What is language?

Language is a mean of communication. We use natural languages such as English, to communicate our ideas and emotions to others person. Similarly a programmer uses a computer language to instruct a computer. What he or she wants do. Every natural language has systematic method of using the words and symbols in that language. Similarly, tae worlds and symbols of a computer language must also be used as per the set rules known as syntax rules, of a language. Therefore a language that is acceptable to computer system is called computer language or programming language.

Software Development Life Cycle;

Generally, programmers create software by using the following development process: (1) Understand the software's requirements, which is a description of what the software is supposed to do. (2) Create the software's specifications, a detailed description of the required tasks and how the programs will instruct the computer to perform those tasks. (3) Write the codethe program instructions encoded in a particular programming language. (4) Test the software to see if it works according to the specifications and possibly submit the program for alpha testing, in which other individuals within the company independently test the program. (5) Debug the program to eliminate programming mistakes, which are commonly called bugs. (The term bug was coined in the early 1940s, when programmers looking for the cause of a mysterious malfunction in the huge Mark I computer discovered a moth in a vital electrical

switch. Thereafter the programmers referred to fixing programming mistakes as debugging.) (6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly. (7) Release the product for use or for sale after it has passed all its tests and has been verified to meet all its requirements. These steps rarely proceed in a linear fashion. Programmers often go back and forth between steps 3, 4, and 5. If the software fails its alpha or beta tests, the programmers will have to go back to an earlier step.

TYPE OF COMPUTER LANGUAGE; Machine level language

Assembly language High level language Fourth level language Object oriented language

MACHINE LEVEL LANGUAGE;

A computer can be programmed to understand many different languages, but there is only one language understood by computer without using a translation program. This language is called machine level language or language of computer. Machine language; Machine language of a computer system is written as string of binary o & 1.Example 10001,101010. Machine level language instruction format; It has two parts; OPCODE (operation code)- tells the computer what function to perform.

OPERAND-tells computer where to find or store data or instruction which are to be manipulated.

INSTRUCTION FORMAT;

OPCODE (OPERATION CODE)

OPERAND ADDRESS/LOCATION

Operation included in instruction format machinery language;

Arithmetic operations logical operations Branch operation for transfer of control to the address given in the operand field Data movement operation for moving data between memory location and resistors Data movement operation for moving data from 1 computer to another. Or 1 input device to another output device.

LIMITATION OF MACHINE LEVEL LANGUAGE;

Machine dependent Difficult to program Error pron - tough to remember opcodes Difficult to modify

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; A language which allows instruction and storage location

to be represented by letters and symbols, instead of numbers is called assembly language.

A program written in assembly language is called an assembly language program.

MERITS OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OVER MACHINE LANGUAGE;

It uses alpha numeric mnemonic codes instead of numeric codes for instruction. We use ADD instesd of 1110 for the instruction to add. It allows storage location to be represented in tne form of alpha numeric address instead of numeric address.e.g,memory location 1000,1001,1002,may be represented as FIRST,SCND,ANSR. It provides additional instructions called pseudo instructions in instruction set. e.g, pseudo instruction tell thing like this; START program at 0000 START data at 1000 SET ASIDE an address for FRST SET ASIDE an address for SCND

ASSEMBLER;
A computer can directly execute only machine language program, which numbers for representing instructions and storage location.so assembly language program must be converted into its equivalent machine level language program. This translation is done with the help of translator program known as ASSEMBLER. An assembler is a system software which translate s an assembly language into its equivalent machine language.

ADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE;

Easier to understand and use Easier to modify Easy to locate and correct errors DISADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE;

Machine dependent Knowledge of hardware is required Machine level coding all instruction are still written at machine code level Writing machine code is still time consuming

EXAMPLE;
Microprocessor language

INSTRUCTION FORMAT;
Assembly input Output machine Language program

Language Program

ASSEMBLER

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE;

High level language are designed to over come the limitation of low level languages (Machine language & Assembly language) High level language enabled the use of computers to solve the problems even by non experts

CHARACTERISTIC OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE;

It is machine indepandant It do not require the programmers to know any thing about the internal structure of computer on which progran will be executed It do not deal with the machine level coding

They deal with the high level coding enabling the programmer to write instruction using ENGLISH words and famialar symbol & expression

Compiler;
High level language must be converted in to it equivalent machine language program, before it is exeucted.this traslation is done by a translator program known as COMPILER Compiler is a program which translates high level language into its equivalent machine language program A compiler can translates only those source of program which have been written in the language for which the compiler is meant e.g, FORTRON compiler is only cabable of translating source program written in fortran So each computer requires separate compiler for each high level language it supports.

INTERPRETER;
It is also used to translate High Level language to Machine Level Language. But it takes one statement at a timed, translates its and immediately executes the resulting machine language instruction. It translate 1 instruction at a time.

ADVANTAGE OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE;

Machine Independent Easier to learn & Use. Very less errors. Low program preparation cost.

 Saves time. Better documentation. Easy to maintain.

Example of High level Language; Fortran Cobol Pascal C

Developed in 1957 by the team led by John Backus within the International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation. FORTRAN (Formula Translation) became the first comprehensive high-level programming language. FORTRAN manipulated numbers and equations efficiently, but it was not suited for business-related tasks, such as creating, moving, and processing data files.

FORTRAN;

C language;
The language known as C is a fast and efficient language for many different computers and operating systems. Programmers often use C to write systems software, but many professional and commercial-quality applications also are written in C. Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories originally designed C for the UNIX OS in the early 1970s. Support many data types so greater flexibility. Modular programming feature and it is rich in library functions.

Portable.

Fourth generation language;

It is also known as non-procedural language. These languages consists of a variety of programming languages that enable users to specify the result they want, while the computer determines the sequence of instruction that will accomplish those result. Fourth generation language simplify and accelerates software development as well as reduce programming errors. Example of fourth generation language; Dbase, FoxPro, Oracle, Ms-Access

Object oriented Language;

An object in object oriented programming language consist of data and the actions that can be performed on the data. OOP language are distinguished from other language as they combine data and procedures into objects, whereas the other programming language separates data from the procedures or actions that are to be performed on them. Example of OOP language;

JAVA C++ Developed by Sun Microsystems. Used for internet based services, consumer electronics products like MOBILE PHONES, DVDS, etc. Java comes in two variants-JRE and Java SDK.

Java;

C++;
Developed by Bjarnj Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C programming language and originally named "C with Classes", it was renamed to C++ in 1983. Enhancements started with the addition of classes, templates. C++ is called because it is an operator in C, which increments numerical value by 1. Therefore, C language is incremented to its next level with C++.

REPRESENTATION OF NUMBER SYSTEMS;

DATA REPRESENTATION; THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF DATA NAMELY CHARACTERS AND NUMBERS. CHARACTERS INCLUDE LETTERS AND SPECIAL SYMBOLS.FOR e.g., RAMA THE OTHER TYPE OF DATA ARE DECIMAL NUMBERS.FOR eg. 1234

NUMBER SYSTEMS; NUMBER SYSTEMS ARE OF TWO TYPES: 1)NON-POSITIONAL 2)POSITIONAL a) BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM b) OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM c) HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM; CONVERTING FROM ONE NUMBER SYSTEM TO ANOTHER; DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION; STEP 1:DIVIDE THE DECIMAL NUMBER BY TWO STEP 2:DIVIDE THE SUCCESSIVE QUOTIENTS BY TWO. STEP 3:TERMINATE THE DIVISION WHEN QUOTIENT BECOMES ZERO STEP 4:THE BINARY EQUIVALENT IS GIVEN BY SEQUENCE OF REMAINDERS. CONVERTING FROM ANOTHER BASE TO DECIMAL; STEP 1:DETERMINE THE COLUMN VALUE OF EACH DIGIT STEP 2:MULTIPLY THE OBTAINED VALUES BY THE DIGITS IN THE CORRESPONDING COLUMNS STEP 3:SUM UP THE PRODUCTS CALCULATED IN STEP 2.THE TOTAL IS THE EQUIVALENT VALUE IN DECIMAL. Characteristic of good programming language; Simplicity- Must be simple & easy to learn.

Naturalness- should be natural for the application area for which it is designed. Abstraction- Means ability to define & then use complicated structure or operations in ways that allow many of the details to be ignored. Efficiency- Good programming language are efficiently translated into machine codes, are efficiently executed and consumes less space in memory. Compactness- Programmer should be able to express intended operations concisely. Extensibility- should allow extension in future.

Thank you