ABSTRACT

Wind tunnel experiments of Aeolian dust deposition on topographic scale models of ranges of hills were conducted. Different hill sizes and hill spacing were used, and comparisons with the deposition patterns over single, isolated hills were made. Dust profiles over ranges of hills differ from the profiles over identical, but isolated hills. On isolated hills the sedimentation maximum on the windward hill slope is always single and located on the concave part of the slope. In the case of ranges of hills, the maximum is either single or double, with the second peak on the convex part of the windward slope in the latter case. The local sedimentation maximum on the convex lee slope, which is rather unimportant on isolated hills, is much more developed in multiple-hill topography. Also, dust deposition on the lee slopes is significantly higher in multiple-hill topography than on isolated hills. Dust patterns on ranges of hills may be affected by the dust shadow created by the most upstream-located hill. If hills succeed each other quickly, they are located within the shadow zone and are protected from important dust deposition. The plume of high air dust concentration that is created by a hill largely determines the dust pattern on the next hill. As a result of the supply of dust from above by the descending plume, areas that are normally devoid of dust now experience significant dust deposition.

CHAPTER I
Introduction
Wind tunnel measurements of particle dry deposition to wavy and flat surfaces were made to estimate the enhancement of deposition rates due to waves on water surfaces. Measurements were made of 4.0 and 6.7 m uranine particles at wind speeds of 5 and 10 m s1 to sinusoidal waves with height to length ratios 2a/=0.1 and 0.03 and to flat surfaces. Results showed that deposition was greatest to the upslope portion of the wave, accounting for 4045% of the total mass, followed by the trough (30%), downslope (15%), and crest (1015%). These results generally agreed within experimental variability with modeling predictions (Zufall et al., 1999). Deposition was enhanced at the upslope due to the effects of particle interception and impaction on the wave. Total deposition to the wave surfaces was greater than deposition to the flat surface for a large majority of the cases. The average increase in deposition to both wave surfaces for both particle sizes and wind speeds over deposition to the flat surface was 80%.

Moving water does much of the work of erosion that shapes the land

surface of

our Earth. Wind also flows over the Earth's surface, sometimes carrying particles long distances before they are deposited. Wind blows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. The erosive power of wind varies with the strength of the winds that blow, but usually wind transports smaller particles like silt and clay. Somewhat larger particles may be bumped or rolled along by the wind. Wind can carry particles across ocean basins and to great heights within our atmosphere. Wind is a stronger erosional force in arid regions than humid areas for two reasons.

In arid regions, temperatures change greatly from night to day, which produces wind. Even strong winds in humid areas are less effective erosional agents because the ground is wet, so soil particles are heavier and less likely to be removed or transported by wind.

CHAPTER II

Results and Discussions

Transport of Particles by Wind

Wind is able to transport the smallest particles of sediment, like silt and clay, over great distances and areas. Once these particles become mixed into the air, wind can keep them suspended for hours or maybe even days at a time. If nothing disturbs these tiny particles, wind would have trouble picking them off the ground surface. This is because very close to the ground, there is very little motion due to wind. Look behind a car or truck as it drives over an unpaved road. You will see a big cloud of dust that wasn't there before the truck disturbed the ground surface. Once these fine particles are disturbed, wind easily picks them up and distributes them.

Just as water carries different size particles in various ways, wind also transports particles as both bed load and suspended load. For wind, sand sized particles make up the bed load. These sand grains are moved along by the wind in a bump, roll and jump kind of motion. First, a grain of sand gets knocked into the air. It is too heavy to have wind carry it for long in

suspension, so it falls back to the ground, possibly knocking another sand grain into the air as it hits the ground. This starts the process all over again. This process is called saltation, which comes from a Latin word meaning 'to leap' (Figure I). The suspended load for wind will always be very small particles of silt and clay, which are still able to be carried suspended in the air by wind.

Figure I.: Saltation moves sand-size particles along the desert floor or on sand dunes.

Deposition by Wind

When you think of a desert or perhaps even a beach, the image that comes to mind might include sand dunes (Figure II). In coastal regions, you will find sand dunes in the landward direction of the beach. Sand dunes form here as sand is blown from the shore inland. The sand dunes along a beach are likely to be composed of individual grains of the mineral quartz, unless the beach is in a tropical area. In humid regions, other minerals break down readily to form clays,

leaving behind only the more resistant quartz. In the tropics, sand dunes may be composed of calcium carbonate. In a desert, the sand dunes may be composed of a variety of minerals. This is because a desert region, by definition, has very little water. This means that mostly mechanical weathering and very little chemical weathering occurs here. So desert sand dunes will include even unstable minerals.

Just as water waves are very selective about the size particles they carry and deposit, so will the size of the sand grains in a dune be very uniform. The sand dunes are formed of a particular size particle which is too heavy for the wind to transport. This process is sometimes so selective that wind will transport and carry rounded grains of sand, which roll easily, more readily than angular grains.

The faster and stronger the wind, the more particles it can carry. As wind slows down, it will drop off the heaviest particles first. This often happens as wind moves over some type of obstacle, such as a rock or an area of vegetation. As the wind moves up and over the obstacle, it increases in speed, but as soon as it passes the article, wind speed decreases. That is why you will often see deposits of sand on the downwind side of an obstacle. These deposits are the starting material for formation of sand dunes. This is the first condition needed for dunes to form.

Figure II: This sand dune in Morocco shows secondary sand ripples along its slip face.

In order for sand dunes to form, two more conditions must be met. The first of these conditions is that there is an abundant supply of sand. The last condition is that there are steady winds. As steady winds blow over an ample supply of sand, sand grains will bump and roll along, moving by saltation up the gently sloping, upwind side of the dune. As a grain of sand reaches the crest of the dune, it cascades down the steeper, downwind side of the dune, forming the slip face of the dune. The slip face is steep because it forms at the angle of repose for dry sand, which is about 34 (Figure II).

Figure III. Sand dunes have a gently sloping face in the upwind direction. Downwind, a steeper slip face forms.

So as wind erodes and transports sand grains along the gently sloped upwind side of a dune, it deposits sand along the downwind slip face. As each new layer of sand falls down the slip face of the dune, cross beds are formed. Cross beds are named for the way each layer is formed at an angle to the ground. Some of the most beautiful sandstones are cross bedded sandstones (Figure III). These sandstones preserve sands originally deposited as sand dunes in deserts millions of years ago.

Department of Education Region III Division of Iba District of San Marcelino Saint Williams School

Project In Science I
Submitted by: Zorel V. Flores I-Our Lady of Lourdes Respectfully Submitted to: Ms.Joane Jose Teacher Date Submitted: August 19,2011

land Deposition

water Deposition

Abstract
A resistance model for deposition of cloud droplets to a balsam fir forest canopy is described. The model accounts for impaction and sedimentation of cloud droplets, as well as evaporation and condensation of cloud water on canopy surfaces. It considers multiple height strata in the canopy, seven canopy component types in each stratum, and three size classes of cloud droplets. The model was tested against field data and was found to predict cloud water deposition rates in good agreement with measured values. Analysis of the model shows that in the windy, subalpine zone of New England for which the model was developed, advected cloud water can be deposited at rates on the order of tenths of a millimeter per hour, with deposition velocities ranging from 1 to 80 cm s1. Most of the cloud water deposition takes place in the top 3 m of the canopy. Inertial impaction is the dominant deposition mechanism, but sedimentation can be important at low wind speeds and in the interior of the canopy. Increases in wind speed cause increased deposition via impaction and decreased deposition via sedimentation.. The index of refraction and thickness of amorphous solid water (ASW) films are determined using laser optical interferometry. From the film thickness, the density of ASW can be calculated directly since the molecular beam flux and the H2O condensation coefficient are

both known. From the index of refraction the ASW density can also be determined using the LorentzLorenz relationship. The densities determined via both methods agree within experimental uncertainty. For films deposited at 22 K using a collimated molecular beam, the index of refraction and density decrease monotonically as the deposition angle is varied from normal to oblique incidence. At normal incidence the films have an index of refraction of 1.285 and are presumed to be fully dense (0.94 g/cm3). At glancing incidence (86) the film has a refractive index of 1.05 and a density of 0.16 g/cm3, indicating a porosity exceeding 80%. The angle-dependent film density is in semi quantitative agreement with the results of ballistic deposition simulations of ASW film growth.

wind Deposition

Abstract
Published numerical values of particle and gas dry deposition velocities are summarized, but results have not been generalized. The deposition velocities for particles range over three orders of magnitude and the deposition velocities for gases range over four orders of magnitude. For numerical prediction purposes, a model developed by Sehmel and Hodgson is recommended. Air depositionDeuterium, a stable isotope of tritium, was released into a vinyl house in autumn 1995 and summer 1996 to study the transfer of tritium from air to plant and soil. Temporal variation of D2O concentrations in plant and soil water, and plant physiological parameters such as transpiration rate and leaf temperature, were measured during these experiments. D2O concentrations of plants were fitted to a first order kinetic model: Cp = Cmax (1 ekt), where Cp is the D2O concentrations in plants at time t, Cmax is the steady-state concentration in plants and k is the rate constant. The rate constant was also calculated using measured plant physiological parameters for comparison. The D2O uptake by paddy rice was most rapid and the value of k was 3.63 0.31 h1 followed by radish, cherry tomato, Komatsuna and orange. The day/night concentration ratio for cherry tomato and orange was higher than that for radish and Komatsuna.

Department of Education Region III Division of Iba District of San Marcelino Saint Williams School

Project In English
Submitted by: Zorel V. Flores I-Our Lady of Lourdes Respectfully Submitted to: Mr.Noel Muyco Teacher Date Submitted: August 19,2011