[1]Design and Implementation of Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM This paper proposes a remote monitoring system that

has 2 parts: 1. Monitoring center: consists of the computer and TC35 communication module of GSM. The computer and the communication module are connected by RS232 2. Remote Monitoring Station: consists of the TC35 module, MCU MSP430F149, display units, sensors, data gathering and processing units. Software for the monitoring center and remote monitoring system is developed using VB. The method of data transmission is Short Message Sending (SMS). SMS is sent to the central station where the data is analysed and controlling commands are sent in the same way. REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM: The remote monitoring system consists of Central monitoring station, remote monitoring station and the GSM network. Central monitoring station is divided into Monitoring central server and GSM. Remote monitoring system is divided into MCU MSP430F149, peripheral circuits and GSM. Communication between central monitoring station and the remote monitoring station is through GSM network. HARDWARE: 1. Central monitoring station: Is made up of central monitoring station server, GSM communication module TC35 and serial port lines between the central monitoring server and the communication module. The monitoring station server is implemented by using computer servers and work stations. Main functions are to receive, classify and save data collected by remote monitoring stations, control remote monitoring systems, manage the database, display the real time situation by remote monitoring stations and print back up data. The GSM communication module TC35 introduced by SEIMENS is a dedicated modem that consists of the module that integrates the RF circuit and baseband circuit and AT commands interface to user. GSM is recommended by many researchers and Engineers as it is a fast, reliable and provides secure data transmission for data, voice, fax and SMS. 2. Remote monitoring station: Is made up of MCU, peripheral units and GSM TC35. MCU is MSP430F149 by TI is a series of MSP430 which are mixed single chip microcomputers of 16 bit and reduced instruction set, ultra low power. Peripheral units include the liquid crystal displays, keyboard functions, A/D convertors and so on. The above paper discusses the hardware and the software details which gives us complete information of how GSM network can be used as a data transmission medium. It does not provide information regarding the types of sensors used and the source of power supply.

[2] Microcontroller based automatic water level sensing and controlling This paper makes use of the property of electrical conductivity of water along with water level monitoring and management. Water level sensors are designed using iron rod, nozzles, resistors and rubber for sensing water level accurately. It consists of 2 parts, one sensor is used in reserve tank and other 4 sensors placed inside the water tanks. Rod is made of iron and steel and it is connected to the ground. Nozzles are given a 5V power supply by means of a battery. Iron rod and nozzles are connected to each other via rubber. Due to the electrical conductivity of water 22K resistance is used. When the nozzle gets into contact with water the nozzle and the rod get connected due to water conductivity. The nozzle now gets the ground signal which is connected with the input of the inverter. The output of the inverter is connected to a microcontroller that makes LED on/off. Microcontroller used is PIC 16F84A which is programmed for controlling, sequencing, monitoring and displaying the function. It is a low cost 8 bit PIC 16F84A microcontroller which is the central controller of the system and hence it reduces the design and control complexity. Microcontroller takes input from the sensor through the inverter. After processing the input, the microcontroller controls the operation of the water pump. Programming used for the process is MPLAB to write the program into PIC16F48A memory.

Figure: System Architecture The paper gives out complete information regarding the water level sensing and controlling. But as this project is implemented only to control a water supply, the data need not be transferred to a remote location. From this paper we can make use of the idea of water level sensing as it is less expensive.

[3] Ground water monitoring using smart sensors The paper has proposed 3 aspects in the design which include Data Acquisition Unit (DAU), Data transfer unit (DTU) and the Data Processing unit(DPU). DAU is responsible for collecting data from the sensors and responds to the requests from the DTU. DTU transports the data from the DAU and DPU. DPU gathers data from the sensors to analyse and store data for the end users. DAU is implemented on a FPGA through the ADC. Pressure sensors are used which measures the pressure related to the amount of water present above it. The data from the pressure sensors is transferred to a A/D convertor which converts an analog signal to a digital value and sends the data to the microcontroller. The pressure sensor used here is Unidatas hydrostatic water depth and temperature probe(Model: 6508) which measures the pressure and temperature as an analog voltage signal. The output signal is with respect to reference voltage 2.55V. The A/D convertor is TIs TLCOS20ACN 8 bit ADC. It interfaces directly with the FPGA. FPGA used is Altera Nois Stratix that is used as a microcontroller which controls the pressure transducer and interfaces with the network. A 32 bit microprocessor is implemented on Alteras FPGA. FPGA is responsible for collecting the digitised data from the ADC and storing the data in the flash memory storage area that is available on the board. A server program is developed on a FPGA microprocessor implementation which receives request from remote location and responds. Ethernet port is present on the FPGA development board for communication. Wireless connectivity is through a Dlink Ethernet wireless bridge. DAU interface interfaces with pressure sensors as well as with remote controlling machine through the used ports on the FPGA. TCP/IP protocol suite is included using which FPGA can communicate by remote host (central location) across the network. DTU consists of a wireless LAN with wireless access point providing network connectivity. Access point is connected to local wire network using Ethernet NIC. DPU is the remote computer equipped with software which reads data from the DAU and makes it available for the end user by displaying or archiving the data. DPU implemented using Java language can be used to read current as well as saved data.

Figure: Remote sensing system

Figure: Data acquisition unit

[4] Australian and South West Pacific Sea Level Monitoring Projects

The above is the pictorial representation of the water level monitoring system which is used to detect Tsunami at Australia. I have mailed them asking for the technical specifications.

[5]Autonomous Remote Sensing of Water Level and Waves: The LOG_A Level-System LOG_A level system

The Storm-Tide- Networking the Port of Hamburg The Narrow beam, high power sensitivity sensors which measures ranges up to 13m with internal resolution up to 360 m. It has a Field accuracy of distance measurement 1cm The Measuring networks are GPS time based. It contains Autonomous Power supply (wind, solar, battery). Data transmission and remote control is implemented via the Ethernet, radio, GSM/GPRS Integration of additional (hydrological and meteorological) sensors.

[6] Application of Radar Gauges to Measure the Water Level and the Sea State This presentation gives us an overview of which type of sensor can be used to measure the water level quickly.

The Installation of the Radar Devices

Magnetostrictive sensor Magnetostrictive sensor is for fluid level measurement which is used to measure liquid levels using magnetic floats that is used as an electronic detection device. There are two common detection methods that use either reed contacts or magnetostrictive devices. When reed contacts are used, these are located within the guiding rod. Magnetostrictive devices, on the other hand, use variations in the magnetic field to detect the position of the float, which gives far more accurate readings than a reed contact. The installation of the radar devices is for the fast measurements of the water level. Radar device is used to measure water level in high frequency and low noise level.

[7] ODINAFRICA Recent Installations, Upgrading of Tide Gauge Sites and Future Developments The goal is to organise the installation of new systems, upgrading and complementing existing gauges where possible, to provide continuous Real-Time sea level data that can be the basis of a Tsunami Monitoring System. OTT Meteosat DCP Tide Gauge

Sea Level Sensors Radar and Pressure

Pointe Noire, Radar and Antennae This is the Installation of the Radar sensor and Antennae at Pointe Noire.

Tsunami Monitoring System using BGAN Data Telemetry and SMS Messages