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Canoga Park, CA 91303

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Phone (818) 883-7043
Fax (818) 883-6103
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2012 and Beyond:
State oI-the-Art Radiation Monitoring Systems
Ior Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerators

White Paper


By:

Robert Goldstein, Senior Physicist, U.S. Nuclear Corporation
Penny Randall, Environmental Specialist, Technical Associates/Overhoff Technology



7051 Eton Ave
Canoga Park, CA 91303
www.tech-assoicates.com
Phone (818) 883-7043
Fax (818) 883-6103
tagoldtech-associates.com

2012 and Beyond:
State oI-the-Art Radiation Monitoring Systems
Ior Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerators

Table of Contents

Executive Summary:
Demand for Electrical Power is Far Outpacing the Current Clobal Capacity.......
Introduction: Nuclear Power - Fission......................
Introduction: Nuclear Power - Fusion......................5
Introduction: Accelerators..........................6
Problem Definition: ............................7
Fukushima
Tritium and Carbon-14 (organic/inorganic)
Federal Regulations
Security of Fuel Rod Storage
Environmental Impacts
Communication with Government Agencies
Inter-Department Communication
Issues Addressed in:
Detection, Measurement, and Reporting of Effluent Radionuclides........9
Air
Water
Plant Operation
Personnel Protection
Solution Details................................9
Business Benefits..............................10
Summary..................................14
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Executive Summary: Demand for Electrical Power is Far Outpacing the Current
Global Capacity.

Our modern industrial world stands or falls on the success of our People, Institutions
and Infrastructure. Clean Electric Power including Nuclear Power is a central pillar of
our global infrastructure requirement.` #obert Coldstein, 211.
The recognition oI this critical element ELECTRICAL POWER - in today`s world has
spurred action around the globe to upgrade, re-commission and re-license old nuclear
plants and build new; to develop new sources oI nuclear power such as Fusion, and to
increase development oI particle accelerators.
This paper examines the current and projected demands Ior an upgraded State-oI-the-Art
nuclear industry. The time has come to move into current technology Ior monitoring the
radionuclide eIIluent oI Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerators. Transitioning into the
21
st
century with the next generation oI monitoring systems is proactive and a sound
capital investment Ior all Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations. Technical
Associates/Overhoff Technology provides cost eIIective integrated monitoring systems
unique in the nuclear industry; monitoring Tritium, organic and inorganic Carbon-14, in
addition to the typical detection and measurement oI Isotopes in Particulates, Iodine, and
Nobel Gases, as well as a comprehensive plant wide soItware system Ior critical and
expeditious plant management.
Introduction: Nuclear Power - Fission

EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration, September 211
uch of the growth in energy consumption occurs in countries outside the Organi:ation
for Economic Cooperation and Development (currently 34 member countries,
industriali:ed nations.) In non-OECD nations

demand is driven by strong long-term
economic growth. Energy use in non-OECD nations increases by 85 percent in the
Reference case, as compared with an increase of 18 percent for the OECD economies.
EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration, September 211
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The U.S. Department of Energy profects that U.S. electricity demand will rise 24 percent
by 2035, about 1 percent each year. That means our nation will need hundreds of new
power plants to provide electricity for our homes and continued economic growth.
aintaining nuclear energys current percent share of generation would require building
one reactor every year starting in 2016, or 20-25 new units by 2035, based on DOE
forecasts. uclear Energy Institute (EI) 211
The chart below was generated by the EI in 2008. It illustrates previous thinking oI a
U. S. growth rate in electricity demand by 2035 oI only 14. Obviously, demand has
grown much Iaster than originally projected and caused the EI's 2011 revised
projection oI a rise to 24 in the U. S. growth rate in electricity demand by 2035.


O ainland China has 14 nuclear power reactors in operation, more than 25 under
construction, and more about to start construction soon.
O Additional reactors are planned in China, including some of the worlds most
advanced, to give more than a ten-fold increase in nuclear capacity to at least 80 GWe by
2020, 200 GWe by 2030, and 400 GWe by 2050. orld uclear Association, August
211.

orld uclear Association, August 211.

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Introduction: Nuclear Power - Fusion
Fusion power is being developed in the south oI France in the international collaborative
large-scale scientiIic experiment demonstration project originally called the
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Now called ITER pronounced
ee-ter with the goal to demonstrate that it is possible to produce commercial energy Irom
Iusion. The science going on at ITERand all around the world in support oI ITER
will beneIit all oI mankind. It is the world's largest and most advanced experimental
Tokamak nuclear Iusion reactor.
The ITER Tokamak is made up oI an estimated one million parts. The ITER Tokamak
will be the largest ever built, with a plasma volume oI 840 cubic meters. In currently
operating Tokamaks, the maximum plasma volume is 100 cubic metersachieved by
both Europe's JET and Japan's JT-60.
We firmly believe that to harness fusion energy is the only way to reconcile huge
conflicting demands which will confront humanity sooner or later.
The issue at stake is how to reconcile the imperative, constantly growing demand of the
mafority of the worlds population to raise their standard of living ...with the enormous
environmental ha:ards resulting from the present energy supply ...
...In our opinion, the use of fusion energy is a "must" if we want to be serious about
embarking on sustainable development for future generations.` -Director-General
Osamu Motojima, Opening address, Monaco International I1E# Fusion Energy Days
(MIIFED), 23 ovember 21

The incredibly complex ITER Tokamak will be nearly 30 meters tall, and weigh 23,000
tons. The very small man dressed in blue (bottom right) gives us some idea oI the
machine's scale. Image credit: I1E# Organization 211
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Introduction: Accelerators
Accelerators are in use globally in a wide variety oI applications; medical use includes
diagnostics such as Positron Diagnostic Tomography (PET), Accelerator mass
spectrometry is widely used in biomedical research, and in treatment such as Neutron
Cancer Therapy. Accelerators in physics research delve into a wide variety oI
applications. More accelerators are being built as these diverse application potentials
expand. Accelerator development will spur the global economy Iorward with the
discovery oI new materials and technologies such as nano-technology. They are also
paving the way Ior a better understanding oI our world, the Universe, and our place in it.
The IAEA emphasi:es the use of Nuclear methods based on accelerators in a broad
variety of applications. The agenda of our meeting reflects this diversity, which ranges
from the interest of the nuclear energy community as pointed out by r. Sokolo, Deputy
Director General of IAEA, to a strong emphasis on promoting the use of accelerators in
industry and scientific research in other areas of nuclear sciences and applications.
The use of particle beams from the accelerators can be seen as the cradle of nuclear
science education. In addition it is a vital tool in nuclear research, and in deriving
practical applications in development and understanding of materials. Accelerator
centres form the basis of nuclear knowledge and are the starting point of nuclear
development worldwide.` IAEA, International Atomic Energy Association, Werner
Burkart, IAEA Deputy Director General, ead of the Department of uclear
Sciences and Applications, May 29.
The largest particle accelerator in the world headquatered in Switzerland and is known by
the acronym CERN. The acronym CERN originally stood, in French, Ior Conseil
Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (European Council Ior Nuclear Research) a group
oI 12 countries established in 1952. The original international eIIort changed its name in
1954 but the acronym CERN remained intact. CERN`s membership includes 20
countries and many others either in application to join or in observer capacity.
CERN operates a network oI eight accelerators and a decelerator. Each machine in the
chain increases the energy oI particle beams beIore delivering them to experiments or to
the next more powerIul accelerator. Two Noble prizes have been awarded to CERN Ior
breakthroughs in the atomic Iield.

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Problem Definition:
Fukushima:
The disaster at Fukushima in Japan earlier this year, 2011, instilled new diligence in
upgrading the inIrastructure oI Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations
regarding Ilooding, seismic activity, and power Iailure Ior critical saIety systems. In
addition to these basic saIe guards there is a growing concern over the need to have
updated instrumentation Ior detecting, monitoring, and reporting oI radioactive elements
released during the power generation at Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations.
In particular, Tritium and Carbon-14 emissions have been identiIied by the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) as nuclides oI concern. This has not always been the
case beyond academic consideration, primarily because instrumentation was not
available. The technology simply was not there Iorty years ago. Now it is.
Tritium and Carbon-14 (organic/inorganic):
Tritium is produced in all heavy water CANDU reactors, all nuclear power reactors, and
in the development oI Iusion power. Fission reactors are Iueled by Uranium and
Plutonium. Fusion power is Iueled by Tritium (Hydrogen-3). Tritium is a signiIicant
component in Iusion power and tritium breeding will be developed through the ITER
project. SpeciIic accelerators breed Tritium Ior medical isotopes and nuclear weaponry.
Currently the most signiIicant oII-site airborne radionuclide eIIluents generated by
Nuclear Power Plants are organic and inorganic Carbon-14 and Tritium. However due to
lack oI technology the airborne eIIluents oI Particulates, Iodine, and Noble Gas are those
typically detected and measured.
Federal Regulations:
The NRC requires compliance with 10CFR, the GALL Report, Environmental Release
Reports, etc. Most oI the United States` Nuclear Power Plants are out oI compliance
because their Environmental Emissions oI Tritium and Carbon-14 are above the
limitations set Iorth; limits that are continually being revised downward. EIIective
monitoring instrumentation Ior organic and inorganic Carbon-14 and Tritium will beneIit
the Nuclear Power Plant and Accelerator operation, the environment, and the public by
identiIying the when and where and by quantitating it.
Security of Fuel Rod Storage:
Maintaining saIety and security oI spent Iuel rod storage is critical to public and
environmental saIety. Most are not currently adequately instrumented because Tritium
detection is not being done. Less than 1 oI Iuel rod storage ponds have automated
continuous Tritium monitoring.
Environmental Impacts:
Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations almost always leak Tritium and C-14.
These unmonitored releases have raised watchdog and industry groups` interest and
concern regarding the contamination oI air, eIIluent streams, and surrounding water
tables. Technology once again had not advanced to monitor and measure Tritium and C-
14 in air and water without labor intensive and expensive spot sampling. Regardless oI
whether a Nuclear Power Plant or Accelerator is currently active, being re-commissioned,
or still on the draIting board this will always be an unavoidable problem.
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Communication with Government Agencies:
Sharing measurement inIormation Irom water utilities with the EPA is currently required.
It is simply a matter oI time and technological advances when this type oI inIormation
sharing between all utilities, including Nuclear Power Plants and the NRC and other
regulators will occur. The NRC sets Goals and Rules Ior Nuclear Power Plants.
Regional coordination oI electric power is more critical than in any other industry. Data
collection, analysis, display, and archiving oI inIormation needs to be Iunctional and user
Iriendly Ior Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations managers.
Inter-Department Communication:
Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations have several departments that need to
be integrated with quick real-time measurement data providing the Control Room and
managers an immediate overview oI the Nuclear Power Plant`s and Accelerator
operations Iunction. Departments oI Chemistry, Dosimetry, Radiation Protection/Health
Physics, Radioactive EIIluent Technical SpeciIications (RETS), and Radiological
Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) all produce data that needs to be easily
analyzed and disseminated by the Nuclear Power Plant`s and Accelerator operations
Control Rooms and plant managers. Current best practices have been limited by outdated
instrumentation and programming.
CERN is comprised oI 39 operation stations Ior 4 diIIerent areas the Large Hadron
Collider, the Super Proton Synchrotron, the Proton Synchrotron complex and the
technical inIrastructure. The control room accommodates up to 13 operators, each
assisted by a team oI experts. The CERN Accelerator control center combines all the
control rooms Ior the laboratory`s 8 accelerators, the cryogenic distribution system and
the technical inIrastructure.
"You must understand that all aspects of nuclear energy - the technical elements and the
management elements - have to be considered as one unified system.` Alexander
Bychkov, IAEA Deputy Director General and Head of the Nuclear Energy
Department, International Centre for 1heoretical Physics (IC1P)/IAEA School of
uclear Energy Management, now underway in 1rieste, Italy.

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Issues Addressed in Detection, Measurement, and Reporting of Effluent
Radionuclides:
Effluent Radionuclide Detection - Air and Water:
O Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-Ray, Neutron, Positron, etc.
O Tritium.
O Carbon-14: organic and inorganic.
O Diverse range oI detection: High, Low, and Post Accident
Water:
O EIIluent streams.
O Cooling ponds.
O Groundwater.
O Source water.
Plant Operation:
O Communication between departments and interagency.
O Environmental release inIormation.
O Maintenance schedules.
O Report generation.
O Data and instrument alarm systems.
O Emergency response mechanism.
Personnel Protection:
O Air.
O Drinking Water.
O Clothing.
Solution Details:
Nuclear Power Plants and many Accelerator operations typically are utilizing old,
outdated, and perhaps inaccurate Iunctioning detection and monitoring instrumentation.
There has been no signiIicant drive to update such instrumentation per the NRC to date.
Waiting Ior a mandate may save money in the short term but iI there is an accident, or
malIunction that comes to the attention oI the public the monetary impact will be
immense; much more so than in being proactive by simply upgrading instrumentation to
current technology.
Vendors abound providing speciIic individual solutions Ior these diverse issues with the
exception oI monitoring Tritium, Carbon-14: organic and inorganic, water, and a
comprehensive plant wide system. Technical Associates/OverhoII Technology (TA/O)
has developed instrumentation that is state-oI-the-art integrated and comprehensive to
provide cost eIIective, simple to use, and eIIective solutions to all aspects oI Nuclear
Power Plant and Accelerator operations detection, monitoring, and reporting.
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Technical Associates provides a Iull line oI real-time monitoring instrumentation Ior a
wide variety oI radioisotopes which include Tritium and both organic and inorganic
Carbon-14. Instrumentation Ior real-time continuous monitoring oI plant eIIluent
radionuclide detection and measurement includes Iuel rod storage ponds, eIIluent
streams, groundwater, and source water protection.
About Technical Associates/Overhoff Technology (TA/O):
Technical Associates was established in 1946 as a spin oII Irom the Manhattan Project.
SaIety concerns Ior the scientists developing the atomic bomb and the subsequent need
Ior industrial grade radiation monitors was recognized by Technical Associates`
Iounders. Designing and building these monitors and detectors established a whole new
industry. Since that time Technical Associates has continued to lead the way in
radionuclide detection and monitoring instrumentation with innovative and Iorward
thinking design and manuIacture.
Recognizing and addressing the need as it emerges in our industrial world is a keynote oI
Technical Associates. Recently TA/O submitted a Iormal Petition Ior Rule Making to the
NRC. This Petition was submitted on behalI oI Nuclear Power Plant operators, public
health oIIicials, instrumentation engineers, designers, and manuIacturers regarding the
concern and need Ior Nuclear Power Plants to upgrade and move into state-oI-the-art
instrumentation Ior monitoring radionuclide eIIluent.
OverhoII Technology was established in 1971 expressly Ior the development oI Tritium
detection instruments. OverhoII Technology is recognized globally as the premier
designer and manuIacturer oI Tritium instrumentation. Globally OverhoII
instrumentation is used in many Nuclear Power Plants and in other industries that
generate Tritium.
Technical Associates acquired OverhoII Technology in 2006 and the marriage oI these
two companies has expanded the opportunities Ior Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator
operations to acquire their needed instrumentation and comprehensive systems Irom one
well established and highly regarded source, Technical Associates/OverhoII Technology
(TA/O).
Business Benefits:
TA/O understands the issues oI capital expenditure. Instrumentation is oIIered at a cost
much lower than competitors in addition to being a unique solution to a Nuclear Power
Plants and Accelerator operations instrumentation needs and requirements. Cost
eIIectiveness is an essential element oI consideration in the design oI TA/O`s
instrumentation; such as one instrument doing the work oI many because it is an
integrated unit. Real-time continuous monitoring provides instant communication oI a
problem, eliminates costly lab Iees Ior typically monitored nuclides, and Ior sampling oI
air and water Ior Tritium and Carbon-14. The hazards oI delayed response time, sample
handling, transportation, and ultimately disposal issues are eliminated.
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EFFLUENT RADIONUCLIDE DETECTION IN AIR:
STACK; ROOM; GLOVE BOX; HOT LABS:
O Multiple isotope monitoring Ior Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-Ray, Neutron, Positron,
etc.
O Tritium.
O Carbon-14: organic and inorganic.
O A diverse range oI detection: High, Low, and Post Accident
TA/O stack monitor Model CAM-TC is the only existing instrument that measures all
Iorms oI both organic and inorganic C-14 and Tritium in addition to the traditional
measurement oI Particulates, Iodine, and Noble Gas. Having this all-in-one real-time
continuous stack monitor constitutes a substantial cost savings in addition to the overall
upgrade oI Nuclear Power Plant stack monitors and Accelerator exhaust systems thus
Iacilitating compliance with Federal regulation.

CAM-TC
For in-plant monitoring glove box, room air, or hot lab TA/O`s Model Carb-F9
simultaneously measures Tritium and C-14 with an option to include Iodine and Noble
Gases as well.
TA/O`s TriCair Survey Meter is a handheld instrument Ior Iield use measurement oI
Tritium and both organic and inorganic C-14. It is the Iirst and only portable instrument
currently available Ior Carbon-14 and the only instrument that measures both Tritium and
Carbon-14.



TriCair
Tritium - C-14 Switch
TriCair


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WATER:
O EIIluent streams.
O Cooling ponds.
O Groundwater.
O Source water.
TA/O`s water monitoring product line provides real-time continuous monitoring and
alarming Ior source water, Iiltration plants, and wastewater Iacilities. For Nuclear Power
Plants the ability to monitor 24/7 the various water elements oI cooling and storage
ponds, the eIIluent streams and surrounding groundwater is a unique and highly desirable
Iunction Ior both the environment and Ior public security. The TA/O water product line
Ieatures both Iixed instruments and portables.
TA/O Model NPP-H2O, developed speciIically Ior Nuclear Power Plant use, is a
continuous real-time water monitor Ior alpha, beta, gamma, and Tritium and C-14 isotope
eIIluent in groundwater and waste streams. Having this diversity oI detection and
monitoring contained in one unit which does not utilize reagents is highly desirable and
cost eIIective. The NPP-H2O and other models detect down to EPA`s new Protective
Action Guidelines (PAG) and to military drinking water standards.
TA/O Model Trimaran has exceptionally low end sensitivities Ior Tritium; an
instrument designed with the anticipated revised Federal regulations Ior a lower limit oI
Tritium detection Irom 20,000 pCi/L to 500 pCi/L Iirmly in mind. This instrument is
sensitive enough to detect runoII changes in groundwater Tritium plumes.
Model MDA
4 hr
MDA
6 hr
MDA
8 hr
MDA
24 hr
MDA
7 day
Trimaran
H
2
O
500 Bq/l
13,500 pCi/l
74 Bq/l
2,000 pCi/l
33 Bq/l
900 pCi/l
6 Bq/l
160 pCi/l
2 Bq/l
50 pCi/l
New and spent Iuel rod storage ponds and casks are monitored by TA/O`s high range
underwater monitor model CP-MU-D1. Radiation levels oI 1 million or 10

million R/hr
(900,000 Sv/h) submerged to 30 meters are eIIectively monitored. This unique
instrument is available to secure and detect theIt oI nuclear Iuel rods.

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PLANT OPERATION:
O Communication between departments and interagency.
O Environmental release inIormation.
O Maintenance schedules.
O Report generation.
O Data and instrument alarm systems.
O Emergency response mechanism.
Current data collection, analysis, display, and archiving systems Ior Nuclear Power Plants
and Accelerator operations are extremely expensive and not user Iriendly. The cost and
need Ior Iunctionality spurred TA/O to develop the Overhoff Overview-X. This is a
unique Control Room and plant management system that is both cost eIIective and
Iunctional. It provides a simple and easy interIace with other systems. Organizing data
Ior correct and expeditious reporting is essential in today`s world oI integrated systems:
local, regional, national, and global.
Within a Nuclear Power Plant or an Accelerator this inter-department integration, the
Control Room, and management is critical, With clarity, simplicity, and precision this
coordination is achieved with the Overhoff Overview-X.
Additionally, the Overhoff Overview-X prepares reports, sets maintenance schedules
and monitors adherence to the schedule. It also prints calibration reports and Iiles them
electronically. In general this simpliIies the operator`s job through Iull or partial
automation oI most communication and reporting tasks. Real-time direct reporting
streamlines previously cumbersome and ineIIective processes, saving time and money.
Data communication and capture with TA/O`s real-time instrumentation all have
integrated local retrieval and alarms as well as remote display and alarms. Scada system
connection allows Ior control room integration and communication is Ilexible with wired
and wireless connections. Additionally TA/O`s instrumentation is compatible with Cloud
computing. The critical communication elements oI tracking and reporting radionuclide
monitoring is an extremely complex and important Iunction both to the utility and to the
global environment.
As the demand Ior transparency and ease oI access increases Irom the public and the
global community in general the need to utilize a centralized management system that
directly pertains to contaminated water, groundwater, soil, and air increases. The
opportunity to utilize such a centralized Cloud based system called EIM replaces
cumbersome stand alone systems, eliminates most oI the diIIiculties associated with
adoption oI new technology, and oIIers the opportunities Ior rapid customization.
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PERSONNEL PROTECTION:
O Air.
O Drinking Water.
O Clothing.
TA/O has a diverse product line oI detectors and monitors Ior the protection and security
oI Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator employees. A complete suite oI sensors and
systems Ior health physics includes air, water, stack, and room monitors, vehicle and
personnel scanners, shipping container and cargo scanners, waste, laundry, and surIace
detectors, sample and survey meters, and dosimeters.

Summary:
For 2012 and Beyond, it is imperative that State oI-the-Art Radiation
Monitoring Systems be Installed in Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerators.
The security and eIIiciency oI your Iacility, the personnel within, and the public and
environment without, are the primary considerations oI Technical Associates/OverhoII
Technology and its diverse and ever evolving product line.
Nuclear Power Plants and Accelerator operations are provided with state-oI-the-art, cost
eIIicient instrumentation and systems:
O Enhancing productivity and adherence to Federal Regulations,
O Saving operators money,
O Securing the saIety oI the employees, the public, and the environment
O Facilitating eIIective and accurate communication between Nuclear Power Plant
and Accelerator departments and management; with local, regional, and national,
global governments.
Technical Associates comprehensive, cost eIIective, state-oI-the-art instrumentation
provides the ultimate solution; integrating typical measurements as deIined by the Code
oI Federal Regulations (CFR) part 10 Ior energy, with those Ior Tritium and organic and
inorganic Carbon-14. Upgrading instrumentation will give Nuclear Power Plants and
Accelerator operations the opportunity to take corrective measures to protect the public
and the environment moving into compliance with NRC requirements.

Call today for your free evaluation of your facility`s needs.