ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OVERVIEW

Jyotirmayee Dash Chitkara University

GEOLOGY : SCOPE & IMPORTANCE

GEOLOGY : Derived from Greek Word GE meaning earth and LOGOS means Science GEOLOGY : Is scientific Study of Earth GEOLOGY : Concerns with Study of Earths constitution Structure History of Development

STEPS
GEOLOGICAL BRANCHES ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Branches of Geology Economic geology 1-Mining geology 2-Petroleum geology Engineering geology Geochemistry Geomorphology Physical Geology Geotectonics

Branches of Geology
Geophysics Hydrogeology Mineralogy Paleontology Petrology Stratigraphy Structural geology Crystallography

Economic Geology
It Deals with Study of Mineral Deposits, their mode of formation, Occurrence and Distribution

Engineering Geology
It Deals with Application of Geological Knowledge in the Field of Engineering.

Geochemistry
It Deals with chemical constitution of Earth, the distribution and migration of various elements in the various parts of the Earth.

Geomorphology
It Deals with study of Land Forms

Physical Geology
It Deals with endogenous and exogenous agencies and the processes that bring about changes on the earths surface.

Geotectonics
It Deals with movements of the Earths crust and the deformations caused by them.

Geophysics
It Deals with application of Physics which includes geodesy, seismology, meteorology, Oceanography and terrestrial magnetism.

Hydrogeology
It Deals with hydrological properties of Rocks and the occurrences of ground water, its movement and action.

Mineralogy
It Deals with Minerals, their composition , characteristics mode of occurrences and their origin.

Palaeontology
It Deals with Fossils, Plants and Animals that are found in the rocks of past geological periods. They Indicate the climate , age and environment of deposition of the rock unit in which they are found.

Petrology
It Deals with Origin, structure, Texture and mineralogical composition of the different type of rocks.

Stratigraphy
It Deals with Strata of sedimentary Rocks, their succession, thickness, age, variations and correlation.

Structural Geology
It Deals with Configuration of Rocks in the Earths crust produced due to number of factors, generated both Exogenously and Endogenously

Crystallography
It Deals with External Forms and Internal Atomic structure of the Crystalline minerals.

What is Engineering Geology?

Engineering geology is the application of geological data, techniques and principles to the study of rock and soil surficial materials, and ground water. This is essential for the proper location, planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering structures. Engineering geology complements environmental geology, or hydrogeology.

What is Engineering Geology Study ?

Rock, soil, water, the interaction among these three constituents, as well as with engineering materials and structures.

Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering

Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials, its occurrence composition durability and other properties. Examples of such construction materials are building stones, road materials clays, limestones and laterites. The knowledge of the geological work of the natural agencies such as water, wind, ice and earthquake helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering works , for example the knowledge of erosion, transportation and deposition helps greatly in solving the expensive problems of river control, coastal and harbour work and soil conservation.

Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering

Ground water is the water which occurs in the subsurface rocks. The knowledge of its quantity and depth of occurrence is required in connection with water supply, irrigation, excavation and many other civil engineering works. The foundation problems of dams , bridges and buildings directly concerned with the geology of the area where they are to be built. In these works drilling is commonly undertaken to explore the ground conditions. Geology helps greatly in interpreting the drilling data.

Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering The stability of civil engineering structures is considerably increased if the geological features like faults, joints, bedding planes, folding , solution channels etc in the rock bed are properly located and suitably treated. Before starting a major engineering project, a detailed geological report which is accompanied by geological maps and sections is prepared. Such a report helps in planning and constructing a project.

The Engineering Geology was established in US after the St. Francis Dam near Los Angeles, CA failed on March 12, 1928. Engineering community realized the importance of Geology factor in civil engineering.

Before failure

Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES.

.ROCK CYCLE WEATHERING COMPACTION LITHIFICATION

ROCK CYCLE

Weathering, Sediment, and Sedimentary Rocks

Diagenesis
Weathering and Erosion of pre-existing rocks and minerals

Transportation by Water,ice, or wind

Deposition (Sediment is laid down)

Compaction

Cementation by silica or calcite

Recrystallization

. 1.Weathering and ErosionErosion from pre-existing rocks 2. Transportation- movement Transportation from one place to another (by wind, water, or ice)material is then deposited. 3. Compaction -- due to pressure; fine-grained sediments undergo more compaction than coarse sediments 4. Cementation -- precipitation of minerals around sediments (commonly quartz or calcite are precipitated) 5. Recrystallization -- due to pressure, temperature changes 6. Lithification -- squeezing out of fluid to make final solid rock

Lithification

COMPACTION

LITHIFICATION

Matrix: is the finer grains or material that surrounds the larger clasts. It consist of either clay, silt and sand.

Cement: dissolved substance that bounds the sediments. 1. Calcareous 2. siliceous

Any rock fragment (size is > 4 mm=Pebble)

Fine-gravel/ Granule (size <4mm)

Summary
Different branches of geology Importance of geology in civil engineering Some geological processes