Class 11 Structure of Atom Important Questions with Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Arrange s, p and d sub-shells of a shell in the increasing order of effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
experienced by the electron present in them.

Answer.
The increasing order of effective nuclear charge (Zeff) experienced by the electron present in them is s >
p > d because s is close to the nucleus, it will shield the nuclear charge more effectively.

Q2. Show the distribution of electrons in an oxygen atom (atomic number 8) using an orbital diagram.

Answer.
The distribution of electrons in an oxygen atom using an orbital diagram is-

From the above diagram, it can be concluded that oxygen has two unpaired electrons.

Q3. Nickel atom can lose two electrons to form Ni²+ ion. The atomic number of nickel is 28. From which
orbital will nickel lose two electrons?

Answer.
Ni atom's electronic configuration is [Ar]18 3d8 4s2. It will lose two electrons from the 4s orbital to form Ni
2+ with the electronic configuration [Ar]18 3d8 4s0.

Q4. Which of the following orbitals are degenerate?

Answer.
Degenerate orbitals are those that have the same shells and subshells. Hence,
are all degenerate orbitals.

Q5. Calculate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in the 3p orbital.

Answer.
For the 3p - orbital, the principal quantum number is n = 3 and the azimuthal number is l = 1.
Number of angular nodes will be l = 1
The number of radial nodes is equal to n - l - 1 = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1.

Q6. The arrangement of orbitals on the basis of energy is based upon their (n+l) value. Lower the value
of (n+1), the lower is the energy. For orbitals having the same values of (n+l), the orbital with a lower
value of n will have lower energy.
I. Based upon the above information, arrange the following orbitals in the increasing order of energy.
(a) 1s, 2s, 3s, 2p
(b) 4s, 3s, 3p, 4d
(c) 5p, 4d, 5d, 4f, 6s
(d) 5f, 6d, 7s, 7p

II. Based upon the above information, solve the questions given below :
(a) Which of the following orbitals has the lowest energy?
4d, 4f, 5s, 5p
(b) Which of the following orbitals has the highest energy?
5p, 5d, 5f, 6s, 6p

Answer.
I.
(a) 1s < 2s < 3s < 3p
(b) 3s < 3p < 4s < 4d
(c) 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d
(d) 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p
II.
(a) 5s has the lowest energy.
(b) 5f has the highest energy.

Q7. Which of the following will not show deflection from the path on passing through an electric field?
Proton, cathode rays, electron, neutron.

Answer.
Neutrons will not deviate from their path when passing through an electric field because they are
neutral in nature and thus are unaffected by any electrical field.

Q8. An atom having atomic mass number 13 has 7 neutrons. What is the atomic number of the atom?

Answer.
The atomic number can be calculated by
Atomic Number = Mass Number - Number of neutrons
Atomic Number = 13 - 7 = 6.
Hence, the atomic number will be 6.

Q9. Wavelengths of different radiations are given below:

λ(A) = 300 nm
λ(B) = 300 μm
λ (C) = 3 nm
λ = 0 (D) 30 Å
Arrange these radiations in the increasing order of their energies.

Answer.
Since, E ∝ 1/ λ
Therefore, λ(B) < λ(A) < λ(C) = λ(D)
300μm < 300 nm < 3 nm = 30Å

Q10. The electronic configuration of the valence shell of Cu is 3d10 4s1 and not 3d9 4s2. How is this
configuration explained?

Answer.
This is explained by the orbital symmetry principle, which states that orbitals that are completely or
partially filled in a given subshell have extra stability.
As a result, the 3d10 4s1 copper configuration is more symmetrical and stable than the 3d9 4s2
configuration.

Q11. The Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to the transition from n₁ = 2 to n₂ =
3,4,... This series lies in the visible region. Calculate the wave number of the line associated with the
transition in the Balmer series when the electron moves to n = 4 orbit. (RH = 109677 cm-¹)

Answer.

⊽
For n1 = 1, and n2 = 4

⊽
⊽ = 20564.44 cm–1.

Q12. According to de Broglie, matter should exhibit dual behaviour, that is, both particle and wave like
properties. However, a cricket ball of mass 100 g does not move like a wave when it is thrown by a
bowler at a speed of 100 km/h. Calculate the wavelength of the ball and explain why it does not show
wave nature.
Answer.
According to de Broglie,

The wavelength =
m = 100 g = 0.1 kg.

h =6.626×10-34 Js
Therefore, in this case-

λ = 238.5 × 10-36 m
Since the wavelength is too small to detect, it does not exhibit wave nature.

Q13. What is the experimental evidence in support of the idea that electronic energies in an atom are
quantized?

Answer.
The bright-line spectrum demonstrates that an atom's energy levels are quantized. Classical mechanics
cannot explain the behaviour of electrons, atoms, and molecules, among other things. This is due to the
fact that classical mechanics ignores the concept of matter's dual nature. Quantum mechanics takes
these theories into account.

Q14. Out of electrons and protons which one will have a higher velocity to produce matter waves of the
same wavelength? Explain it.

Answer.

m1v1=m2v2 for two different particles with the same wavelength, i.e electron and proton (h is constant ).
The particle's velocity increases as its mass decreases. As a result, for the same wavelength, the
electron will have a higher velocity because its mass is less than that of the proton.

Q15. A hypothetical electromagnetic wave is shown in Fig. Find out the wavelength of the radiation.
Answer.
The distance between two successive peaks or troughs of a wave is defined as its wavelength. So λ =
4 × 2.16 pm = 8.64 pm.

Q16. Chlorophyll present in green leaves of plants absorbs light at 4.620 x 1014 Hz. Calculate the
wavelength of radiation in nanometer. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?

Answer.
Given: 𝜈 = 4.620 x 1014 Hz or 4.620 x 1014 s-1.

λ = 0.6494 x 10-6 m = 649.4 nm.

Thus, it belongs to the visible region.

Q17. What is the difference between the terms orbit and orbital?

Answer.

Orbit Orbitals

An orbit is the simple planar representation of An orbital refers to the dimensional

an electron. motion of an electron around the
nucleus in a three-dimensional motion.

It can be simply defined as the path that gets An orbital can simply be defined as the
established in a circular motion by revolving space or the region where the electron
the electron around the nucleus is likely to be found the most.
 The shape of molecules cannot be explained The shapes of the molecules can be
by an orbit as they are non-directional by found out as they are directional by
nature. nature.

An orbit that is well-defined goes against the An ideal orbital agrees with the theory of
Heisenberg principle. Heisenberg’s Principles.

Q18. Table-tennis ball has a mass of 10 g and a speed of 90 m/s. If speed can be measured within an
accuracy of 4% what will be the uncertainty in speed and position?

Answer.
Given: speed = 90 m/s, mass = 10 g = 10 × 10-3 kg.

Uncertainty in speed (Δv) = 4% of 90 m/sec =

From Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Δx = 1.46 × 10-33 m.

Q19. The effect of the uncertainty principle is significant only for the motion of microscopic particles and
is negligible for macroscopic particles. Justify the statement with the help of a suitable example.

Answer.
The uncertainty principle has no practical application in our daily lives, i.e. in the macroscopic world. It
is because a photon's energy is insufficient to change the position and velocity of macroscopic objects.
Only in the case of smaller moving particles such as electrons does the uncertainty principle come into
play.

If the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is to be applied on an object with a mass of about a milligram,
then,
The value of Δx.Δv obtained is very small and insignificant. As a result, for milligram-sized or heavier
objects, the associated uncertainties are hardly significant.

Q20. A hydrogen atom has only one electron, so mutual repulsion between electrons is absent.
However, in multielectron atoms mutual repulsion between the electrons is significant. How does this
affect the energy of an electron in the orbitals of the same principal quantum number in multielectron
atoms?

Answer.
The principal quantum number determines the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom. As a result,
the energy of the orbitals increases in the following way:

1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4f < (2.23)

Unlike the hydrogen atom, the energy of an electron in a multielectron atom is determined not only by
its principal quantum number (shell) but also by its azimuthal quantum number (subshell). That is, for a
given principal quantum number, the energies of s,p,d,f.... are all different.

Matching Type Questions

In some of the following questions, one option in the left column may be correlated to more than one
option in the right column.

Q1. Match the following species with their corresponding ground state electronic configuration.

Atom / Ion Electronic configuration

(i) Cu (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

(ii) Cu²+ (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2

(iii) Zn2+ (c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

(iv) Cr3+ (d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

(e) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3

Answer.

Atom / Ion Electronic configuration

 (i) Cu (c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

(ii) Cu²+ (d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

(iii) Zn2+ (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

(iv) Cr3+ (e) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3

Q2. Match the quantum numbers with the information provided by these.

Quantum number Information provided

(i) Principal quantum number (a) orientation of the orbital

(ii) Azimuthal quantum number (b) energy and size of orbital

(iii) Magnetic quantum number (c) spin of electron

(iv) Spin quantum number (d) shape of the orbital

Answer.

Quantum number Information provided

(i) Principal quantum number (b) energy and size of orbital

(ii) Azimuthal quantum number (d) shape of the orbital

(iii) Magnetic quantum number (a) orientation of the orbital

(iv) Spin quantum number (c) spin of electron

Q3. Match the following rules with their statements:

Rules Statements

(i) Hund's Rule (a) No two electrons in an atom can have the
same set of four quantum numbers.
 (ii) Aufbau Principle (b) Half-filled and completely filled orbitals have
extra stability.

(iii) Pauli Exclusion Principle (c) Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to
the same subshell does not take place until each
orbital is singly occupied.

(iv) Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle (d) It is impossible to determine the exact position
and exact momentum of a subatomic particle
simultaneously.

(e) In the ground state of atoms, orbitals are filled

in the order of their increasing energies.

Answer.

Rules Statements

(i) Hund's Rule (c) Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to

the same subshell does not take place until each
orbital is singly occupied.

(ii) Aufbau Principle (e) In the ground state of atoms, orbitals are filled
in the order of their increasing energies.

(iii) Pauli Exclusion Principle (a) No two electrons in an atom can have the
same set of four quantum numbers.

(iv) Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle (d) It is impossible to determine the exact position
and exact momentum of a subatomic particle
simultaneously.

Q4. Match the following

(i) X-rays (a) v = 100-104 Hz

(ii) UV (b) v = 1010 Hz

(iii) Long radio waves (c) v = 1016 Hz

 (iv) Microwave (d) v = 1018 Hz

Answer.

(i) X-rays (d) v = 1018 Hz

(ii) UV (c) v = 1016 Hz

(iii) Long radio waves (a) v = 100-104 Hz

(iv) Microwave (b) v = 1010 Hz

Q5. Match the following

(i) Photon (a) Value is 4 for N shell

(ii) Electron (b) Probability density

(iii) Ψ2 (c) Always positive value

(iv) Principal quantum number n (d) Exhibits both momentum and wavelength

Answer.

(i) Photon (d) Exhibits both momentum and wavelength

(ii) Electron (d) Exhibits both momentum and wavelength

(iii) Ψ2 (b) Probability density (c) Always positive value

(iv) Principal quantum number n (a) Value is 4 for N shell (c) Always positive value

Q6. Match species given in Column I with the electronic configuration given in Column II.

Column I Column II
 (i) Cr (a) [Ar]3d8 4s0

(ii) Fe2+ (b) [Ar]3d10 4s1

(iii) Ni2+ (c) [Ar]3d6 4s0

(iv) Cu (d) [Ar]3d5 4s1

(e) [Ar]3d6 4s2

Answer.

Column I Column II

(i) Cr (d) [Ar]3d5 4s1

(ii) Fe2+ (c) [Ar]3d6 4s0

(iii) Ni2+ (a) [Ar]3d8 4s0

(iv) Cu (b) [Ar]3d10 4s1

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given.
Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.

Q1. Assertion (A): All isotopes of a given element show the same type of chemical behaviour. Reason
(R): The chemical properties of an atom are controlled by the number of electrons in the atom.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. Both A and R are false.

Answer.
Correct Answer is (1.) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
All isotopes have same atomic number, which means they have the same number of electrons. So,
they bear similar chemical properties.
Q2. Assertion (A): Black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiation of all frequencies.
Reason (R): The frequency of radiation emitted by a body goes from a lower frequency to higher
frequency with an increase in temperature.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A
3. A is true and R is false;
4. Both A and R are false.

Answer.
Correct Answer is (2.) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiation of all frequencies, and the radiation
emitted by such a body is known as black body radiation. The exact frequency distribution of a black
body's emitted radiation is determined solely by its temperature. At a given temperature, the intensity of
radiation emitted increases as the wavelength decreases, reaches a maximum at a given wavelength,
and then begins to decrease as the wavelength decreases further.

Q3. Assertion (A): It is impossible to determine the exact position and exact momentum of an electron
simultaneously.
Reason (R): The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true and R is false.
4. Both A and R are false.

Answer.
Correct Answer is (3.) A is true and R is false.
The exact position and exact momentum of an electron cannot be determined simultaneously,
according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. As a result, the electron's path in an atom is not well
defined.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1. What is the photoelectric effect? State the result of a photoelectric effect experiment that could not
be explained on the basis of laws of classical physics. Explain this effect on the basis of quantum
theory of electromagnetic radiation.

Answer.
The photoelectric effect occurs when certain metals are exposed to a light beam, causing electrons to
be ejected from the metal. This is known as the photoelectric effect. The ejected electrons are known
as photoelectrons.

This experiment yielded the following results:

1. Electrons are ejected from the metal surface only when a light beam strikes it.
2. The number of electrons that make up the intensity of radiation.
3. There is a minimum frequency, v0, for each metal below which the photoelectric effect is not
observed.
4. K.E. of electrons α frequency of light.

Explanation of the photoelectric effect based on quantum theory: When a sufficiently energetic photon
collides with an electron in a metal atom, the photon transfers its energy to the electron, and the
electron is ejected without delay. The higher the energy of the photon, the higher the kinetic energy of
the ejected electron.

Q2. Threshold frequency, Vo is the minimum frequency which a photon must possess to eject an
electron from a metal. It is different for different metals. When a photon of frequency 1.0 x 1015 s-1 was
allowed to hit a metal surface, an electron having 1.988 x 10–19 J of kinetic energy was emitted.
Calculate the threshold frequency of this metal. Show that an electron will not be emitted if a photon
with a wavelength equal to 600 nm hits the metal surface.

Answer.
hv = h0 + K.E
hv0 = hv - K.E

v = 1.0 × 1015 s–1

K.E. = 1.988 × 10-19 J, h = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
v0 = 7 × 1014 s–1
λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10-9 m = 6.0 × 10-7 m

Thus, v < v0 and therefore, no electron will be emitted.

Q3. When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas, the hydrogen molecules dissociate to
produce excited hydrogen atoms. These excited atoms emit electromagnetic radiation of discrete
frequencies which can be given by the general formula

What points of Bohr's model of an atom can be used to arrive at this formula? Based on these points,
derive the above formula giving a description of each step and each term.

Answer.
The following are the two key points of Bohr's model that can be used to derive the given formula:
(i) Electrons orbit the nucleus in a circular path with a fixed radius and d energy. Orbits, stationary
states, and allowed energy states are all names for these paths.
(ii) When an electron moves from a higher stationary state to a lower stationary state or from a lower
stationary state to a higher stationary state, energy is emitted or absorbed. The equation gives the
energy difference between the two orbits.
ΔE = E2 - E1
When electron jumps from outer orbit n2 to inner orbit n1, the difference of energy (ΔE) is emitted.

⊽ = ΔE/hc

By putting the values of π, m ,c, h and e we get-

⊽=
Q4. Calculate the energy and frequency of the radiation emitted when an electron jumps from n = 3 to n
= 2 in a hydrogen atom.

Answer.
n2 = 3, n1 = 2

⊽=

λ = 1/⊽

Frequency 𝜈 = c/λ

𝜈 = 4.57 × 1014 s-1.

Q5. Why was a change in the Bohr Model of atom required? Due to which important development (s),
the concept of movement of an electron in an orbit was replaced by, the concept of probability of finding
an electron in an orbital? What is the name given to the changed model of the atom?

Answer.
A modification to the Bohr model was required due to certain defects. The Bohr model applied to atoms
with a single electron. It cannot account for multi-electron atoms. It also claims that electrons move in
circular orbits around the nucleus, which is incorrect.

The dual behaviour of matter and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle were two significant
developments that contributed significantly to the formulation of such a model.

In 1972, Werner Heisenberg, a German physicist, stated the uncertainty principle, which is the result of
the dual behaviour of matter and radiation. The existence of definite paths or trajectories of electrons
and other similar particles is governed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which is one of its most
important implications.
Quantum mechanics is a theoretical science that studies the motions of microscopic objects that have
both observable wave and particle properties. The new atom model is known as the Quantum
Mechanical Model of Atom.
Class 11 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Important Questions with Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Explain why the electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative than that of chlorine.

Answer.
This is due to the small size of the fluorine atom. As a result of the strong interelectronic repulsions in
fluorine's relatively small 2p orbitals, the incoming electron does not experience much attraction.

2. All transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not transition
elements. Explain.

Answer.
All transition metals are d-block elements, but not all d-block elements are transition elements because
all d-block elements that do not have completely filled d- orbitals are not counted as transition
elements, making such elements exceptional. Zn, Cd, and Hg are a few examples.

3. Identify the group and valency of the element having atomic number 119. Also, predict the
outermost electronic configuration and write the general formula of its oxide.

Answer.
For element having atomic number 119:
Group - 1, Valency - 1, Outermost electronic configuration - 8s1 and the general formula of the oxide will
be M2O.

4. Ionisation enthalpies of elements of second period are given below :

Ionisation enthalpy/ k cal mol-1 : 520, 899, 801, 1086, 1402, 1314, 1681, 2080.
Match the correct enthalpy with the elements and complete the graph given in Fig. 3.1.
Also, write symbols of elements with their atomic number.
Answer.
The order of ionisation enthalpy of second period elements is: Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
The correct enthalpy with the elements and the complete graph is given as follows-
5. Among the elements B, Al, C and Si,
(i) which element has the highest first ionisation enthalpy?
(ii) which element has the most metallic character?
Justify your answer in each case.

Answer.
Among the elements, B, Al, C and Si
(i) The element that has the highest first ionisation enthalpy is C.
(ii) The element that has the most metallic character is Al.

6. Write four characteristic properties of p-block elements.

Answer.
The four most important properties of p-block elements are as follows:
(a) Both metals and nonmetals are present in p-block elements, but the number of nonmetals is much
greater than that of metals. Furthermore, within a group, the metallic character increases from top to
bottom, while the non-metallic character increases from left to right along a period in this block.
(b) Their ionisation enthalpies are higher than those of s-block elements.
(c) They mostly combine to form covalent compounds.
(d) Some of them have compounds with multiple (variable) oxidation states. In a period, their oxidising
character increases from left to right, while their reducing character increases from top to bottom.

7. Choose the correct order of atomic radii of fluorine and neon (in pm) out of the options
given below and justify your answer.
(i) 72, 160
(ii) 160, 160
(iii) 72, 72
(iv) 160, 72

Answer.
The atomic radius of F is usually expressed in terms of covalent radius, whereas the atomic radius of
neon is usually expressed in terms of van der Waals radius. An element's van der Waals radius is
always greater than its covalent radius. As a result, the atomic radius of F is less than the atomic radius
of Ne (F = 72 pm, Ne = 160 pm).

8. Illustrate by taking examples of transition elements and non-transition elements that

oxidation states of elements are largely based on electronic configuration.

Answer.
An element's oxidation state is determined by its electronic configuration.
S-block elements:
 ● Group 1 elements- General electronic configuration of the valence shell ns1. Oxidation states
=+1.
● Group 2 elements- General electronic configuration of the valence shell is ns2. Oxidation state
=+2
P-block elements.
● Group 13elements: General electronic configuration of a valence shell is ns2, np1. The oxidation
states are +3 and +1.
● Group 14 elements: General electronic configuration of the valence shell is ns2, np2. Oxidation
states are +4 and +2.
● Group 15 elements: General valence shell electronic configuration ns2, np3. Oxidation states are
-3,+3, and +5. Nitrogen exhibits +1,+2,+4 oxidation states as well.
● Group16 elements General electronic configuration of the valence shell ns2, np4. Oxidation
states are -2,+2,+4 and +6.
● Group 17: General electronic configuration of the valence shell is ns2, np5. Oxidation state is -1.
Cl, Br, and I also have +1,+3,+5, and +7 oxidation states.
● Group 18: General electronic configuration of the valence shell is ns2np6 . In bonding, the
oxidation state = zero.
● A transition metal's various oxidation states are caused by the presence of (n-1)d and outer ns
electrons. (n-1)d1-10, ns1-2 is a general electronic configuration. The most common oxidation
states for these elements are +2 and +3.

9. Nitrogen has positive electron gain enthalpy whereas oxygen has negative. However,
oxygen has lower ionisation enthalpy than nitrogen. Explain.

Answer.
The outermost electronic configuration of nitrogen is 2s2 2px1, 2py1, 2pz1 whereas that of oxygen is 2s2
2px2, 2py1, 2pz1.
Since oxygen acquires a stable configuration, i.e., 2p3, by removing one electron from the 2p-orbital, it
has a lower ionisation enthalpy than nitrogen. In the case of nitrogen, however, due to its stable
configuration, it is difficult to remove one of the three 2p-electrons.

10. First member of each group of representative elements (i.e., s and p-block elements)
shows anomalous behaviour. Illustrate with two examples.

Answer.
The first member of each group of representative elements (i.e., the s- and p- block elements) exhibits
anomalous behaviour due to:
(i) small size
(ii) higher ionisation enthalpy
(iii) higher electronegativity
(iv) the absence of d- orbitals.
For example, in s - block elements, lithium behaves differently than the other alkali metals.
(a) Lithium compounds have a high covalent character. Alkali metal compounds are predominantly
ionic.
(b) Lithium nitride is formed when lithium reacts with nitrogen, whereas other alkali metals do not form
nitrides.
In p- block elements, the first member of each group has four orbitals in their valence shell, one 2s
orbital and three 2 p orbitals. As a result, these elements have a maximum covalency of four, whereas
other members of the same or different group have a maximum covalency that is greater than four due
to the availability of vacant d - orbitals.

11. p-Block elements form acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Explain each property by
giving two examples and also write the reactions of these oxides with water.

Answer.
Due to their various properties, p - block elements produce acidic, basic, and amphoteric oxides:
● The higher an element's electronegativity, the more acidic its oxide.
For example- Boron has an electronegativity of -2, carbon has an electronegativity of 2.5, and
nitrogen has an electronegativity of 3. As a result, the order of acidic character of B, C, and N
oxides is B2O3 < CO2 < N2O3
● If the ionisation enthalpy of an element is high, it will form acidic oxide; if it is intermediate, it will
form amphoteric oxide; and if it is low, it will form basic oxides.
For example, the ionisation enthalpy of boron is 800 while that of carbon is 1086.5, implying that
carbon oxide is more acidic than boron oxide.
● The oxides of the first element in each group in the p - block are more acidic than the oxides of
other elements. As we move down the group, the acidic character decreases, followed by
elements that form amphoteric oxides and then basic oxides.
For example- In the Boron family, B forms a weak acidic oxide, while Al, Ga, and In form
amphoteric oxides, and Tl forms a strong basic oxide.
Reactions of some of the oxides with water:
● Acidic Oxides:
B2O3 + 3H2O → 2H3BO3
● Basic Oxides:
Tl2O + H2O → 2TlOH
● Amphoteric Oxides are insoluble in water and thus reacts with acid and base:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

12. How would you explain the fact that first ionisation enthalpy of sodium is lower than that
of magnesium but its second ionisation enthalpy is higher than that of magnesium?

Answer.
The electronic configuration of both the atoms are as follows:
Na: [Ne]3s1
Mg: [Ne]3s2
The ion formed after removing one electron from the sodium atom takes on the configuration of an inert
gas, neon, whereas Mg retains one electron. As a result, the first ionisation energy of Na is lower than
that of Mg. High energy is required to remove an electron from a noble gas configuration.
As a result, the second ionisation enthalpy of calcium is greater than that of magnesium.

13. What do you understand by exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction?

Give one example of each type.

Answer.
Exothermic reactions are those in which heat is produced. The formation of ammonia from nitrogen and
hydrogen, for example, is an exothermic reaction.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3, ΔH = - 46.11KJ/mol.
Endothermic reactions are ones in which heat is absorbed. The dissociation of ammonia into nitrogen
and hydrogen, for example, is an endothermic reaction.
2NH3 → N2 + 3H2, ΔH = +91.8KJ/mol.

14. Arrange the elements N, P, O and S in the order of-

(i) increasing first ionisation enthalpy.
(i) increasing non-metallic character.
Give reason for the arrangement assigned.

Answer.
(i) Due to the extra stable exactly half-filled 2p-orbitals, the ionisation enthalpy of nitrogen (1s2,2s2,2p3)
is greater than that of oxygen (1s2,2s.2,2p4). Likewise, the ionisation enthalpy of phosphorous
(1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3) is greater than that of sulphur (s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3)
Ionisation enthalpy decreases with decreasing atomic size as one moves down the group.
As a result, the increasing order of first ionisation enthalpy is S < P < O < N
(ii) Nonmetallic character increases across a period (left to right), but decreases as one moves down
the group.
As a result, the increasing non-metallic order is P < S < N < O.

15. Explain the deviation in ionisation enthalpy of some elements from the general trend by
using Fig. 3.2.
Answer.
The ionisation enthalpy of some elements deviates from the general trend, as shown in the figure. The
first ionisation enthalpy of B is lower than that of Be, whereas the first ionisation enthalpy of nitrogen is
higher than that of O.

16. Explain the following:

(a) Electronegativity of elements increase on moving from left to right in the periodic table.
(b) Ionisation enthalpy decrease in a group from top to bottom?

Answer.
(a) Due to the general decrease in atom size and increase in nuclear charge, the electronegative of
elements increases as one moves from left to right in the periodic table.
(b) The ionisation enthalpy of a group decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in atomic
size caused by the addition of a new shell.

17. How does the metallic and non metallic character vary on moving from left to right in a
period?

Answer.
Moving from left to right in a period, metallic character decreases and nonmetallic character increases.
This is due to the increase in effective nuclear charge which causes an increase in ionisation enthalpy
and electron gain enthalpy.
18. The radius of Na+ cation is less than that of Na atom. Give reason.

Answer.
Since Na+ is formed by losing one energy shell, its radius is smaller than that of Na atom.
Na - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
Na+ - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6

19. Among alkali metals which element do you expect to be least electronegative and why?

Answer.
Due to the general increase in size, electronegativity decreases from top to bottom in a group. As a
result, caesium is the least electronegative element.

Matching Type Questions

1. Match the correct atomic radius with the element.

Element Atomic radius (pm)

Be 74

C 88

O 111

B 77

N 66

Answer.

Element Atomic radius (pm)

Be 111

C 66

O 77

B 88

N 74
2. Match the correct ionisation enthalpies and electron gain enthalpies of the following elements.

Elements ΔH1 ΔH2 Δeg H

(i) Most reactive non-metal A. 419 3051 - 48

(ii) Most reactive metal B. 1681 3374 - 328

(iii) Least reactive element C. 738 1451 - 40

(iv)Metal forming binary D. 2372 5251 + 48

halide

Answer.

Elements ΔH1 ΔH2 Δeg H

(i) Most reactive non-metal B. 1681 3374 - 328

(ii) Most reactive metal A. 419 3051 - 48

(iii) Least reactive element D. 2372 5251 - 48

(iv)Metal forming binary C. 738 1451 + 40

halide

3. Electronic configuration of some elements is given in Column I and their electron gain
enthalpies are given in Column II, Match the electronic configuration with electron gain enthalpy.

Column I Column II
Electronic configuration Electron gain enthalpy/KJ mol-1

(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (A) - 53

(ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 (B) - 328

(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p5 (C) - 141

(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p4 (D) +48

Answer.
 Column I Column II
Electronic configuration Electron gain enthalpy/KJ mol-1

(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (D) - 328

(ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 (A) - 53

(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p5 (B) +48

(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p4 (C) - 141

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason

(R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.

1. Assertion (A): Generally, ionisation enthalpy increases from left to right in a period.
Reason (R): When successive electrons are added to the orbitals in the same principal
quantum level, the shielding effect of the inner core of electrons does not increase very much
to compensate for the increased attraction of the electron to the nucleus.

(i) Assertion is correct statement and reason is wrong statement.

(ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(iii) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.
(iv) Assertion is wrong statement and reason is correct statement.

Answer.
The correct answer is (ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation of assertion.
Ionisation enthalpy increases over time as effective nuclear charge increases and atomic size
decreases.

2. Assertion (A): Boron has a smaller first ionisation enthalpy than beryllium.
Reason (R): The penetration of a 2s electron to the nucleus is more than the 2p electron hence 2p
electron is more shielded by the inner core of electrons than the 2s electrons.

(i) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(ii) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(iii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(iv) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.
Answer.
The correct answer is (iii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
The electron removed from the beryllium atom during ionisation is from the s-orbital, whereas the
electron removed from the boron atom is from the p-orbital, and the penetration of the 2s electron to the
nucleus is greater than that of the 2p electron, so the 2p electron of boron is more shielded from the
nucleus than the 2s electron.

3. Assertion (A): Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a group.
Reason (R): Size of the atom increases on going down the group and the added electron
would be farther from the nucleus.

(i) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(iii) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.
(iv) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

Answer.
The correct answer is (ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
As an atom's size increases down the group, its electron gain enthalpy decreases. This is due to the
fact that the screening effect within a group increases as one moves downward, and the added electron
would be further away from the nucleus.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Discuss the factors affecting electron gain enthalpy and the trend in its variation in the
periodic table.

Answer.

Factors influencing electron gain enthalpy include-

(i) Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases, the electron gain enthalpy becomes more
negative. If the nuclear charge is high, there is a greater attraction for the incoming electron.
(ii) Atomic size: As the atom's size increases, so does the distance between the nucleus and the
incoming electron, resulting in less attraction. As a result, as the size of the element's atom increases,
the electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative.
(iii) Electronic configuration: Elements with stable electronic configurations of half-filled and completely
filled valence subshells have a very low tendency to accept additional electrons, resulting in less
negative electron gain enthalpies.
Variations in electron gain enthalpies in the periodic table

In general, electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative from left to right in a period and less
negative from top to bottom in a group.

(a) Downward variation within a group: Moving down a group increases the size and nuclear charge.
However, the effect of increasing atomic size is much more pronounced than that of increasing nuclear
charge, so the additional electron feels less attraction by the large atom. As a result, the electron gain
enthalpy decreases. This is evident from the decrease in electron gain enthalpy when transitioning from
chlorine to bromine and then to iodine.
(b) Periodic variation: As one moves across a period, the size of the atom decreases and the nuclear
charge increases. Because both of these factors increase the attraction for the incoming electron,
electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative in a period from left to right. However, there are some
anomalies in the overall trend. These are primarily due to certain atoms' stable electronic
configurations.

Important Trends in Electron Gain Enthalpies

The electron gain enthalpies of elements have some important characteristics. They are as follows:
(i) The negative electron gain enthalpies of halogens are the highest.
(ii) Noble gases have positive electron gain enthalpy values, whereas Be, Mg, N, and P have nearly
zero.
(iii) Fluorine's electron gain enthalpy is unexpectedly less negative than chlorine's.

2. Define ionisation enthalpy. Discuss the factors affecting ionisation enthalpy of the elements
and its trends in the periodic table.

Answer.
Ionization Enthalpy: The amount of energy required to remove an e from an isolated gaseous atom in
its gaseous state is defined as an element's ionisation enthalpy.
The following factors influence ionisation enthalpy:
1. Atom size: The larger the atomic size, the lower the value of ionisation enthalpy. The outer e –
are far away from the nucleus in large atoms, so the force of attraction with which they are
attracted by the nucleus is less and thus they can be easily removed.
Ionization enthalpy ∝ 1/atomic size
2. Screening Effect: Because the screening effect reduces the force of attraction towards the
nucleus, the outer e can be easily removed.
Ionization enthalpy ∝ 1/Screening effect
3. Nuclear charge: The Ionization enthalpy increases as nuclear charge increases among atoms
with the same number of energy shells because of the force of attraction towards the nucleus
 increases.
Ionization enthalpy ∝ nuclear charge
4. Half-filled and fully-filled orbitals: Because atoms with half-filled and fully-filled orbitals are more
stable, it takes more energy to remove an electron from such atoms. In the case of such an
atom, the ionisation enthalpy is somewhat higher than expected. Ionization enthalpy ∝ stable
electronic configuration
5. Orbital shape: The s-orbital of the same orbit is closer to the nucleus than the p-orbital. As a
result, removing an electron from a p-orbital is easier than from an s-orbital. The shape for
orbitals: s > p > d > f

Variation of ionisation enthalpy in the periodic table

In general, as atomic size increases, the ionisation energy decreases down the group. The ionisation
energy, on the other hand, increases across the period from left to right, because of a decrease in
atomic size from left to right.

3. Justify the given statement with suitable examples— “the Properties of the elements are a
periodic function of their atomic numbers”.

Answer.
This statement means that when elements are arranged in increasing atomic number order, the
similarity of their properties appears at regular intervals.

The electronic configuration of the elements, for example, repeats itself at regular intervals, resulting in
elements with the same number of valence electrons and thus similar chemical properties.
● The elements in the first group are strongly metallic and electropositive, forming monovalent
ions such as Na+, Li +, K+, and so on. All alkali metals have similar properties due to their similar
outermost shell electronic configuration.
● Similarly, all elements in the 17th group (halogens) have the same outermost shell electronic
configuration, i.e., ns2 np5, and thus have similar properties.

4. Write down the outermost electronic configuration of alkali metals. How will you justify
their placement in group 1 of the periodic table?

Answer.
Alkali metals' outermost electronic configuration is ns1.
All elements of group IA (or I), i.e., alkali metals, have the same outer electronic configuration, ns 1,
where n denotes the number of principal shells. These electronic configurations are shown in the table
below.

Symbol Atomic Number Electronic Configuration

 Li 3 1s2 2s1

Na 11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

K 19 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

Rb 37 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1

Cs 55 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2
5p6 6s1

Fr 87 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 7s1

As a result of their similarity in electronic configuration and properties, all of these elements are placed
in group 1 of the periodic table.

5. Write the drawbacks in Mendeleev's periodic table that led to its modification.

Answer.
1. Hydrogen's position: Hydrogen is assigned to group I. It does, however, resemble elements from
Group I (alkali metals) as well as elements from Group VILA (halogens). As a result, the position
of hydrogen in the periodic table is incorrect.
2. Anomalous pairs: The increasing order of atomic masses was not followed in certain pairs of
elements. Mendeleev arranged the elements in these cases based on similarities in their
properties rather than the increasing order of their atomic masses. Argon (Ar, atomic mass
39.9), for example, is placed before potassium (K, atomic mass 39.1). Likewise, cobalt (Co,
atomic mass 58.9) comes before nickel (Ni, atomic mass 58.6), and tellurium (Te, atomic mass
127.6) comes before iodine (I, atomic mass 126.9). These positions were not justified.
3. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses but the same atomic
number. As a result, according to Mendeleev's classification, these should be classified
differently based on their atomic masses. For example, hydrogen isotopes with atomic masses
1, 2, and 3 should be placed in three different locations. Isotopes, on the other hand, do not
have their own spot in the periodic table.
4. Several gaps in the periodic table were left because he believed that several elements were yet
to be discovered, for example, gallium was not discovered at the time.
5. Position of lanthanoids (or lanthanides) and actinoids (or actinides): The fourteen elements that
follow lanthanum (known as lanthanoids, atomic numbers 58-71) and the fourteen elements that
follow actinium (known as actinoids, atomic numbers 58-71) are not included separately.

6. In what manner is the long form of periodic table better than Mendeleev’s periodic table?
Explain with examples.
Answer.
Due to the following reasons, the long-form periodic table is considered more letter than the
Mendeleev's table:
1. All elements in the long-form periodic table are arranged in increasing order of atomic numbers,
whereas the table is arranged in increasing order of atomic masses.
2. The position of hydrogen in the long-form periodic table has been justified, whereas there is no
such justification in Mendeleev's periodic table.
3. The long-form periodic table considers the filling of electrons in s,p,d, and subshells, whereas
the table considers the atomic numbers of the elements.
4. The periodic table is divided into four blocks: s, p, d, and f, whereas the periodic table, has no
blocks.
5. Long-form periodic table groups are not further subdivided into subgroups, whereas each group
in Mendeleev's periodic table has subgroups A and B.
6. Long-form periodic tables are simple and easy to reproduce, whereas Mendeleev's periodic
tables are quite difficult to reproduce.

7. Discuss and compare the trend in ionisation enthalpy of the elements of group 1 with
those of group 17 elements.

Answer.
1. As the atom grows in size, the distance between the nucleus and the valence electron grows,
resulting in a decrease in the force of attraction between them. As a result, the amount of
energy required to remove an electron is reduced.
2. Also, as we move down the group, the shielding effect increases, and thus the force of attraction
between the nucleus and the valence electrons decreases even more.
3. As we move down a group, the combined effect of the two results in a decrease in ionisation
energy.
4. As a result, the group ionisation energy decreases as we move down in both group 1 and group
17.

The ionisation enthalpy values for elements in groups 1 and 17 are given below.

Group I First Ionization Group 17 First Ionization

enthalpies (KJ/mol) enthalpies (KJ/mol)

H 1312 F 1681

Li 520 Cl 1255

Na 496 Br 1142

K 419 I 1009
Rb 403 At 917

Cs 374
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