AP Psych Duez LEARNING TARGETS - Chapter 6 "Learning" Terms to know: Phobias - Classical Conditioning (CC) - Operant Conditioning (OC)

) - Pavlovian Conditioning (PC) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - unconditioned response (UCR) - conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) - Acquisition simultaneous conditioning - short-delayed conditioning - trace conditioning - extinction spontaneous recovery - stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination - higher-order conditioning - reinforcement - operant chamber (or Skinner's box) - cumulative recorder shaping - discriminative stimuli - primary reinforcers - secondary (or conditioned) reinforcers - continuous reinforcement intermittent (or partial) reinforcement - fixedratio (FR) schedule - variable-ratio (VR) schedule - fixed-interval (FI) schedule - variable-interval (VI) schedule - positive reinforcement - negative reinforcement escape learning - avoidance learning - punishment - observational learning Key People to know: Bandura - Garcia - Pavlov - Rescoria - Seligman - Skinner - Thorndike - Watson

Shown above: Skinner Box or Operant Chamber Introduction: Cognitive v. Behavior. Psychology is filled with controversies. For example, in the history of psychology, there has long been a debate about the causes of human behavior. Specifically, people have been interested in debating whether human behavior is best captured by understanding people's thoughts (cognitive approach) or their overt behavior (the behavior approach). This debate began with the work of Wilhelm Wundt. He believed that if we could understand human consciousness, we could understand behavior. To gain an understanding of consciousness, Wundt advocated the use of introspection as a research technique. Introspection involved having a research participant observe his own thoughts and record them as accurately as possible. The study of introspection went on for several years as people worked feverishly to describe the contents of consciousness. Right --> Illustration of Pavlov's Experiment in Classical Conditioning However, there were rumblings of disagreement among many psychologists over the issue of introspection. Many thought that it did not place enough emphasis on observable behavior. Classical Conditioning (CC). John B. Watson was one of the psychologists who disagreed with Wundt and his ilk. Watson thought it would be more beneficial to look at the work of Ivan Pavlov as a model for understanding humans. Pavlov had recently developed a technique for understanding learned reflexes; the technique demonstrated the notion that reflexes can be brought under experimental control by controlling the association between a reflex-inducing stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Watson demonstrated classical conditioning by using emotional responses - training a young child (Albert, age 1) to show fear in the presence of a white rat. When the white rat was first brought into the room with Albert, the child showed no fear. But during conditioning phase of the experiment a metal bar was struck and it rung making a loud noise when the rat was introduced again. 6 times the rat and noise were introduced together, 6 times the child cried. Then afterwards the child began to fear the rat alone (without the loud sound). Watson - all human behavior is acquired in such a manner. All that is needed to control behavior is to control the environment surrounding humans. Operant Conditioning (OC). Instead of antecedents of behavior (what comes before) a new focus on consequences of behavior. BF Skinner argued that, CC did not explain complex behavior. 2 categories of consequences: Reinforcement & Punishment. Reinforcement is designed to increase the probability that a behavior will occur again. Punishment is designed to decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again. Positive reinforcement - when something is given (apply an aversive stimulus). Negative reinforcement - when something is removed (remove an aversive stimulus). Skinner - punishment should be judicious, immediate, consistent, & severe enough actually to be a punishment. efficient systems of reinforcement Fixed-interval - after a certain time has gone by - reinforce.

Fixed-ratio - after a certain fixed number of behaviors have been emitted - reinforce. Variable-interval - reinforce after time has gone by, but the amount of time between reinforces varies. Variable-ratio - reinforce after a number of behaviors have been emitted, but the numbers of behaviors required for reinforcement varies. Extinction - when reinforcement schedule is fixed-ratio, behavior is performed until reinforcement is stopped. (variable schedule will correct) Shaping - reinforcement by watching others vicariously. Imitative learning or social learning - Bandura showed in several studies that both reinforcement and punishment influence an observer's subsequent behavior. If you learn only 5 things from this chapter for the AP Test... 1. Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience. 2. Classical conditioning involves the pairing of one stimulus with another, so that eventually the first neutral stimulus will evoke a reflex. 3. Classical conditioning is associated with Pavlov and Watson; operant conditioning is associated with Skinner. 4. According to operant conditioning, the consequences of a behavior influence whether or not the behavior will be performed again. 5. Reinforcements are used to increase the likelihood a behavior will be repeated and punishments are used to decrease the likelihood a behavior will be repeated. 20 Questions to know: 1. Every time a tone sounds, a participant has a puff of air blown into her eyes. This causes the person to twitch. After a while, the participant twitches as soon as the tone sounds. The twitching that is caused by the air puff is called ________. 2. Every time Reynaldo does well on his report card, his parents take him out for ice cream. This is an example of ______. 3. Tammy is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. This is an example of ______. 4. If a rat is provided with reinforcement after every 10 bar presses, the schedule is called _______. 5. An example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is _______. 6. Lilly is eating a hot dog. Shortly after eating the hot dog, she comes down with the flu. After this, Lilly hates eating hot dogs. Even the thought of hot dogs makes her sick. In this example, the flu is ______. 7. A boy is given candy each time he studies for an hour. Eventually, his parents observe an increase in studying behavior. This is an example of _______. 8. The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response is referred to as _____. 9. According to Skinner, punishment is effective only under very specific conditions. Which of the following is one of these conditions? A - Punishment is mild. B - Punishment is delayed. C - The punishment is threatened but not given. D - The punishment immediately follows the behavior. 10. An example of positive punishment is _________. 11. An example of negative reinforcement is ________. 12. One of the biggest differences between negative reinforcement and punishment is that ______. 13. According to Skinner, the most important environmental aspect that controls human behavior is the ______ . 14. Witnessing the reinforcement of someone else's behavior has been found to increase the likelihood of that behavior in the witness. This is referred to as ____. 15. The person responsible for developing the framework of classical conditioning was ___. 16. "One of the major problems with this approach is that it may reduce the likelihood of a behavior, but it doesn't teach the organism what to do instead." What principle is this criticism referring to? 17. The psychologist who was responsible for developing the framework for operant conditioning was ____. 18. In a classic study, John Watson demonstrated that he could create fear in a child in response to a neutral stimulus (a rat). By pairing the rat with a fear-inducing stimulus (a loud noise), the child eventually became fearful of related stimuli. That is called _____. 19. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that classical conditioning deals with _____ behavior. 20. Getting paid a piecework at (x dollars per item made) is an example of _______ schedule of reinforcement.. Operant conditioning