08 October 2011

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS III

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Electronic Communications III

ETIII Assignment:

Using the following topics, create an assignment as short as 4 pages OFDM 802.11 802.16 X.25

Using the following criteria What Why Where When

Declaration of own work

I, Zahidur Ovi Rahman, declare that the contents of this document are of my own work and all resources used in compiling this data is listed in the end of the document.

________________ Rahman Z

_________ DATE

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Electronic Communications III

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

OFDM is a modern method used in transmitting data at high rates wirelessly. OFDM uses multiple carrier frequencies to transmit in separate parts, although the initial data rate is very high, the actual transmission rate is much slower but since the data is divided and sent through different carrier frequency in parallel, the transmission speed is still very fast and much more stable since each symbol takes longer to send than the data rate at the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). The OFDM concept relies on the use of a large band of frequencies, preferably about 20MHz according to internet resources, signals to be transmitted are initially at an awesome rate before transmission, the signal is read and separated into segments and sent in parallel at a slower rate than that of its original speed. The delay inserted in each segment of data ensures a good amount of time for the data to be received and thus minimises the effect of noise on the wireless signal. OFDM is used widely in recent networks including the popular Wi-Fi networks used with 802.11 standards for local area networks as well as WiMax which is still new and used for wider areas such as a few kilometres. The use of OFDM is well adapted by new technologies and has been implemented into various modern telecommunication technologies such as Wi-Fi, WiMax, Digital Terrestrial Television, Digital Radio Mondale and as well as DAB Digital Radio. This technique has also been used in cellular technology and implemented in services such as 3G services and UMB and recently been implemented in 4 th generation cell phones such as android and iPhone 4Gs. The idea of multiple parallel frequencies were initially used in the 1960s for military operations but had not been under active research until the 1980s where it was studied to be used in high speed modems and implemented in the 1990s with wideband communications, since then it has been used widely. 802.11 products have been gently implemented in the market since early 2001, after the versions of 802.11a and 802.11b, it had become more practical and since 2002 when 802.11 standard services had been named Wi-Fi, products have been flourishing the market.

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Electronic Communications III

IEEE: 802.11
The 802.11 is an IEEE standard for wireless communications widely used in the popular WiFi services for Local Area Networks where users are non mobile. Speeds of 57 Mbps can be achieved with the use of OFDM as a communications technique with Wi-Fi. Originally the 802.11 standard had been developed for use in the ISM (Industrial, scientific and medical) band of 2.4 GHz and would operate indoors in small areas in speeds similar to a normal wired LAN. Many restaurants, shopping centres and small businesses have made these services popular by offering internet services to customers with able devices. In the 802.11 standard, there is numerous data transmission modes that have been used for communications, the OFDM technique had been proposed to IEEE to be used in 802.11, it is used scarcely but the mostly used modulation technique is the Complementary Code Keying (CCM) modulation which was developed by Intersil until recently with the development of OFDM, this standard has been upgraded recently to use the UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) band which operates at a faster speed of 5GHz, these new developments have been implemented on the count of OFDM coding for modulation since much faster speeds can be attained with this technique although this upgrade has only been used in the USA recently and is still to be implemented in other countries. The 802.11 code OFDM uses multiple bands to operate, in essence it uses 5 bands at 5GHz upwards, and this technique is still used in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in most countries since the development of OFDM, and 5 channels are used in the ISM band as well. The 802.11 standard comes in different versions such as the 802.11a and the 802.11b which differs in the number of channels used for communication but the rest of the specs such as the range and speed remains similar.

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Electronic Communications III

IEEE: 802.16
The 802.16 is an IEEE standard for wireless communications similar to the 802.11 standard but used in a much larger scale and implemented widely in WiMax technologies. Like 802.11, 802.16 also use OFDM for transmitting data. Except data rates are much faster than that of normal Wi-Fi, data rates can go up to 100 Mbps. Initial DTE data rates are very high and so high quality devices such as modern cellular phones and notebooks use this service. WiMax (802.16) covers areas as large as a tens of kilometres using the ISM(Industrial, scientific and medical) band of 2.4GHz thus users do not have to be static, this allows mobile GPS systems to download maps with services such as Google Maps or Wise Pilot while a user is mobile with their device. Since the range of mobility for 802.16 connections are so wide, they are used for wide area networks and due to subscribers using them while mobile, there are several access points for accounts to reconnect in a point to point manner. If a user is mobile and moving away from its current access point, it will reconnect to an access point near the direction it is heading, there are four scenarios depending on the speed of the user Nomadic: when a user is mobile but usually static when using the service, he is allowed to move from access point to access point when changing location. Portable: when a user uses a PC card with the expectation of using it in different devices in different places Simple mobility: users move at speeds of 60 kmph, users may experience short interruptions less than 1 second during the change of access points Full mobility: when users are moving at speeds less than 120 kmph, this causes delays in the signals but access points compensate for it. This standard has seamless methods of handover when a subscriber changes access points and minimises interruptions between handovers. The 802.16 technologies have been adapted into modern societies and have a bright future 802.16 has different versions in the standards, different such as the normal IEEE 802.16 standard, IEEE 802.16a and the IEEE 802.16e standards, the difference in standards are mainly changes in speed, modulation techniques, line of sight, mobility and typical radius. All standards had been completed by the end of the year 2005 and implemented in early 2006.

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Electronic Communications III

X.25 (network packet switching protocol)

The X25 protocol was widely used in the early 80s but now has been replaced by less complex protocols such as TCP\IP. Older devices still exist that use the X25 protocol and can be used to communicate with TCP\IP The widespread of the internet has diminished the use of the X25 package due to its complexity compared to newer protocols. The X25 protocol came before the OSI model but it still matches the last three general OSI layers namely the physical layer, data link layer and the network layer. The X.25 is a protocol used for wide area network communications, this protocol is used for widely for telephone landlines as well as financial transaction systems such as ATMs in the early 1990s Initial goals to X25 were to be used as a universal packet switched network. The X25 protocol is mostly a lot of error control to be used for efficient sharing of resources. The X25 uses error recovery procedures to ensure minimal data loss by always assuming the data link layer of the protocol to be at fault so that all data received may have been received corrupted This way, all data is requested again and again, since problems in the DTE may be scarce, fault can be found in the Data Communications Equipment (DCE) in forms of disturbances or noise. If noise the noise is persistent, operator technicians can search for faults on the line.

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Electronic Communications III

Bibliography
Book: Electronic communication systems, 2nd Edition by Roy Blake. Published by Delmar, Thomson Learning Wiki search: o 802.11 o 802.16 o Wi-Fi o WiMax o X.25 o OFDM o COFDM Website: http://www.pctechguide.com/ieee-80211a.htm Website: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax Website: http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/ofdm/ofdmbasics-tutorial.php

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