Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation List of PEKA experiments: 1.

. Preparing and examining slides of plant cells 2. Preparing and examining slides of animal cells 3. Studying the living processes of unicellular organisms 4. Observing photomicrographs and video clips of unicellular organisms 5. Observing and studying the structure of system 6. Observing and studying plant tissues 7. Making models of tissues, organs and systems of human, animals and plants 8. Conducting a role-play to show the cells are adapted for different functions

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 2.1 (Observation) 9 Preparing and examining slides of plant cells To prepare and study slides of plant cells

Apparatus

Technique used

Onion Hydrilla sp. Leaf Iodine solution Distilled water Filter paper Light microscope Glass slides Cover slips A pair of forceps Scalpel Dropper Mounting needle Prepare and stain wet mount of specimens. Observe and draw the structures of plant cells using a light microscope.

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 2.2 (Observation) 10 Preparing and examining slides of animal cells To prepare and study slides of animal cells

Methylene blue solution Iodine solution

Apparatus

Technique used

Toothpick Distilled water Cheek cells Filter paper Light microscope Slides Cover slips Forceps Dropper Mounting needle Prepare and stain wet mounts of specimens. Observe and draw the structures of animal cells using a light microscope

Number Pg. Title

Activity 2.3 (Observation) 12 Studying the living processes of unicellular organisms Aim / To study the living processes of unicellular Objective of organisms the Study Material Amoeba sp. culture Paramecium sp. culture Cotton wool Sodium chloride solution Vinegar Apparatus Glass slides Cover slips Light microscope Technique Observe and study the living processes of used unicellular organisms

Number Pg. Title

Activity 2.4 (Observation) 13 Observing photomicrographs and video clips of unicellular organisms Aim / To observe photomicrographs and video clips of Objective of unicellular organisms the Study Material Notebook The Internet

Apparatus Technique used

Observe and study photomicrographs and video clips of unicellular organisms by using the Internet

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material Apparatus Technique used

Activity 2.5 (Observation) 15 Observing and studying the structure of system To observe and study the structure of system

Models of system Charts of system

Observe and study the structure of system with the aid of models and charts provided

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 2.6 (Observation) 16 Observing and studying plant tissues To observe and study plant tissues

Apparatus Technique used

Slides of the cross sections of a leaf Slides of the cross sections of a root Slides of the cross sections of a stem Light microscope Observe and study plant tissues from the slides provided by using microscope

Number Pg. Title

Activity 2.7 (Simulation) 16 Making models of tissues, organs and systems of human, animals and plants Aim / To study and describe cell organisation in the Objective of formation of tissues, organs and systems of human, the Study animals and plants Material Plasticine Mounting board Plaster of Paris

PVA glue Tissue paper Coloured paper Wires Cutters

Apparatus Technique used

Make models of tissues, organs and systems of human, animals and plants. Study and describe cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and systems of human, animals and plants with the aid of these model.

Number Pg. Title

Activity 2.8 (Simulation) 17 Conducting a role-play to show the cells are adapted for different functions Aim / To illustrate the cells are specialised for the job that Objective of they perform the Study Material Cardboard Marker pens Strings Apparatus Technique Illustrate the cells are specialised for the job that used they perform.

Chapter 3 Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The movement of substances across a semi-permeable membrane To demonstrate the process of osmosis using simple osmometer Conducting a role-play to show the movement of substances across the plasma membrane Studying the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells To study the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells (cell sap of onion cells) Determining the concentration of an external solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of a plant

Number Pg. Title

Activity 3.1 (Experiment) 20 The movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane Aim / To study the movement of substances across the Objective of Visking tubing the Study

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Variables

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

What factor influences the diffusion of substances through a semi-permeable membrane? The diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane is based on the size of the molecule Manipulated variable: Size of the solute molecules in the Visking tubing Responding variable: Colour of the solution in Visking tubing Fixed variable: Time, volume of solutions and surrounding temperature Benedicts solution 1% starch suspension Iodine solution 30% glucose solution Distilled water Visking tubing Cotton thread Test tubes Beakers Water bath (Bunsen burner, tripod stand & wire gauze) Test for the presence of starch and glucose with iodine and Benedicts solution respectively

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Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Problem Statement Hypothesis

Activity 3.2 (Experiment) 23 Studying osmosis using an osmometer To demonstrate the process of osmosis using simple osmometer What substances can diffuse through a semipermeable membrane? Osmosis takes place when water moves from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute soncentration across a semi-permeable membrane Manipulated variable: Concentration of solution Responding variable: Increase in the level of sucrose solution / The level of sucrose solution in the capillary tube Fixed variable: Concentration of sucrose

Variables

Material Apparatus

Technique used

solution, surrounding temperature 30% sucrose solution Distilled water 25 cm capillary tube Visking tubing Retort stand and clamp Cotton thread Ruler Marker pen A pair of scissors 250 ml beaker Syringe Stopwatch Measure and record the increase in the height of sucrose solution with a ruler.

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 3.3 (Simulation) 26 Conducting a role-play to show the movement of substances across the plasma membrane Aim / To study the movement of soluble substances Objective of across the plasma membrane through the the Study process of passive transport. To study the movement of water molecules across the plasma membrane by osmosis To study the movement of substances across the plasma across the plasma membrane through the process of active transport. Material Strings Cardboard A pair of scissors Marker pen Apparatus Technique Conduct an interesting and creative role-play to used learn the movement of substances across the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 3.4 (Observation) 27 Studying the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells

Aim / To study the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and Objective of isotonic solutions on animal cells (red blood cells) the Study Material Fresh chicken blood 0.15 M sodium chloride solutions 0.50 M sodium chloride solutions Distilled water Filter paper Apparatus Glass slides Cover slips Filter papers Light microscope Test tubes Beakers Dropper Technique Observe and study the effects of hypotonic, used hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells from the slides by using microscope
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 3.5 (Observation) 28 Studying the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells Aim / To study the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and Objective of isotonic solutions on plant cells (cell sap of onion the Study cells) Material Onion bulb 0.5 M sucrose solutions 1.0 M sucrose solutions Distilled water Apparatus Light microscope Glass slides Cover slips Razor blade / scalpel A pair of forceps Mounting needle Filter papers Technique Observe and study the effects of hypotonic, used hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells from the slides by using microscope.
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Number

Activity 3.6 (Experiment)

Pg. Title

30 Determining the concentration of an external solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of a plant Aim / To determine the concentration of an external Objective of solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of a plant the Study Problem What is the concentration of an external (sucrose) Statement solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of plants? Hypothesis The concentration of the solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of plant cells has no effect on the mass, length and size of plant cells. 0.36 M sucrose solution is isotonic to the cell sap of plants Variables Manipulated variable: Concentration of sucrose solution Responding variable: Length of potato strips / Mass of potato strips Fixed variable: Volume of sucrose solution used, surrounding temperature and time Material Fresh potato Distilled water 0.1 M sucrose solution 0.2 M sucrose solution 0.3 M sucrose solution 0.4 M sucrose solution 0.5 M sucrose solution 0.6 M sucrose solution Apparatus Petri dishes A pair of forceps Razor blade / Sharp scalpel Cork borer Ruler 50 ml beakers Electronic scale / electronic balance Tissue paper Technique Measure the length of potato strips with ruler used Determine the percentage difference in length Mass of potato strips with an electronic balance Determine the percentage difference in mass
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of the Cell List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. Differentiating between reducing and non-reducing sugars Conducting a role-play to show the involvement of specific organelles in the production of extracellular enzymes

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Studying the effects of temperature on salivary amylase activity Studying the effects of pH on the activity of pepsin Studying the effects of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity Studying the effect of enzyme concentration on the activity of salivary amylase Conducting a role-play to show the consequences of deficiency in one of the chemical components in the cell

Number Pg. Title

Activity 4.1 (Observation) 33 Differentiating between reducing and non-reducing sugars Aim / To differentiate between reducing and nonObjective of reducing sugars the Study Material Benedicts solution Dilute hydrochloric acid Sodium hydrogen carbonate powder 10% glucose solution 10% sucrose solution Apparatus Test tubes Test tube holder Beaker Dropper Bunsen burner Tripod Wire gauze Technique Carry out testing for the presence of reducing used sugars with Benedicts solution
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 4.2 (Simulation) 35 Conducting a role-play to show the involvement of specific organelles in the production of extracellular enzymes Aim / To conduct a role-play to show the involvement of Objective of specific organelles in the production of the Study extracellular enzymes Material Cardboard Marker pen Newspaper Strings Apparatus Technique Conduct and involvement in a role-play to show used the involvement of specific organelles in the

production of extracellular enzymes

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 4.3 (Experiment) 36 Studying the effects of temperature on salivary amylase activity Aim / To study the effects of temperature on salivary Objective of amylase activity the Study Problem What are the effects of temperature on salivary Statement amylase activity? Hypothesis The rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylase is highest at 37C / The optimum temperature for salivary amylase is 37C Variables Manipulated variable: Temperature of medium of reaction Responding variable: The rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylase Fixed variable: Volume of saliva, volume and concentration of starch suspension and pH of medium Material 1% starch suspension Saliva suspension Iodine solution Ice cubes Distilled water Apparatus Beakers Test tubes Test tube rack Syringes Droppers Glass rods White tile with grooves Thermometer Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze Stopwatch Technique Test the presence of starch using iodine test used Record the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed.
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Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Problem Statement Hypothesis Variables

Activity 4.4 (Experiment) 39 Studying the effects of pH on the activity of pepsin To study the effects of pH on the activity of pepsin

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

What are the effects of pH on the activity of pepsin? An acidic medium at pH 3 is optimum for the activity of pepsin Manipulated variable: pH of medium Responding variable: Rate of reaction catalysed by pepsin Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of albumen suspension, volume and concentration of pepsin solution and temperature of medium Egg albumen suspension 1% pepsin solution 0.1 M hydrochloric acid 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution Distilled water Beakers Test tubes Test tube rack Droppers Glass rod Thermometer 5 ml syringes pH paper Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze Stopwatch Observe and record the conditions of mixtures before and after 20 minutes

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 4.5 (Experiment) 42 Studying the effects of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity Aim / To study the effects of substrate concentration on Objective of salivary amylase activity the Study

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Variables

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

What are the effects of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity? The rate of enzymatic reaction increases with the increase in substrate concentration until it reaches a maximum rate Manipulated variable: Substrate concentration / Concentration of starch suspension Responding variable: Rate of reaction / Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed Fixed variable: Enzyme concentration, pH of medium, volume of starch, volume of saliva suspension and surrounding temperature 0.1% starch suspension 0.2% starch suspension 0.3% starch suspension 0.4% starch suspension 0.5% starch suspension 0.6 % starch suspension 0.1% amylase solution / saliva suspension Iodine solution Syringes White tiles with grooves Test tubes Glass rod Dropper Measuring cylinder Stopwatch Beaker Thermometer Water bath (Bunsen burner, tripod stand and wire gauze) Test for the presence of starch using iodine test Record the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed with a stopwatch

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 4.6 (Experiment) 43 Studying the effect of enzyme concentration on the activity of salivary amylase Aim / To study the effect of enzyme concentration on the Objective of activity of salivary amylase the Study

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Variables

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

What are the effects of enzyme concentration on the activity of salivary amylase? The rate of enzymatic reaction increases with the increase in enzyme concentration as long as there are no other factors limiting the rate of reaction. Manipulated variable: Enzyme concentration Responding variable: Rate of reaction Fixed: Substrate concentration and temperature 1% starch suspension 0.5% amylase solution / saliva suspension Iodine solution Distilled water 5 ml of syringe 1 ml of syringe White tiles with grooves Test tubes Glass rod Dropper Measuring cylinder Stopwatch Beaker Thermometer Water bath (Bunsen burner, tripod stand and wire gauze) Test for the presence of starch using iodine test Record the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed with a stopwatch

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 4.7 (Simulation) 45 Conducting a role-play to show the consequences of deficiency in one of the chemical components in the cell Aim / To study and predict the consequences of Objective of deficiency in carbohydrate, protein, lipids or the Study enzymes in the cell. Material Cardboard Marker pen Strings Apparatus Technique Conduct and involvement in a role-play to show used the consequences of deficiency in one of the chemical components in the cell

Chapter 5 Cell Division List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Identifying the various phases of the cell cycle Observing photomicrographs and interactive animation about mitosis Making models to demonstrate mitosis and cytokinesis Preparing a slide of onion root tip to identify the various stages of mitosis Studying the process of controlled and uncontrolled mitosis and cytokinesis Visiting a research institute to study tissue culture technique Making models to study changes in chromosome behaviour during meiosis I and meiosis II Observing photomicrographs and computer animation about meiosis

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 5.1 (Observation) 48 Identifying the various phases of the cell cycle To identify the various phases of the cell cycle

Models Charts Transparencies CD-ROMs

Apparatus Technique used

Observe and identify the various phases of the cell cycle

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 5.2 (Observation) 48 Observing photomicrographs and interactive animation about mitosis Aim / To study and observe photomicrographs and Objective of interactive animation about mitosis the Study Material The Internet Apparatus Technique Observe photomicrographs and interactive used animation about mitosis and arrange the various stages of mitosis in the correct sequence
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Number Pg.

Activity 5.3 (Simulation) 49

Title

Making models to demonstrate mitosis and cytokinesis Aim / To make models to demonstrate mitosis and Objective of cytokinesis the Study Material Manila card Ball of red wool Ball of blue wool Plasticine Spools of thread Pencils Eraser Apparatus A pair of scissors Technique Make models to demonstrate mitosis and used cytokinesis
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 5.4 (Observation) 52 Preparing a slide of onion root tip to identify the various stages of mitosis Aim / To prepare and observe a slide of onion root tip to Objective of identify the various stages of mitosis the Study Material Aceto-orcein stain / acetic orcein stain 1 M hydrochloric acid Onion bulb Distilled water Apparatus Petri dish Watch glass Blade / Scalpel Mounting needles Toothpicks Beaker Bunsen burner Microscope Glass slides Cover slips Filter papers Technique Prepare a slide of onion root tip by using the used aceto-orcein stain / acetic orcein stains the chromosomes Observe the slide of onion root tip to identify the various stages of mitosis by using light

microscope
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 5.5 (Observation) 55 Studying the process of controlled and uncontrolled mitosis and cytokinesis Aim / To study the process of controlled and uncontrolled Objective of mitosis and cytokinesis the Study Material CD-ROMs Computer animation Videos Apparatus Technique Observe and explain the importance of used controlled mitosis Observe and explain the effects of uncontrolled mitosis in living things
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 5.6 (Educational Trip) 55 Visiting a research institute to study tissue culture technique Aim / To visit and study a research institute to study Objective of tissue culture technique the Study Places Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) Institute of Agriculture Research and Development of Malaysia (MARDI) Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) Technique Interview the research officers on the tissue used culture and cloning are being carried out in these institutes Write report about application of mitosis in cloning and advantages / disadvantages of cloning
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Number Pg.

Activity 5.7 (Simulation) 56

Title

Making models to study changes in chromosome behaviour during meiosis I and meiosis II Aim / To make models to study changes in chromosome Objective of behaviour during meiosis I and meiosis II the Study Material Manila card Ball of red wool Ball of blue wool Plasticine Spools of thread Pencils Eraser Apparatus A pair of scissors Technique Make models to study changes in chromosome used behaviour during meiosis I and meiosis II
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Number Pg. Title

Activity 5.8 (Observation) 59 Observing photomicrographs and computer animation about meiosis Aim / To observe and study photomicrographs and Objective of computer animation about meiosis the Study Material The Internet Apparatus Technique Observe photomicrographs and interactive used computer animation about meiosis
Chapter 6 Nutrition List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Determining the energy value in food samples Testing for the presence of starch, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food samples Determining the vitamin C content in various fruit juices Planning and conducting an experiment to study enzyme action on starch Planning and conducting an experiment to study the enzyme action on a protein food sample Examining slides of the cross section of the small intestine Studying the movement of substances through the Visking tubing Studying the effects of macronutrient deficiency in plants Studying a cross-sectional model of a leaf

10. Investigating the adaptation of plants to carry out photosynthesis with respect to the distribution of stomata and chloroplasts 11. Investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

12. Planting project in the science resource garden or school compound 13. Visiting relevant agencies to study ways to improve the quality and quantity of food production 14. Vegetable planting project 15. Preparing a portfolio on the technological development of food processing

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 6.1 (Observation) 61 Determining the energy value in food samples To determine the energy value in food samples

Apparatus

Technique used

Peanut (whole) Plasticine Cotton wool Distilled water Boiling tube Thermometer (0 100C) Pin (5 8 cm) Bunsen burner Retort stand and clamp Wind shield Electronic balance Measure and determine the energy value in food samples (groundnut) Measure the mass of the food samples by using electronic balance

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Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Problem Statement Hypothesis Variables

Modify from Activity 6.1 (Observation) 61 Determining the energy value in food samples To determine the energy value in food samples

Which food sample has a higher energy value? Cashew nut/ Walnut has a higher energy value that goundnut Manipulated variable: Type of food sample Responding variable: Energy value of food samples Fixed variable: Mass of water and mass of food sample Fresh peanut (whole)

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

Fresh cashew nut / Fresh walnut (whole) Plasticine Cotton wool Distilled water Matches Boiling tube Thermometer (0 100C) Pin (5 8 cm) Bunsen burner Retort stand and clamp Wind shield Electronic balance Measure and determine the energy value in different food samples Compare the energy value in different food samples (groundnut and cashew nut / walnut) Measure the mass of the different food samples by using electronic balance

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 6.2 (Observation) 63 Testing for the presence of starch, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food samples Aim / Determine and test the presence of starch, reducing Objective of sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food the Study samples Problem What is the nutrient content for all the food Statement samples? Hypothesis Starch suspension containing starch Glucose contains reducing sugar Sucrose solution contains non-reducing sugar Albumen (egg-white) suspension contains proteins Vegetable oil contains lipid Material Starch suspension (A) 5% glucose solution (B) 1% sucrose solution (C) Albumen suspension (D) Vegetable oil (E) Iodine solution Benedicts solution Sodium hydrogen carbonate powder 20% sodium hydroxide solution

Apparatus

Technique used

Hydroxide acid 1% copper(II) sulphate solution Test tubes Test tube holders Test tube rack 250 ml beakers Dropper Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze Filter paper Test and determine the presence of starch, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food samples.

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 6.3 (Experiment) 65 Determining the vitamin C content in various fruit juices Aim / To determine the vitamin C content in various fruit Objective of juices the Study Problem Do different types of fruit juices contain similar Statement amounts of vitamin C? Hypothesis Lime juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to pineapple juice and orange juice. Variables Manipulated variable: Types of fruit juices Responding variable: Volume of fruit juice needed to decolourise DCPIP solution Fixed variable: Volume of DCPIP solution and standard concentration of ascorbic acid solution Material 1.0% dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) solution 0.1% ascorbic acid solution Freshly prepared lime juice Freshly prepared pineapple juice Freshly prepared orange juice Apparatus Specimen tubes 1 ml syringe 5 ml syringes with needles 50 ml beakers

Technique used

Gauze cloth Knife / Scalpel Measure and determine the volume of standard vitamin C solution needed to decolourise of a fixed volume of DCPIP. Measure and determine the volume of juice needed to decolourise the same volume of DCPIP. Calculate the vitamin C content of juice by comparing it with the standard vitamin C solution.

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Number Pg. Title

Aim / Objective of the Study Problem How does the enzyme in saliva act on starch? Statement Hypothesis The enzyme is saliva digest starch into a reducing sugar / The enzyme in saliva hydrolyses starch into a reducing sugar Variables Manipulated variable: Absence or presence of salivary amylase and starch Responding variable: Presence of reducing sugar Fixed variable: Temperature at 37C, starch concentration and volume of mixture Material 1% starch suspension Benedicts solution Iodine solution Saliva suspension Distilled water Apparatus 10 ml pipette 500 ml beaker Test tubes Test tube holder Test tube rack Thermometer Droppers Glass rod

Activity 6.4 (Experiment) 67 Planning and conducting an experiment to study enzyme action on starch To study enzyme action on starch

Technique used

White tile Bunsen burner Tripod stand Wire gauze Confirmation test for the presence of starch using iodine solution Confirmation test for the presence of reducing sugar using Benedicts solution

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 6.5 (Experiment) 68 Planning and conducting an experiment to study the enzyme action on a protein food sample Introduction Albumen does not dissolve completely in water Albumen suspension is milky in nature. After albumen is fully digested, the suspension becomes clear Pepsin requires an acidic pH of about 2 to act at maximum rate Aim / To study the enzyme action on a protein food Objective of sample the Study Problem How does the enzyme acts on protein? Statement Hypothesis The test tube contains albumen and pepsin solution becomes clear at the end of the experiment An acidic medium is needed for protein digestion by pepsin Variables Manipulated variable: Absence or presence of pepsin in albumen Responding variable: Cloudy or clear (clarity of contents) albumen suspension after 20 minutes Fixed variable: Concentration and volume of albumen, concentration and volume of pepsin (enzyme), concentration of hydrochloric acid, surrounding temperature at 37C Material Albumen (egg-white) suspension Dilute hydrochloric acid Pepsin suspension Distilled water Apparatus 10 ml pipette

Technique used

500 ml beaker Test tubes Test tube rack Droppers Thermometer Stopwatch Water bath (Bunsen burner, tripod stand and wire gauze) Observe albumen digestion under the presence or the absence of pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

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Activity 6.6 (Observation) 70 Examining slides of the cross section of the small intestine Aim / To examine and study the slides of the cross Objective of section of the small intestine the Study Material Slides of the cross section of the small intestine Apparatus Microscope Technique Observe the slides of the cross section of the small used intestine
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Activity 6.7 (Observation) 71 Studying the movement of substances through the Visking tubing

Aim / Objective of the Study Problem What substances can move across the Visking Statement tubing? Hypothesis Small molecules can move across the Visking tubing Variables Manipulated variable: Contents of the Visking tubing Responding variable: Change in colour of water sample in iodine test and Benedicts test Fixed variable: Temperature of water bath (37C), volume of solution Material 1% starch suspension

Apparatus

Technique used

1% glucose solution Iodine solution Benedicts solution Visking tubing Thread Distilled water Boiling tube Test tubes 10 ml syringe Pipette A pair of scissors Water bath (Bunsen burner, tripod stand and wire gauze) Confirmation test for the presence of starch using iodine solution Confirmation test for the presence of reducing sugar using Benedicts solution

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Activity 6.8 (Experiment) 72 Studying the effects of macronutrient deficiency in plants Aim / To study the effects of macronutrient deficiency in Objective of plants the Study Problem What are the effects of macronutrient deficiency in Statement plants? / Do macronutrient deficiency have any effects on plant growth and development? Hypothesis Plant grows healthily in a complete Knops solution Macronutrient deficiencies affect plant growth and development. Variables Manipulated variable: Components of minerals in culture solution Responding variable: Growth of the seedling / Condition of the plants Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of solution, size and type of maize seedlings, amount of air that is pumped into the jar, amount of sunlight, surrounding temperature Material Maize seedlings Potassium nitrate (KNO3) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)

Apparatus

Technique used

Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) Ferum(III) phosphate (FePO4) Cotton wool Black paper Distilled water Glass jars Rubber bungs with holes Straight glass tubes to fit into the holes of the rubber bungs L-shaped delivery tubes to the connected to a vacuum pump Knife Observe the effects of different deficiencies on young maize seedling. Maize seedling are under identical conditions of light, temperature and moisture.

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Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material Apparatus Technique used

Activity 6.9 (Observation) 73 Studying a cross-sectional model of a leaf To study a cross-sectional model of a leaf

Cross-sectional model of a leaf

Observe the cross-sectional model of a leaf and identify the different part of the leaf

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 6.10 (Observation) 74 Investigating the adaptation of plants to carry out photosynthesis with respect to the distribution of stomata and chloroplasts Aim / To investigate the adaptation of plants to carry out Objective of photosynthesis with respect to the distribution of the Study stomata and chloroplasts Material Hibiscus leaf Sprig of Hydrilla sp. Water lily leaf Cactus (Opuntia sp.)

Apparatus

Technique used

Nail varnish Magnifying lens A pair of forceps Microscope slides Cover slips Light microscope Observe the distribution of stomata and chloroplast in plants from different habitats

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 6.11 (Experiment) 76 Investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis Aim / To investigate the effect of light intensity on the Objective of rate of photosynthesis the Study Problem How does light intensity affect the rate of Statement photosynthesis? Hypothesis The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis Variables Manipulated variable: Distance between light source and plant Responding variable: Number of bubbles released in five minutes (rate of photosynthesis) Fixed variable: Type and size of plant, percentage of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and voltage of bulb Material A few sprigs of Hydrilla sp. 1% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution Plasticine Distilled water Apparatus Light source (60 W bulb) 500 ml beaker Test tube Glass filter funnel Stopwatch Thermometer Meter rule Razor Technique Count the number of gas bubbles released in five used minute with a stopwatch
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Activity 6.12 (Project) 77 Planting project in the science resource garden or school compound Aim / To start a planting project in the science resource Objective of garden or school compound the Study My Ecogarden My Herbal Garden My Science Garden Technique Find and label the common names and scientific used names of plants
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Activity 6.13 (Field study) 78 Visiting relevant agencies to study ways to improve the quality and quantity of food production Aim / To visit relevant agencies to study ways to improve Objective of the quality and quantity of food production the Study Institute of Agriculture Research and Development of Malaysia (MARDI) Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Agriculture Department Fisheries Department Technique Collect information and carry out research on used diversity food production and improve the quality and quantity of food production
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Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 6.14 (Project) 78 Vegetable planting project To start with a vegetable planting project

A) Hydroponics technique Vegetable seeds Nutrient solution B) Planting vegetable in soil

Vegetable seeds Fertiliser

Apparatus

A) Hydroponics technique Plastics tray Gravel or clean sand Fork Hydroponics set B) Planting vegetable in soil

Technique used

Spade Watering can Observe and prepare a log book on the height of the growing seedling and time taken for the seedling to reach flowering and fruiting stages. Write report on the project.

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 6.15 (Project) 80 Preparing a portfolio on the technological development of food processing Aim / To study and prepare a portfolio on the Objective of technological development of food processing the Study Material Newspapers Magazines Reference books The Internet Food labels Apparatus Technique Prepare and write a portfolio on the technological used development of food processing to exhibit in school
Chapter 7 Respiration List of PEKA experiments: 1. Studying the process of aerobic respiration 2. Investigate the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast 3. Comparing the total surface area of a flat card with that of a corrugated card 4. Observing graphics and live specimens of respiratory structures 5. Constructing a model of the human lungs to explain the breathing mechanisms in human 6. Investigating the difference between inhaled and exhaled air in terms of oxygen and carbon dioxide contents 7. Investigating the differences between inhaled and exhaled air in terms of heat content 8. Studying the effects of vigorous exercise on the breathing and heartbeat rates

9. Demonstrating the effects of cigarette smoke on lung Creative Corner: 1. Constructing a model of the rib cage to demonstrate the actions of the intercostals muscles and ribs

Number Pg. Title Aim / Objective of the Study Material

Activity 7.1 (Observation) 83 Studying the process of aerobic respiration To study the process of aerobic respiration

Apparatus

Technique used

Coloured liquid Living organism (cockroach) Soda lime Petroleum jelly (Vaseline) Water Boiling tubes 500 ml beaker 250 ml beakers Capillary tubes Rubber tubings Screw clips Ruler Wire gauze Measure and record the heights of the coloured liquids in the capillary tubes with a ruler

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Activity 7.2 (Experiment) 85 Investigate the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast Aim / To investigate the process of anaerobic respiration Objective of in yeast the Study Problem What are the products of fermentation? Statement Hypothesis In the absence of oxygen, yeast undergoes anaerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide, ethanol and energy Variables Manipulated variable: Presence of yeast Responding variable: Changes on lime water and temperature Fixed variable: Anaerobic condition

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

5% yeast suspension 5% glucose solution Paraffin oil Lime water Boiling tubes Test tubes Thermometers Stoppers with delivery tubes Measuring cylinders Beaker Record and measure the changes in temperature with thermometers. Observe the change in lime water.

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Number Pg. Title

Activity 7.3 (Observation) 87 Comparing the total surface area of a flat card with that of a corrugated card Aim / To compare the total surface area of a flat card Objective of with that of a corrugated card the Study Material A piece of card measuring 20 cm x 20 cm Apparatus Technique Compare and make inference on the various used adaptation of the respiratory structures
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Activity 7.4 (Simulation) 88 Observing graphics and live specimens of respiratory structures Aim / To study and observe graphics and live specimens Objective of of respiratory structures the Study Material Charts Computer courseware Cockroach Frog Fish Cotton wool Chloroform Gloves

Apparatus

Technique used

Garbage bags Sharp knife Magnifying lens Dissecting tray Pins A pair of scissors Scalpel A pair of forceps Container Observe graphics and live specimens of respiratory structures

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Activity 7.5 (Simulation) 91 Constructing a model of the human lungs to explain the breathing mechanisms in human Aim / To construct a model of the human lungs to explain Objective of the breathing mechanisms in human the Study Material Two balloons A piece of rubber sheet A rubber stopper Some string Apparatus Bell jar Y-shaped tube Glass tubes Technique Construct a model of the human lungs used Study and explain the breathing mechanisms in human by referring the model
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Creative corner 92 Constructing a model of the rib cage to demonstrate the actions of the intercostals muscles and ribs Aim / To construct a model of the rib cage to demonstrate Objective of the actions of the intercostals muscles and ribs the Study Material Plywood Nails Rubber bands

Apparatus Technique used

Construct a model of the rib cage Study and demonstrate the actions of the intercostals muscles and ribs

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Activity 7.6 (Experiment) 93 Investigating the difference between inhaled and exhaled air in terms of oxygen and carbon dioxide contents Aim / To investigate the difference between inhaled and Objective of exhaled air in terms of oxygen and carbon dioxide the Study contents Problem Are the contents of oxygen and carbon dioxide in Statement inhaled air the same as those on exhaled air? / does inhaled air contain the same amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide as exhaled air? Hypothesis Inhaled air has a higher percentage of oxygen when compared to exhaled air. Exhaled air has a higher percentage of carbon dioxide when compared to inhaled air. Variables Manipulated variable: Inhaled air and exhaled air Responding variable: Percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide Fixed variable: Method of analysis Material Potassium hydroxide solution Potassium pyrogallate solution Apparatus J-tube Boiling tubes Rubber tubing Ruler Washbasin Technique Measure and observe the length of air columns used occupied by gases in a J-tube with a ruler
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Activity 7.7 (Experiment) 96 Investigating the differences between inhaled and exhaled air in terms of heat content To investigate the differences between inhaled and

Objective of the Study Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Technique used

exhaled air in terms of heat content Is the heat content in inhaled air the same as that in exhaled air? Exhaled air has higher heat content when compared to inhaled air Thermometer Measure and record the change in temperature with a thermometer

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Activity 7.8 (Experiment) 97 Studying the effects of vigorous exercise on the breathing and heartbeat rates Aim / To study the effects of vigorous exercise on the Objective of breathing and heartbeat rates the Study Problem What is the effect of vigorous exercise on the Statement breathing and heartbeat rates? Hypothesis Vigorous exercise increases the breathing and heartbeat rates Variables Manipulated variable: Resting or vigorous exercise Responding variable: Breathing rate and heartbeat rate Fixed variable: The type and duration of exercise, gender and age of the students Material Apparatus Stopwatch Technique Count and record the number of breaths per minute used and the number of heartbeats per minute
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Aim / Objective of the Study Problem What are the effects of cigarette smoke on lungs? Statement

Activity 7.9 (Experiment) 99 Demonstrating the effects of cigarette smoke on lungs To show the effects of cigarette smoke on lungs

Hypothesis Variables Material

Apparatus

Technique used

Cigarette smoke corrodes the cotton wool to change colour and contains acidic gas. Cotton wool Universal indicator Cigarettes U-tube Thermometer Boiling tube Retort stand and clamp Filter pump Rubber tubing Observe the effect of cigarette smoke on lungs and increases the temperature of the respiratory tract. Tobacco tar makes the lungs appear brownish.

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem List of PEKA experiments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Investigating the abiotic and biotic components in an ecosystem Investigating the feeding relationships and interactions between biotic components Studying the intraspecific and interspecific competitions in plants Studying the processes of colonisation and succession in a mangrove swamp Investigating the distribution of plants (Mimosa pudica) using the quadrat sampling technique Estimating the population size of garden snails using capture, mark, release and recapture technique Studying the relationship of population distribution of an organism with the changes of an abiotic factor Collecting stamps of local plants and animal Creating awareness of biodiversity of an ecosystem

10. Classifying various types of microorganisms 11. Studying the effects of temperature, pH, light intensity and nutrients on the activity of yeast 12. Preserving and conserving various living things around us

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Activity 8.1 (Field study) 103 Investigating the abiotic and biotic components in an ecosystem Aim / To invstigate the abiotic and biotic components in Objective of an ecosystem the Study Material Dry cobalt paper pH paper A bottle of universal indicator Apparatus Thermometer Photometer Hand lens

Technique used

Towels Test tubes Pen Notebook Measure the abiotic components which include the pH of the soil and water, light intensity, humidity and topography. Identify abiotic components of the ecosystem, animals and plants by using hand lens if necessary. Observe the physical features and topography of the ecosystem.

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Activity 8.2 (Field study) 104 Investigating the feeding relationships and interactions between biotic components Aim / To investigate the feeding relationships and Objective of interactions between biotic components the Study Material Digital camera (optional) Apparatus Hand lens Pen Notebook Technique Identify the biotic components of the used ecosystem. Observe what the organisms feed on. Observe and identify the interactions between the biotic components. Observe any adaptation that can be found on the plants and animals Classify all organisms into tropic levels Construct food chains and construct a pyramid of numbers Construct a food web based on the ecosystem. Prepare a folio on this field study.
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Activity 8.3 (Experiment) 108 Studying the intraspecific and interspecific competitions in plants To study the intraspecific and interspecific

Objective of competitions in plants the Study Problem How do intraspecific and interspecific Statement competitions affect the growth of maize and rice plants? Hypothesis Intraspecific competition occurs between plants of the same species. Interspecific competition occurs between plants of different species. / The greater the competition among the seedlings, the greater the effect on the height of the seedlings. Variables Manipulated variable: Types of seedlings Responding variable: Dry mass of seedlings / Height of seedling Fixed variable: Quantity and types of garden soil, amount of water, intensity of sunlight, distance between each seedling and number of seedlings Material Three seedling trays (2 m x 1 m each) with garden soil A packet of maize seeds A packet of paddy seeds Distilled water Apparatus Ruler Oven Compression balance Spade Waterproof paint Paintbrush Technique Weight the dry mass of seedling with an electronic used balance / Measure the height of seedling with a ruler
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Activity 8.4 (Field study) 109 Studying the processes of colonisation and succession in a mangrove swamp Aim / To study the processes of colonisation and Objective of succession in a mangrove swamp the Study Material Apparatus Pen Notebook A pair of binocular

Technique used

Analogue / Digital camera (optional) Worksheet Identify the various species of plants and animals and take note the characteristics of the leaves, flowers, fruits and roots. Identify the pioneer species and the successor species. Identify the adaptive characteristics of the pioneer species and successor species in the habitat. Identify the niche, community and population in the habitat Investigate the process of colonisation and process of succession in the habitat.

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Activity 8.5 (Field study) 111 Investigating the distribution of plants (Mimosa pudica) using the quadrat sampling technique Aim / To investigate the distribution of plants using the Objective of quadrat sampling technique the Study Material String Nails Apparatus A quadrat measuring 1 m x 1 m Pen Notebook Technique Quadrat sampling technique used
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Activity 8.6 (Field study) 113 Estimating the population size of garden snails using capture, mark, release and recapture technique Aim / To estimate the population size of garden snails Objective of using capture, mark, release and recapture the Study technique Material A bottle of Indian ink / A non-poisonous and waterproof ink Apparatus Hammer

Technique used

Paintbrush Pen Notebook Capture, mark, release and recapture technique

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Activity 8.7 (Experiment) 114 Studying the relationship of population distribution of an organism with the changes of an abiotic factor Aim To study the relationship of population distribution of an organism with the changes of an abiotic factor Introduction Pleurococcus sp. is a unicellular green alga found on the bark of trees. The population distribution ofPleurococcus sp.is affected by abiotic factors such as humidity, temperature, light intensity and aspect. Objective of To investigate the effect of light intensity on the the Study population distribution of Pleurococcus sp. in its habitat. Problem What is the effect of light intensity on the Statement population distribution of Pleurococcus sp.? Hypothesis The population distribution of Pleurococcus sp. is highest when there is optimum light intensity Variables Manipulated variable: Light intensity Responding variable: Total surface are covered by Pleurococcus sp. Fixed variable: Temperature, pH and humidity Material Paper Apparatus Quadrat measuring 10 cm x 10 cm A compass Pen Notebook Technique Quadrat sampling (estimate the total surface area used covered by Pleurococcus sp.)
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Activity 8.8 (Project) 115 Collecting stamps of local plants and animals

Aim / To collect stamps of local plants and animals Objective of the Study Material Stamps Manila cards The Internet Printed material Apparatus Marker pen Paper Technique Find common name of each plant or animals used shown on the stamps Determine the scientific name of each plant or animals shown on the stamps according to the Linnaeus binomial system
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Activity 8.9 (Field trip) 116 Creating awareness of biodiversity of an ecosystem To create awareness of biodiversity of an ecosystem Objective of Visit and carry out this field trip: the Study National parks: Taman Negara, Endau-Rompin National Park, Bako National Park Forest reserves: Kenong Rimba Reserve, FRIM (Forest Research Institute of Malaysia) Wildlife conservation centres: Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre, Bota Kanan River Terrapin Wildlife Conservation Centre, Sungkai Sambar Deer, Pheasant Wildlife Reserve, Sungai Dusun Rhino Sanctuary, Kuala Gandah Elephant Centre Nature parks: Royal Belum State Park, Kuala Selangor Nature Park Mangrove swamps: Langkawi Mangrove Swamps Material Worksheet Apparatus Pen Notebook A pair of binoculars An analogue / Digital camera (optional) Technique Gather information on various types of animals used and plants Aware of the surroundings and the richness of

the biodiversity in the ecosystem Prepare a scrapbook

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Activity 8.10 (Observation) 118 Classifying various types of microorganisms To classify various types of microorganisms

Apparatus Technique used

Prepared slides of different types of microorganisms Charts of microorganisms Photomicrographs of protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria and viruses Microscope Observe and study the basic characteristics of protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Group these microorganisms.

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Activity 8.11 (Experiment) 119 Studying the effects of temperature, pH, light intensity and nutrients on the activity of yeast Aim To study the effects of temperature, pH, light intensity and nutrients on the activity of yeast. Objective of A) To study the effect of temperature on the the Study activity of yeast. Problem What is the effect of temperature on the activity of Statement yeast? Hypothesis The activity of yeast is optimal at 37C Variables Manipulated variable: Temperature of the water bath Responding variable: Height of the coloured liquid in the manometer Fixed variable: Volume of yeast suspension, pH, light intensity and time taken for the activity of yeast 3 Material Yeast suspension (4 g of yeast in 100 cm of glucose solution) Coloured liquid Ice cubes

Apparatus

Boiling tubes Beakers Measuring cylinders Glass tubes Thermometers Clips Rubber stoppers Rubber tubing Manometer tubes Strings Ruler Stopwatch Water bath (Bunsen burner, tripod stand and wire gauze) Technique Measure and record the different heights of used coloured liquid in the manometer with a ruler. Objective of B) To study the effect of pH on the activity of the Study yeast. Problem How does pH affect the activity of yeast? / What is Statement the effect of different pH values in the activity of yeast? Hypothesis The activity of yeast is optimum in an acidic medium. Variables Manipulated variable: pH Responding variable: Height of the coloured liquid in the manometer Fixed variable: Volume of yeast suspension, light intensity, temperature and time taken 3 Material Yeast suspension (4 g of yeast in 100 cm of glucose solution) -3 0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid -3 0.01 mol dm hydrochloric acid -3 0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide solutions -3 0.01 mol dm sodium hydroxide solutions Coloured liquid pH paper distilled water Apparatus Boiling tubes Beakers Measuring cylinders Glass tubes Clips Rubber stoppers Rubber tubing Manometer tubes

Strings Ruler Stopwatch Retort stand Technique Measure and record the different heights of used coloured liquid in the manometer with a ruler. Objective of C) To study the effect of light intensity on the the Study activity of yeast. Problem How does the intensity of light affect the activity Statement of yeast? / What is the effect of light intensity on the activity of yeast? Hypothesis The activity of yeast is higher at a lower intensity of light. / The lower the light intensity, the higher the activity of yeast. Variables Manipulated variable: Intensity of light Responding variable: Height of coloured liquid in the manometer Fixed variable: Volume of yeast suspension, pH, temperature and time taken 3 Material Yeast suspension (4 g of yeast in 100 cm of glucose solution) Coloured liquid Apparatus Light bulb (60W) Boiling tubes Beakers Measuring cylinders Glass tubes Clips Rubber stoppers Rubber tubing Manometer tubes Strings Ruler Stopwatch Retort stand Technique Measure and record the different heights of used coloured liquid in the manometer with a ruler. Objective of D) To study the effect of nutrients on the activity the Study of yeast. Problem How do nutrients affect the activity of yeast? / Statement What is the effect of nutrients on the activity of yeast? Hypothesis The concentration of nutrients affects the activity of yeast. / The higher the concentration of nutrients, the higher the activity of yeast.

Variables

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

Manipulated variable: Concentration of nutrients Responding variable: Height of coloured liquid in the manometer Fixed variable: Volume of yeast suspension, pH, light intensity and temperature Dry yeast 5% glucose solution 10% glucose solution 15% glucose solution Distilled water Boiling tubes Beakers Measuring cylinders Glass tubes Clips Rubber stoppers Rubber tubing Manometer tubes Strings Stopwatch Retort stand Measure and record the different heights of coloured liquid in the manometer with a ruler.

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Activity 8.12 (Project) 124 Preserving and conserving various living things around us Aim / To preserve and conserve various living things Objective of around us the Study Material Printed materials Newspapers Magazines The Internet Apparatus Technique Carry out activities to learn more about the used important of biodiversity and ideas to preserve and conserve various living things.
Chapter 9 Endangered Ecosystem List of PEKA experiments: 1. Comparing solid pollutants in the air of different environments

2. 3. 4. 5.

Investigating the level of pollution in several different sources of water Formulating strategies to reduce the level of air and water pollution at a particular location Caring for an ecosystem in school: fish pond, a wildlife garden or a herbal garden Planning and conducting a programme related to the management of an ecosystem

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Activity 9.1 (Experiment) 127 Comparing solid pollutants in the air of different environments Aim / To compare solid pollutants in the air of different Objective of environments the Study Problem Does the air of different environments contain the Statement same amount of solid pollutants? Hypothesis The air of different environments does not contain the same amount of solid pollutants. / The air from the most polluted environment has the highest amount of solid pollutants. Variables Manipulated variable: Air from different environments Responding variable: Amount of solid pollutants present Fixed variable: Time and size of cellophane tape Material Cellophane tape Apparatus Slides Petri dish Microscope Technique Observe the amounts of solid pollutants with a used microscope
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Activity 9.2 (Experiment) 128 Investigating the level of pollution in several different sources of water Aim / To investigate the level of pollution in several Objective of different sources of water. the Study Industrial area Housing area From the hill / river Distilled water (control) Problem What is the level of pollution in several different Statement sources of water?

Hypothesis Variables

Material

Apparatus

Technique used

The water sample from the housing area drainage is the most polluted. Manipulated variable: water samples from different sources. Responding variable: Time taken for methylene blue solution to decolourise Fixed variable: Volume of water sample, size of reagent bottles, concentration and volume of methylene blue solution Methylene blue solution Water samples Distilled water Reagent bottles (250 ml) with stoppers Beakers Syringes Stopwatch Measure and record the time taken for the methylene blue solution to decolourise by using a stopwatch

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Activity 9.3 (Project) 130 Formulating strategies to reduce the level of air and water pollution at a particular location Aim / To formulate strategies to reduce the level of air Objective of and water pollution at a particular location the Study Material Paper Notebook Apparatus Technique Prepare action plan and predict the types of used environmental problems that may arise from the development plans.
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Activity 9.4 (Project) 132 Caring for an ecosystem in school: fish pond, a wildlife garden or a herbal garden Aim / To care for an ecosystem in school: fish pond, a Objective of wildlife garden or a herbal garden the Study

Technique used

Write report on the communities which form the ecosystem, activities carried out to care for the ecosystem, activities carried out to improve the ecosystem and problems faced in managing and maintaining the ecosystem.

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Activity 9.5 (Project) 133 Planning and conducting a programme related to the management of an ecosystem Environment Day Environment Week Plant A Tree Day Aim / To plan and conduct a programme related to the Objective of management of an ecosystem the Study Material Paper Notebook Computer Apparatus Technique Carry out programme as planned used Prepare Power Point presentation Making bookmarks, cards, booklets, posters and a scrapbook Organise seminars or forums Organise exhibitions Hold quizzes Publish a bullentin Start or join a nature club