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Properties
Defining properties
The rigorous definition of a stem cell requires that it possesses two properties: Self-renewal which is the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state. multipotency or multidifferentiative potential which is the ability to generate progeny of several distinct cell types, (for example glial cells and neurons) as opposed to unipotency which is the term for cells that are restricted to producing a single-cell type. However, some researchers do not consider multipotency to be essential, and believe that unipotent self-renewing stem cells can exist. These properties can be illustrated with relative ease in vitro, using methods such as clonogenic assays, where the progeny of a single cell is characterized, however, it is known that in vitro cell culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells. Proving that a particular subpopulation of cells possesses stem cell properties in vivo is challenging, and so considerable debate exists as to whether some proposed stem cell populations in the adult are indeed stem cells.
Stem cell division and same. A - stem cells; B - progenitor cell; C - differentiated cell; 1 - symmetric stem cell division; 2 asymmetric stem cell division; 3 - progenitor division; 4 - terminal differentiation Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after embryonic development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. Also known as somatic stem cells (from Greek , meaning of the body), they can be found in juvenile as well as adult animals and humans.
Lineage
To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (see Stem cell division and differentiation diagram). Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter
Plasticity
Under special conditions tissue-specific adult stem cells can generate a whole spectrum of cell types of other tissues, even crossing germ layers.[7] This phenomenon is referred to as stem cell transdifferentiation or plasticity. It can be induced by modifying the growth medium when stem cells are cultured in vitro or transplanting them to an organ of the body different from the one they were originally isolated from. There is yet no consensus among biologists on the prevalence and physiological and therapeutic relevance of stem cell plasticity.
Multidrug resistance
Adult stem cells express transporters of the ATP-binding cassette family that actively pump a diversity of organic molecules out of the cell.[1] Many pharmaceuticals are exported by these transporters conferring multidrug resistance onto the cell. This complicates the design of drugs, for instance neural stem cell targeted therapies for the treatment of clinical depression.
Types
Dental pulp derived stem cells
Multipotent stem cells have been successfully recovered from dental pulp in the perivascular niche. Known as SHED cells (Stem cells Harvested from Exfoliated Deciduous teeth), they have been shown to have the same cellular markers and differential abilities of mesenchymal stem cells.[8] As deciduous baby teeth are shed naturally, this is a non invasive, painless way to harvest stem cells either for storage or future medical use.
Signaling pathways
Adult stem cell research has been focused on uncovering the general molecular mechanisms that control their self-renewal and differentiation. The transcriptional repressor Bmi-1 is one of the Polycomb-group proteins that was discovered as a common oncogene activated in lymphoma[2] and later shown to specifically regulate HSCs.[3] The role of Bmi-1 has also been illustrated in neural stem cells.[4] The Notch pathway has been known to developmental biologists for decades. Its role in control of stem cell proliferation has now been demonstrated for several cell types including haematopoietic, neural and mammary[5] stem cells. These developmental pathways are also strongly implicated as stem cell regulators.[6]
Testicular cells
Multipotent stem cells with a claimed equivalency to embryonic stem cells have been derived from spermatogonial progenitor cells found in the testicles of laboratory mice by scientists in Germany[25][26][27] and the United States,[28][29][30][31] and, a year later, researchers from Germany and the United Kingdom confirmed the same capability using cells from the testicles of humans.[32] The
Sources
Pluripotent stem cells, i.e. cells that can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type, can be found in a number of tissues, including umbilical cord blood.[40] Using genetic reprogramming, pluripotent stem cells equivalent to embryonic stem cells have been derived from human adult skin tissue.[9][41][42][43][44] Other adult stem cells are multipotent, meaning they are restricted in the types of cell they can become, and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (such as mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, etc.).[45][46] A great deal of adult stem cell research has focused on investigating their capacity to divide or self-renew indefinitely, and their potential for differentiation.[47] In mice, pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.[48]
Clinical Applications
Adult stem cell treatments have been used for many years to successfully treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers utilizing bone marrow transplants.[49] The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not
References
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