OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Part 1

Mikroelektronik Devreler-1 Yrd.Do.Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE

2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (op-amps)

Widely used Often requires 2 power supplies + V Responds to difference between two signals Circuit symbol of an op-amp

2.2 Ideal op-amp

Rin = infinity Rout = 0 Avo = infinity (Avo is the open-loop gain) Bandwidth = infinity (amplifies all frequencies equally)

Model of an ideal op-amp

I+ V+ IV+ + Vout = A(V+ - V-)

Usually used with feedback Open-loop configuration not used much

Summary of op-amp behavior

Vout = A(V+ - V-) Vout/A = V+ - VLet A then, V+ -V0
Seems strange, but the input terminals to an op-amp act as a short and open at the same time

V+ = VI+ = I- = 0

infinity

2.3 Inverting configuration

I2 Analysis of inverting configuration; open-loop gain is infinite Vo / Vi = -R2 / R1 I1
Virtual ground

open-loop gain is finite Vo / Vi -R2 / R1

Gain of circuit determined by external components; R2 and R1

Input resistance; Ri = vI/i1 = R1 Outpur resistance is zero

2.4.2 Integrator
I2 I1 = (Vi - V-)/R1 I2 = C d(V- - Vo)/dt I1 set I1 = I2, (Vi - V-)/R1 = C d(V- - Vo)/dt but V- = V+ = 0 Vi/R1 = -C d(Vo)/dt Solve for Vo Vo = -(1/CR1)( Vi dt) CR1 is the time constant 1/CR1 is integrator frequency
Negative

Output is the integral of input signal.

2.4.4 Weighted Summer

Rf V1 V2 V3 R3 R1 R2

Current in R1, R2, and R3 add to current in Rf (V1 - V-)/R1 + (V2 - V-)/R2 + (V3 - V-)/R3 = (V- - Vo)/Rf Set V- = V+ = 0, V1/R1 + V2/R2 + V3/R3 = - Vo/Rf solve for Vo, Vo = -Rf(V1/R1 + V2/R2 + V3/R3) This circuit is called a weighted summer

Problem 2.28
Given an integrator with a time constant of 1mS, with a square wave input as shown below, find the output. Vo = -(1/CR1)( Vi dt) 1V CR1 = 1mS, and Vi =1V for 0 < t < 0.5mS Vo = -(1/1mS)( dt), for 0 < t < 0.5mS Vo = -(t/1mS), for 0 < t < 0.5mS
0 0.5 1 1.5

t mS Vo = (t/1mS), for 0.5 < t < 1.0mS

-1V

Problem 2.28
1V Vo = -(t/1mS), for 0 < t < 0.5mS Vo = (t/1mS), for 0.5 < t < 1.0mS When t = 0.5mS, Vo = 0.5V t
0 0.5 1 1.5

mS CR1 = 1mS -1V CR1 = 0.5mS

Exercise 2.6
Design an integrator (find RC) such that the output has a 20Vp-p amplitude given the input below. Vo = -(1/CR)( Vi dt) Vi 10V Vi = 10V, 0 < t < 1.0mS

t Vo = -(1/RC) 10dt 0 Vo = -10t/RC

t Vout let t = 1.0mS, and Vo = -20 20 = 0.01/RC

2mS

-10V

RC = 0.5mS

2.5 Noninverting configuration

Virtual Vi

(0 - V )/R1 = (V- - Vo)/R2

-

I I Vi

But, Vi = V+ = V-, ( - Vi)/R1 = (Vi - Vo)/R2 Solve for Vo,

Vo = Vi(1+R2/R1)

Positive

Buffer amplifier

Vi = V+ = V- = Vo Vo = Vi Isolates input from output

Analyzing op-amp circuits

Write node equations using: V+ = VI+ = I- = 0 Solve for Vout Usually easier, can solve most problems this way. Works for every op-amp circuit. Write node equations using:

OR

model, let A Solve for Vout

infinity

Input resistance of noninverting amplifier

Rin = Vin / I, from definition VI V+ Rin = Vin / 0 Vout = A(V+ -V-) Rin = infinity

Input resistance of inverting amplifier

Rin = Vin / I, from definition I = (Vin - Vout)/R I VV+

I = [Vin - A (V+ - V-)] / R But V+ = 0 Vout = A(V+ - V-) I = [Vin - A( -Vin)] / R Rin = VinR / [Vin (1+A)] As A approaches infinity, Rin = 0

Summary of op-amp behavior

Inverting configuration Noninverting configuration

Vi Vi Rin = 0 at this point Vo/Vi = 1+R2/R1 Rin = infinity

Vo /Vi = - R2/R1 Rin = R1

Difference amplifier
Use superposition, set V1 = 0, solve for Vo (noninverting amp) set V2 = 0, solve for Vo (inverting amp)

Fig. 2.21 A difference amplifier.

Difference amplifier

V2 R4/(R3+R4)

Vo1 = -(R2/R1)V1 Add the two results

Vo2 = (1 + R2/R1) [R4/(R3+R4)] V2

Vo = -(R2/R1)V1 + (1 + R2/R1) [R4/(R3+R4)] V2

Design of difference amplifiers

Vo = -(R2/R1)V1 + (1 + R2/R1) [R4/(R3+R4)]V2 For Vo = V2 - V1 Set R2 = R1 = R, and set R3 = R4 = R

For Vo = 3V2 - 2V1 Set R1 = R, R2 = 2R, then 3[R4/(R3+R4)] = 3 Set R3 = 0

Input resistance of difference amplifiers

When measuring Rin at one input, ground all other inputs. V1 => Rin = R1, same as inverting amp V2 => Rin = R3 + R4

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Improving the input resistance of amplifiers

Add buffer amplifiers to the inputs Rin = infinity at both V1 and V2

Instrumentation Amplifier

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Prob. 2.55
I + V I (a) Find Rin at V1. Ground V2, Rin = R. (b) Find Rin at V2. Ground V1, Rin = 2R.

(c) Find Rin between V1 and V2. Rin = V/I from definition. Write voltage loop, V = IR + IR, I = V/2R Rin = V/I = V2R/V Rin = 2R

Prob. 2.55
(d) Find Rin between V1 and V2 connected together and ground. Rin = V/I from definition I1 = V/2R from Ohms law V I1 = V/2R V/2 Rin = V/ (I1 + I2) = V2R/2V Rin = R I2 = (V - V/2)R = V/2R because V+ = V-

I +

I2

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