use these practice times as a time period to practice the correct material you studied. Not to learn how to say a sentence.

In short, study English material that you can trust, that is commonly used, and that is correct.