Personality- the ways in which one persons behavior differs from that of others especially in social contexts.

The Psychodynamic Approach This theory describes personality as the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual Sigmund Freud-The most widely known Emphasized peoples sexual motivations relating to their personality. Carl Jung- Emphasized a cultural unconscious influence. Alfred Adler- Emphasized ambitions and a striving for success or superiority. Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 He revolutionized psychotherapy by emphasizing the unconscious processes of the mind. Freuds theories are known for being very controversial and provocative. His approach to therapy is called Psychoanalysis. Believed that people were born with sexual and destructive impulses that must be held in check in order for civilization to survive. The unconscious mind is the repository of memories, emotions, and thoughts that influence behavior even though we may not be aware of it. Developed the Stages of Psychosexual development. There are five stages that everyone goes through. Coined the libido, which means sexual energy. If normal development is blocked at any stage, the libido becomes fixated at that stage. Freuds Structure of Personality There are 3 components to our personality. 1. Id- the part that is comprised of all of our biological drives that demand immediate gratification. 2. Ego- the rational, negotiating, and decision making component of the personality. 3. Superego- the internalized values and rules we receive from our parents and society. Freud believed that these compnents were like warring factions struggling for control of the personality and behavior of the individual. Defense Mechanisms The ego uses defense mechanisms for protection against conflicts and anxieties. They are only viewed as problematic if they prevent the person from dealing with reality. 1. Rationalization- occurs when people make excuses and refrain from unpleasant events as actually beneficial, or their actions as justifiable or rational.

2. Repression-motivated forgetting of painful or unacceptable thoughts, feelings or memories. 3. Regression- an apparent return to a more juvenile way of thinking or acting. 4. Denial- a refusal to acknowledge a problem or believe any information that causes anxiety. Personality Assessment It is very difficult to produce a personality test that is accurate and easy to complete. There are several Standardized Personality Assessments. They are administered using a specified set of explanations and scored with a rubric. The most widely used objective, standardized personality test is the MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) The MMPI has 567 true/false questions. It is designed to measure socialability and conscientiousness, and to detect clinical conditions such as depression and psychotic disorders. The designers of all wersions of the MMPI have included a set of items that are designed to detect possible lying. To determine if someone is Faking Good. Origins of Personality What makes people differ in behavior and disposition, anyway? One would expect that the resemblance on personality between family members would be stronger than it is. Psychologist believe that there are aspects of the environment that differ from one person to another (i.e. Birth Order) In general, the older a person is, the more consistent his or her personality is over time. Psychologists are still grappling with human personality. People are not just different from each other; they are different depending on the situation. Personality can be detected through the process of asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli. The Rorschach Inkblots A series of 10 Inkblots. The person taking the test is asked to interpret The test consists of 5 black and white inkblots and 5 color inkblots. Psychologists use a system to score the tests. However, it is still based on the psychologists individual interpretation of the responses. Some critics believe that this assessment should no longer be used. Other clinicians feel it is useful at least as a way to start a dialogue with clients. Right Brain Vs. Left Brain Right Brained- Random, Intuitive, Holistic, Synthesizing, Subjective, Looks at wholes Left Brained- Logical, Sequential, Rational, Analytical, Objective, Looks at parts

Left Brained Teaching Styles-Lectures/Discussions, Lots of outlines, prepared time scheduled, More research and writing, Clean and organized Right-Brained Teaching Style- Hands-On, Art/Visual/Music, Group Projects, busy/active/noisy, Unorganized Color Vision Different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy correspond to different colors of light. -There are three kinds of cones that correspond to different wavelengths. -Cells in the visual path process the information from these cones in terms of opposites. The 3 different types of information are: -Red vs. Green -Yellow vs. Blue -White vs. Black There are many theories about color vision, but they all agree on these set of colors and opposites. Negative After Images -We experience these after staring at objects. When you look away, you see the opposite color. -After youve stared at a yellow object, your fatigued bipolar cell will behave as if its been inhibited, and yield a sensation of blue. Colorblindness -Total inability to distinguish colors is very rare except as a result of brain damage -About 4% of all people are partly colorblind. -Red-green colorblindness is the most common type. 1 in 10 men has some degree pf color blindness. It is much less prevalent in women. Colorblindness -Colorblindness can result from the absence of one of the three types of cones. -Colorblindness can also result when one of the three types of cones is less responsive than the other two. The color that stimulates that type of cone is seen as almost gray. Hearing The ear is designed to detect and transmit sound waves to the brain. -Sound waves are vibrations in the air or other medium and vary according to frequency and amplitude. -Frequency is measured by the number of vibrations of cycles of the sound wave per second referred to as Hertz (Hz.) The perception of frequency is referred to as pitch. Amplitude is intensity of sound waves and is perceived as loudness. The Ear -The ear is a complex organ. It converts weak sound waves into waves of pressure that can be transported by sensory neurons and interpreted by the eardrum. Hearing Loss -There are two common forms of deafness. -Conduction deafness results when the three special bones in the ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea

-Nerve deafness results from damage to the structures that reciebve and transmit the impulses- the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve. Localization of Sounds -To estimate the approximate location or origin of a sound, the auditory system compares the messages received by the two ears. -The sound waves will arrive at the closer ear slightly faster. -The distance of a sound can be estimated based on loudeness and pitch. -A sound that is growing louder is interpreted as approaching. The Vestibular Sense What we generally call balance is the vestibular sense. -The Vestibule is a structure in the inner ear on each side of the head. -Changes in the position of the vestibule cause receptors to be stimulated. These receptors tell the brain the direction of tilt, amount of acceleration and position of the head with respect to gravity. -The vestibular sense plays s crucial role in maintaining balance and posture. The structure of the vestibular system -Three semicircular canals are oriented in three directions. The vestibular sense is located in our ear, however, it does not provide all of the information we need to coordinate our balance, vision also plays a vital role. The Cutaneous Senses Touch is actually considered to be several independent senses: -Pressure -Warmth -Pain -Vibration -Movement and Stretch of Skin These sensations depend on several different kinds of receptors. The primary somatosensory cortex -In certain areas, such as the fingertips and lips, there are proportionally many more cutaneous receptors. Pain -Pain receptors are simple nerve endings that travel to the spinal cord. The gate theory of pain -This is the theory that pain messages must pass through a gate, thought to be in the spinal cord. -This gate can block the messages. The gate theory of pain -Just seeking treatment or believing that one has been treated can result in a reduction of symptoms. -The effectiveness of placebos in reducing the experience of pain has been well supported by experimental studies. Neurotransmitters and pain

-Endorphins, which are chemically identical to opiates, are released by the nervous system. They effectively weaken pain sensations. -Endorphin release can also be induced by sensory experiences such as listening to music or sexual activity.